Difference between revisions of "Marantaceae"

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{{taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Marantaceae]]
|name = Marantaceae
 
|image = Maranta leuconeura3.jpg
 
|image_caption = ''[[Maranta leuconeura]]''
 
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
 
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
|unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
 
|unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]]
 
|ordo = [[Zingiberales]]
 
|familia = '''Marantaceae'''
 
|familia_authority = [[Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)|R.Br.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-06-26 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
|subdivision_ranks = Genera
 
|subdivision =
 
{{Collapsible list
 
|''[[Afrocalathea]]''<br>
 
''[[Calathea]]''<br>
 
''[[Cominsia]]''<br>
 
''[[Ctenanthe]]''<br>
 
''[[Donax (plant)|Donax]]''<br>
 
''[[Halopegia]]''<br>
 
''[[Haumania]]''<br>
 
''[[Hylaeanthe]]''<br>
 
''[[Hypselodelphys]]''<br>
 
''[[Indianthus]]''<br>
 
''[[Ischnosiphon]]''<br><!-- OrnitolColomb3:7. -->
 
''[[Koernickanthe]]''<br>
 
''[[Maranta (plant)|Maranta]]''<br>
 
''[[Marantochloa]]''<br>
 
''[[Megaphrynium]]''<br>
 
''[[Monophrynium]]''<br>
 
''[[Monophyllanthe]]''<br>
 
''[[Monotagma]]''<br>
 
''[[Myrosma]]''<br>
 
''[[Phacelophrynium]]''<br>
 
''[[Phrynium]]''<br>
 
''[[Pleiostachya]]''<br>
 
''[[Sanblasia]]''<br>
 
''[[Saranthe]]''<br>
 
''[[Sarcophrynium]]''<br>
 
''[[Schumannianthus]]''<br>
 
''[[Stachyphrynium]]''<br>
 
''[[Stromanthe]]''<br>
 
''[[Thalia (plant)|Thalia]]''<br>
 
''[[Thaumatococcus]]''<br>
 
''[[Trachyphrynium]]''
 
}}
 
| type_genus=''[[Maranta (plant)|Maranta]]'' <small>[[L.]]</small>
 
}}
 
 
 
The '''Marantaceae''' are a [[family (biology)|family]], the '''arrowroot family''', of [[flowering plants]] known for its large [[starch]]y [[rhizomes]]. It is sometimes called the '''prayer-plant family'''.  Combined [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] and [[DNA]] [[phylogenetic]] analyses indicate the family originated in [[Africa]], although this is not the center of its [[Extant taxon|extant]] [[Biodiversity|diversity]].<ref>{{cite journal|last = Andersson|first = L|author2=Chase MW|title = Phylogeny and classification of Marantaceae |journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume = 135|issue = 3|pages = 275–287|publisher = Academic Press|date=March 2001|doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2001.tb01097.x}}</ref>
 
 
 
== Description ==
 
 
 
The plants usually have underground rhizomes or tubers. The [[leaves]] are arranged in two rows with the [[Petiole (botany)|petioles]] having a sheathing base. The [[leaf]] blade is narrow or broad with [[pinnate]] veins running parallel to the midrib. The [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]] may be winged, and swollen into a [[pulvinus]] at the base.
 
The [[inflorescence]] is a spike or [[panicle]], enclosed by [[spathe]]-like [[bracts]]. The flowers are small and often inconspicuous, irregular, and [[bisexual]], usually with an outer three free [[sepals]] and an inner series of three petaloid-like segments, tube-like in appearance. The fruit is either fleshy or a loculicidal [[Capsule (botany)|capsule]].
 
 
 
== Taxonomy ==
 
 
 
The [[APG II system]], of 2003 (unchanged from the [[APG system]], 1998), also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order [[Zingiberales]] in the clade [[commelinids]] in the [[monocots]]. The Marantaceae are considered the most [[wikt:derived|derived]] family in this group due to the extreme reduction in both stamens and carpels.
 
 
 
The family consists of 29 genera with about 570 known species,<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W.  |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> found in the tropical areas of the world except in [[Australia]]. The biggest concentration is in the Americas, with seven genera in Africa, and six in Asia.
 
 
 
{{cladogram
 
| title= {{anchor|CladVI}}Cladogram: [[Phylogeny]] of Zingiberales{{sfn|Sass et al|2016}}
 
| align=center
 
| cladogram={{clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:85%
 
|label1=[[Zingiberales]]
 
|1={{clade
 
|1={{clade
 
  |1={{clade
 
  |label1=[[Zingiberineae]]
 
  |1={{clade
 
      |label1=Zingiberariae
 
      |1={{clade
 
        |1=[[Zingiberaceae]]
 
        |2=[[Costaceae]]}}
 
      |label2=Cannariae
 
      |2={{clade
 
        |1=[[Cannaceae]]
 
        |2=Marantaceae}}}}
 
  |2={{clade
 
    |label1=Strelitziineae
 
    |1={{clade
 
      |1= [[Lowiaceae]]
 
      |2= [[Strelitziaceae]]}}
 
    |2=[[Heliconiaceae]]}}
 
}}}}
 
|2={{clade
 
|1=[[Musaceae]]}}}}}}}}
 
{{clear}}
 
 
 
=== Phytochemistry ===
 
[[Rosmarinic acid]] can be found in plants in the family Marantaceae such as species in the genera ''Maranta'' (''[[Maranta leuconeura]]'', ''[[Maranta depressa]]'') and ''[[Thalia (plant)|Thalia]]'' (''[[Thalia geniculata]]'').<ref>Occurrence of rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid and rutin in Marantaceae species. Yana Abdullah, Bernd Schneider and Maike Petersen, Phytochemistry Letters, 12 December 2008, Volume 1, Issue 4, Pages 199–203, {{doi|10.1016/j.phytol.2008.09.010}}</ref>
 
 
 
== Uses==
 
The most well-known species in the family is arrowroot (''[[Maranta arundinacea]]''), a plant of the [[Caribbean]], grown in parts of the Caribbean, [[Australasia]], and [[sub-Saharan Africa]] for its easily digestible starch known as [[arrowroot]]. It is grown commercially in the [[West Indies]] and tropical [[Americas]].
 
 
 
Several species of genus ''[[Calathea]]'' are grown as houseplants for their large ornamental leaves, which are [[Variegation|variegated]] in shades of green, white, and pink.  Other genera grown for houseplants includes ''[[Stromanthe]]'' and ''[[Maranta (plant)|Maranta]]''.
 
 
 
''Calathea lutea'' has tough, durable leaves used to make waterproof baskets, and in the [[Caribbean]] and [[Central America]], its leaves are used for roofing. Two [[Mexico|Mexican]] species - ''C.&nbsp;macrosepala'' and ''C.&nbsp;violacea'' - have flowers that are cooked and used as vegetables. ''[[Calathea allouia|C.&nbsp;allouia]]'' or leren, from the West Indies and tropical America, is known as sweet corn root for its edible tuber.
 
 
 
''[[Schumannianthus dichotomus]]'' is used for weaving mats to use on floors and beds.
 
 
 
[[File:Maranta-timelapse.gif|thumb|right|Prayer plant "praying", i.e., raising its leaves for the evening]]
 
 
 
==See also==
 
* [[List of foliage plant diseases (Maranthaceae)]]
 
 
 
==References==
 
{{reflist}}
 
 
 
==Bibliography==
 
{{refbegin}}
 
* {{cite journal|last1=Sass|first1=C|last2=Iles|first2=WJ|last3=Barrett|first3=CF|last4=Smith|first4=SY|last5=Specht|first5=CD|title=Revisiting the Zingiberales: using multiplexed exon capture to resolve ancient and recent phylogenetic splits in a charismatic plant lineage.|journal=[[PeerJ]]|date=21 January 2016|volume=4|pages=e1584|pmid=26819846|doi=10.7717/peerj.1584|ref={{harvid|Sass et al|2016}}}}
 
{{refend}}
 
 
 
==External links==
 
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060509040830/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/marantac.htm Marantaceae] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ The families of flowering plants]: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.'' Version: April 27, 2006.
 
*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10535 Marantaceae in the ''Flora of North America'']
 
*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10535 Marantaceae in the ''Flora of China'']
 
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=4619&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser]
 
*[http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Marantaceae links at CSDL]
 
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100603170455/http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Marantaceae_Family.asp Overview of family and genera]
 
*[http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Marantaceae.htm Kew neotropikey]
 
*Ed., V.H. Heywood, ''Flowering Plants of the World'', Oxford Univ. Press (1978)
 
*Lennart Andersson, ''The neotropical genera of Marantaceae. Circumscription and relationships'', Nordic Journal of Botany, Volume 1 Issue 2, Pages 218 - 245 (2008)
 
 
 
{{commons category|Marantaceae}}
 
{{Wikispecies}}
 
{{zingiberales}}
 
{{taxonbar}}
 
 
 
[[Category:Marantaceae| ]]
 
[[Category:Commelinid families]]
 

Latest revision as of 18:58, 17 September 2017