Difference between revisions of "Marantaceae"

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{{taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Marantaceae]]
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|name = Marantaceae
 
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|image = Maranta leuconeura3.jpg
 
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|image_caption = ''[[Maranta leuconeura]]''
 
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|regnum = [[Plantae]]
 
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
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|unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
 
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|unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]]
 
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|ordo = [[Zingiberales]]
 
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|familia = '''Marantaceae'''
 
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|familia_authority = [[Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)|R.Br.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-06-26 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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|subdivision_ranks = Genera
 
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|subdivision =
 
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{{Collapsible list
 
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|''[[Afrocalathea]]''<br>
 
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''[[Calathea]]''<br>
 
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''[[Cominsia]]''<br>
 
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''[[Ctenanthe]]''<br>
 
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''[[Donax (plant)|Donax]]''<br>
 
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''[[Halopegia]]''<br>
 
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''[[Haumania]]''<br>
 
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''[[Hylaeanthe]]''<br>
 
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''[[Hypselodelphys]]''<br>
 
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''[[Indianthus]]''<br>
 
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''[[Ischnosiphon]]''<br><!-- OrnitolColomb3:7. -->
 
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''[[Koernickanthe]]''<br>
 
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''[[Maranta (plant)|Maranta]]''<br>
 
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''[[Marantochloa]]''<br>
 
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''[[Megaphrynium]]''<br>
 
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''[[Monophrynium]]''<br>
 
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''[[Monophyllanthe]]''<br>
 
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''[[Monotagma]]''<br>
 
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''[[Myrosma]]''<br>
 
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''[[Phacelophrynium]]''<br>
 
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''[[Phrynium]]''<br>
 
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''[[Pleiostachya]]''<br>
 
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''[[Sanblasia]]''<br>
 
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''[[Saranthe]]''<br>
 
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''[[Sarcophrynium]]''<br>
 
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''[[Schumannianthus]]''<br>
 
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''[[Stachyphrynium]]''<br>
 
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''[[Stromanthe]]''<br>
 
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''[[Thalia (plant)|Thalia]]''<br>
 
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''[[Thaumatococcus]]''<br>
 
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''[[Trachyphrynium]]''
 
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}}
 
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| type_genus=''[[Maranta (plant)|Maranta]]'' <small>[[L.]]</small>
 
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}}
 
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The '''Marantaceae''' are a [[family (biology)|family]], the '''arrowroot family''', of [[flowering plants]] known for its large [[starch]]y [[rhizomes]]. It is sometimes called the '''prayer-plant family'''.  Combined [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] and [[DNA]] [[phylogenetic]] analyses indicate the family originated in [[Africa]], although this is not the center of its [[Extant taxon|extant]] [[Biodiversity|diversity]].<ref>{{cite journal|last = Andersson|first = L|author2=Chase MW|title = Phylogeny and classification of Marantaceae |journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume = 135|issue = 3|pages = 275–287|publisher = Academic Press|date=March 2001|doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2001.tb01097.x}}</ref>
 
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== Description ==
 
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The plants usually have underground rhizomes or tubers. The [[leaves]] are arranged in two rows with the [[Petiole (botany)|petioles]] having a sheathing base. The [[leaf]] blade is narrow or broad with [[pinnate]] veins running parallel to the midrib. The [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]] may be winged, and swollen into a [[pulvinus]] at the base.
 
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The [[inflorescence]] is a spike or [[panicle]], enclosed by [[spathe]]-like [[bracts]]. The flowers are small and often inconspicuous, irregular, and [[bisexual]], usually with an outer three free [[sepals]] and an inner series of three petaloid-like segments, tube-like in appearance. The fruit is either fleshy or a loculicidal [[Capsule (botany)|capsule]].
 
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== Taxonomy ==
 
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The [[APG II system]], of 2003 (unchanged from the [[APG system]], 1998), also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order [[Zingiberales]] in the clade [[commelinids]] in the [[monocots]]. The Marantaceae are considered the most [[wikt:derived|derived]] family in this group due to the extreme reduction in both stamens and carpels.
 
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The family consists of 29 genera with about 570 known species,<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W.  |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> found in the tropical areas of the world except in [[Australia]]. The biggest concentration is in the Americas, with seven genera in Africa, and six in Asia.
 
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{{cladogram
 
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| title= {{anchor|CladVI}}Cladogram: [[Phylogeny]] of Zingiberales{{sfn|Sass et al|2016}}
 
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| align=center
 
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| cladogram={{clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:85%
 
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|label1=[[Zingiberales]]
 
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|1={{clade
 
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|1={{clade
 
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  |1={{clade
 
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  |label1=[[Zingiberineae]]
 
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  |1={{clade
 
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      |label1=Zingiberariae
 
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      |1={{clade
 
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        |1=[[Zingiberaceae]]
 
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        |2=[[Costaceae]]}}
 
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      |label2=Cannariae
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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        |1=[[Cannaceae]]
 
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        |2=Marantaceae}}}}
 
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  |2={{clade
 
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    |label1=Strelitziineae
 
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    |1={{clade
 
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      |1= [[Lowiaceae]]
 
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      |2= [[Strelitziaceae]]}}
 
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    |2=[[Heliconiaceae]]}}
 
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}}}}
 
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|2={{clade
 
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|1=[[Musaceae]]}}}}}}}}
 
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{{clear}}
 
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=== Phytochemistry ===
 
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[[Rosmarinic acid]] can be found in plants in the family Marantaceae such as species in the genera ''Maranta'' (''[[Maranta leuconeura]]'', ''[[Maranta depressa]]'') and ''[[Thalia (plant)|Thalia]]'' (''[[Thalia geniculata]]'').<ref>Occurrence of rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid and rutin in Marantaceae species. Yana Abdullah, Bernd Schneider and Maike Petersen, Phytochemistry Letters, 12 December 2008, Volume 1, Issue 4, Pages 199–203, {{doi|10.1016/j.phytol.2008.09.010}}</ref>
 
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== Uses==
 
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The most well-known species in the family is arrowroot (''[[Maranta arundinacea]]''), a plant of the [[Caribbean]], grown in parts of the Caribbean, [[Australasia]], and [[sub-Saharan Africa]] for its easily digestible starch known as [[arrowroot]]. It is grown commercially in the [[West Indies]] and tropical [[Americas]].
 
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Several species of genus ''[[Calathea]]'' are grown as houseplants for their large ornamental leaves, which are [[Variegation|variegated]] in shades of green, white, and pink.  Other genera grown for houseplants includes ''[[Stromanthe]]'' and ''[[Maranta (plant)|Maranta]]''.
 
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''Calathea lutea'' has tough, durable leaves used to make waterproof baskets, and in the [[Caribbean]] and [[Central America]], its leaves are used for roofing. Two [[Mexico|Mexican]] species - ''C.&nbsp;macrosepala'' and ''C.&nbsp;violacea'' - have flowers that are cooked and used as vegetables. ''[[Calathea allouia|C.&nbsp;allouia]]'' or leren, from the West Indies and tropical America, is known as sweet corn root for its edible tuber.
 
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''[[Schumannianthus dichotomus]]'' is used for weaving mats to use on floors and beds.
 
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[[File:Maranta-timelapse.gif|thumb|right|Prayer plant "praying", i.e., raising its leaves for the evening]]
 
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==See also==
 
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* [[List of foliage plant diseases (Maranthaceae)]]
 
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==References==
 
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{{reflist}}
 
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==Bibliography==
 
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{{refbegin}}
 
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* {{cite journal|last1=Sass|first1=C|last2=Iles|first2=WJ|last3=Barrett|first3=CF|last4=Smith|first4=SY|last5=Specht|first5=CD|title=Revisiting the Zingiberales: using multiplexed exon capture to resolve ancient and recent phylogenetic splits in a charismatic plant lineage.|journal=[[PeerJ]]|date=21 January 2016|volume=4|pages=e1584|pmid=26819846|doi=10.7717/peerj.1584|ref={{harvid|Sass et al|2016}}}}
 
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{{refend}}
 
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==External links==
 
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060509040830/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/marantac.htm Marantaceae] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ The families of flowering plants]: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.'' Version: April 27, 2006.
 
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*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10535 Marantaceae in the ''Flora of North America'']
 
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*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10535 Marantaceae in the ''Flora of China'']
 
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*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=4619&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser]
 
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*[http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Marantaceae links at CSDL]
 
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100603170455/http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Marantaceae_Family.asp Overview of family and genera]
 
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*[http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Marantaceae.htm Kew neotropikey]
 
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*Ed., V.H. Heywood, ''Flowering Plants of the World'', Oxford Univ. Press (1978)
 
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*Lennart Andersson, ''The neotropical genera of Marantaceae. Circumscription and relationships'', Nordic Journal of Botany, Volume 1 Issue 2, Pages 218 - 245 (2008)
 
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{{zingiberales}}
 
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[[Category:Commelinids]]
 

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