Difference between revisions of "Cannabaceae"

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{{Automatic taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Cannabaceae]]
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|name = Cannabaceae
 
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|image = Cannabis 01 bgiu.jpg
 
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|image_caption = ''[[Cannabis sativa]]''
 
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|taxon = Cannabaceae
 
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|authority = Martinov<ref name=APweb/><ref name=Sytsma2002/>
 
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|subdivision_ranks = Genera
 
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|subdivision = See text
 
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|synonyms = * Celtidaceae <small>Endl.</small>
 
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|synonyms_ref = <ref name=Sytsma2002>{{Citation |last=Sytsma |first=Kenneth J. |last2=Morawetz |first2=Jeffery |last3=Pires |first3=J. Chris |last4=Nepokroeff |first4=Molly |last5=Conti |first5=Elena |last6=Zjhra |first6=Michelle |last7=Hall |first7=Jocelyn C. |last8=Chase |first8=Mark W. |year=2002 |title=Urticalean rosids: Circumscription, rosid ancestry, and phylogenetics based on ''rbcL'', ''trnL''–''F'', and ''ndhF'' sequences |journal=[[American Journal of Botany|Am J Bot]] |volume=89 |issue=9 |pages=1531–1546 |doi=10.3732/ajb.89.9.1531 |lastauthoramp=yes |pmid=21665755}}</ref>
 
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}}
 
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'''Cannabaceae''' is a small [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s. As now [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]], the family includes about 170 species grouped in about 11 genera, including ''[[Cannabis]]'' (hemp, marijuana), ''[[Humulus]]'' (hops) and ''[[Celtis]]'' (hackberries). ''Celtis'' is by far the largest genus, containing about 100 species.<ref name=APweb>Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards) [http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/rosalesweb.htm#Cannabaceae "Cannabaceae"], ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website'', retrieved 2014-02-25</ref>
 
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Other than a shared evolutionary origin, members of the family have few common characteristics; some are trees (e.g. ''Celtis''), others are [[herbs|herbaceous plant]]s (e.g. ''Cannabis'').
 
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==Description==
 
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Members of this family can be trees (e.g. ''[[Celtis]]''), erect herbs (e.g. ''[[Cannabis]]''), or twining herbs (e.g. ''[[Humulus]]'').<ref name=APweb/>
 
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Leaves are often more or less palmately lobed or palmately compound and always bear [[stipule]]s. [[Cystolith]]s are always present and some members of this family possess [[laticifer]]s.
 
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Cannabaceae are often [[plant sexuality|dioecious]] (distinct male and female plants). The flowers are [[actinomorphic]] (radially symmetrical) and not showy, as these plants are [[wind pollination|pollinated by the wind]]. As an adaptation to this kind of pollination, the [[calyx (botany)|calyx]] is short and there is no [[Corolla (flower)|corolla]]. Flowers are grouped to form [[Cyme (botany)|cymes]]. In the dioecious plants the masculine inflorescences are long and look like [[panicle]]s, while the feminine are shorter and bear less flowers. The [[pistil]] is made of two connate [[carpel]]s, the usually superior ovary is unilocular; there is no fixed number of [[stamen]]s.
 
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The fruit can be an [[achene]] or a [[drupe]].
 
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{{anchor|Evolution}}
 
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==Classification==
 
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Classification systems developed prior to the 1990s, such as those of Cronquist (1981) and Dahlgren (1989), typically recognized the order [[Urticales]], which included the families Cannabaceae, Cecropiaceae, Celtidaceae, Moraceae, Ulmaceae and Urticaceae, as then circumscribed. Molecular data from 1990s onwards showed that these families were actually embedded within the order Rosales, so that from the first classification by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] in 1998, they were placed in an expanded Rosales, forming a group which has been called [[Urticales|"urticalean rosids"]].<ref name=Sytsma2002/>
 
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===Phylogeny===
 
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Modern [[molecular phylogenetics]] suggest the following relationships:<ref name=Sytsma2002/><ref>{{cite journal | authors = Zavada MS, Kim M. | year = 1996 | title = Phylogenetic analysis of Ulmaceae | journal = [[Plant Systematics and Evolution|Plant Syst Evol]] | volume = 200 | issue = 1 | pages = 13–20 | url = http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00984745 | doi = 10.1007/BF00984745}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | authors = Yesson C, Russell SJ, Parrish T, Dalling JW, Garwood NC. | year = 2004 | title = Phylogenetic framework for ''Trema'' (Celtidaceae) | journal = [[Plant Systematics and Evolution|Plant Syst Evol]] | volume = 248 | issue = 1 | pages = 85–109 | url = http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00606-004-0186-3 | doi = 10.1007/s00606-004-0186-3}}</ref><ref name="Yang">{{cite journal | authors = Yang M-Q, van Velzen R, Bakker FT, Sattarian A, Li D-Z, Yi T-S. | year = 2013 | title = Molecular phylogenetics and character evolution of Cannabaceae | journal = [[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] | volume = 62 | issue = 3 | pages = 473–485 | url = http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2013/00000062/00000003/art00004 | doi = 10.12705/623.9}}</ref>
 
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{{Clade| style=line-height:75%;
 
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|1={{clade
 
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  |1=[[Moraceae]]&nbsp;([[Outgroup (cladistics)|outgroup]])
 
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  |label2='''Cannabaceae'''
 
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  |2={{clade
 
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    |1=''[[Aphananthe]]''
 
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    |2={{clade
 
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      |1=''[[Gironniera]]''
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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        |1=''[[Lozanella]]''
 
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        |2={{clade
 
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          |1={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Cannabis]]''
 
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            |2=''[[Humulus]]''
 
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            }}
 
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          |2={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Celtis]]''
 
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            |2={{clade
 
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              |1={{clade
 
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                |1=''[[Pteroceltis]]''
 
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                |2=''[[Chaetachme]]''
 
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                }}
 
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              |2=''[[Trema (plant)|Trema]]''&nbsp;(including&nbsp;''[[Parasponia]]'')
 
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              }}
 
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            }}
 
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          }}
 
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        }}
 
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      }}
 
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    }}
 
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  }}
 
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}}
 
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===Genera===
 
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[[File:Hopfen3.jpg|thumb|Hops (''[[Humulus lupulus]]'') with nearly mature fruits]]
 
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Cannabaceae comprises the following genera:<ref name="Yang"/><ref name=APweb_list>{{cite web | author = Stevens PF. | year = 2017 | url = http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/genera/cannabaceaegen.html | title = Cannabaceae Genera | website = Angiosperm Phylogeny Website | access-date = 4 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author = | year = 2017 | url = http://www.tropicos.org/Name/42000051?tab=subordinatetaxa | title = !!Cannabaceae <small>Martinov</small> | website = Tropicos | access-date = 4 April 2017}}</ref>
 
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* ''[[Aphananthe]]'' <small>Planch. 1848</small> (5 spp.)
 
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* ''[[Cannabis]]'' <small>L. 1753</small>—Hemp (1 sp.)
 
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* ''[[Celtis]]'' <small>L. 1753</small> (73–109 spp.)
 
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* ''[[Chaetachme]]'' <small>Planch. 1848</small> (1 sp.)
 
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* ''[[Gironniera]]'' <small>Gaudich. 1844</small> (6 spp.)
 
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<!-- Helminthospermum Thwaites 1854 is a synonym of Gironniera. -->
 
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* ''[[Humulus]]'' <small>L. 1753</small>—Hop (3 spp.)
 
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<!-- Humulopsis Grudz. is a synonym of Humulus. -->
 
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* ''[[Lozanella]]'' <small>Greenm. 1906 [1905]</small> (2 spp.)
 
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<!-- Mertensia Kunth 1817 nom. illeg. hom. is a synonym of Celtis. -->
 
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<!-- Mirandaceltis Sharp 1958 is a synonym of Aphananthe. -->
 
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<!-- Momisia F. Dietr. 1819 is a synonym of Celtis. -->
 
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<!-- Nematostigma Planch. ex Benth. & Hook. f. 1880 is a synonym of Gironniera. -->
 
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* ''[[Parasponia]]'' <small>Miq. 1851</small> (5–10 spp.)
 
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* ''[[Pteroceltis]]'' <small>Maxim. 1873</small> (1 sp.)
 
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<!-- Samaroceltis J. Poiss. 1887 is a synonym of Lozanella. -->
 
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<!-- Sparrea Hunz. & Dottori 1978 is a synonym of Celtis. -->
 
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<!-- Sponia Comm. ex Decne. 1834 is a synonym of Trema. -->
 
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* ''[[Trema (plant)|Trema]]'' <small>Lour. 1790</small> (12–42 spp.)
 
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==Uses==
 
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Carbon dating has revealed that these plants may have been used for ritual/medicinal purposes in Xinjiang, China as early as 494 B.C.<ref>{{citation|last1=Jiang|first1=Hong-En|last2=Li |first2=Xiao |last3=Zhao |first3=You-Xing |last4=Ferguson |first4=David K. |last5=Hueber |first5=Francis |last6=Bera |first6=Subir |last7=Wang |first7=Yu-Fei |last8=Zhao |first8=Liang-Cheng |last9=Liu |first9=Chang-Jiang |last10=Li |first10=Cheng-Sin |title=A new insight into Cannabis sativa (Cannabaceae) utilization from 2500-year-old Yanghai Tombs, Xinjiang, China|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology|date=December 2006|volume=108|issue=3|pages=414–422|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874106002935|accessdate=2012-06-02|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2006.05.034|pmid=16879937 |lastauthoramp=yes}}</ref>
 
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[[Humulus lupulus|Hop]] (''Humulus lupulus'') has been the predominant bittering agent of [[beer]] for hundreds of years. The flowers' resins are responsible for beer's [[bitter (taste)|bitterness]] and their ability to extend shelf life due to some [[anti-microbial]] qualities. The young shoots are used as vegetable.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}
 
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Different subspecies of [[hemp]] (''Cannabis sativa'') are cultivated for the production of fiber, as a source of cheap [[hemp oil|oil]], for the nutritious seeds, or its edible leaves.
 
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Species in the genus ''[[Cannabis]]'' are cultivated for medical or recreational use as [[cannabis (drug)|marijuana]]. Several selectively bred [[cannabis strains|"strains"]] have been produced for both higher and lower yields of [[tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]], other [[cannabinoid]]s, as well as [[terpenes]] with desired flavors or aromas, such as blueberry, strawberry, or even citrus.
 
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Many trees in the genus ''[[Celtis]]'' are grown for landscaping and ornamental purposes.
 
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==References==
 
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{{reflist|2}}
 
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{{commons category}}
 
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{{wikispecies}}
 
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==External links==
 
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*[http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/?fam=Cannabaceae&gen=&spec=&flora_search=taxon Cannabaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF]
 
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[[Category:Cannabaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Rosid families]]
 

Latest revision as of 21:04, 17 September 2017

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