Difference between revisions of "Piperaceae"

Latest revision as of 17:12, 17 September 2017

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Category:Piperaceae

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-{{Refimprove|date=March 2007}}
+#redirect [[:Category:Piperaceae]]
-{{Automatic taxobox
-|taxon = Piperaceae
-|image = Piper_nigrum_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-107.jpg
-|image_caption = ''[[Piper nigrum]]'', from Koehler (1887)
-|authority = [[Giseke]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
-|subdivision_ranks = Genera
-|subdivision =
-*'''Piperoideae'''
-*:''[[Peperomia]]''
-*:''[[Piper (plant)|Piper]]''
-*'''Verhuellioideae'''
-*:''[[Verhuellia]]''
-*'''Zippelioideae'''
-*:''[[Manekia]]''
-*:''[[Zippelia]]''
-}}
-The '''Piperaceae''', also known as the pepper family, are a large [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plants]].  The group contains roughly 3,600 currently accepted species in 13 genera.  The vast majority of peppers can be found within the two main genera: ''[[Piper (plant)|Piper]]'' (2000 species) and ''[[Peperomia]]'' (1600 species).<ref name="Stevens">Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website'' Version 9, June 2008 http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/welcome.html</ref>
-Members of the Piperaceae may be small trees, shrubs, or herbs.  The distribution of this group is best described as [[pantropical]].
-The best-known species is ''[[Piper nigrum]]'', which yields most peppercorns that are used as spices, including [[black pepper]], although its relatives in the family include many other spices.<ref name="Ravindran">Ravindran PN. 2000 Black Pepper, ''Piper nigrum''. Harwood Acadiic, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 553 p.</ref>
-==Etymology==
-The name Piperaceae is likely derived from the [[Sanskrit]] term ''pippali'', which was used to describe long peppers (like those of ''[[Piper longum]]'').
-[[File:Varigated peperomia.jpg|thumb|varigated peperomia]]
-==Taxonomy==
-The [[APG III system]] of 2009 recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order [[Piperales]] in the unranked clade '''[[magnoliids]]'''.<ref name=APGIII2009/> The family consists of five genera: ''[[Piper (plant)|Piper]]'', ''[[Peperomia]]'', ''[[Zippelia]]'', ''[[Manekia]]'', and ''[[Verhuellia]]''.  The previously recognised Pacific genus ''[[Macropiper]]'', was recently merged into ''Piper''.<ref name="Wanke et al. a">Wanke, S., Jaramillo, M.A., Borsch, T., Samain, M.-T., Quandt, D., and Neinhuis, C. (2007) Evolution of Piperales—''matK'' gene and ''trnK'' intron sequence data reveal lineage specific resolution contrast. Mol. Phy. Evol. 42: 477-497.</ref> A tentative cladogram showing relationships based on Wanke et al. (2007)<ref name="Wanke et al. b">Wanke, S., Vanderschaeve, L., Mathieu, G., Neinhuis, C., Goetghebeur, P., and Samain, M.S. (2007) From Forgotten Taxon to a Missing Link? The Position of the Genus ''Verhuellia'' (Piperaceae) Revealed by Molecules. Annals of Botany, 99: 1231-1238.</ref> is shown below.  This phylogeny was based on 6000 [[basepairs]] of [[chloroplast]] DNA.  Only recently has it become clear that ''Verhuellia'' is sister to the other four genera in the family.<ref name="Samain et al.">Samain et al. (2010) ''Verhuellia'' is a segregate lineage in Piperaceae: more evidence from flower, fruit and pollen morphology, anatomy and development. Annals of Botany, 105.</ref>
-{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:75%
-|1=:{{clade
-|1=''[[Verhuellia]]''
-|2={{clade
-|1=''[[Zippelia]]''
-|2=''[[Manekia]]''
-}}
-|3={{clade
-|1=''[[Piper (plant)|Piper]]''
-|2=''[[Peperomia]]''
-}}}}}}
-==Characteristics==
-Members of pepper family are small trees, shrubs, or [[perennial]] or [[annual plant|annual]] herbs.
-===Roots and stems===
-Plants are often [[rhizomatous]], and can be [[terrestrial plant|terrestrial]] or [[epiphytic]]. The stems can be either simple or branched.
-===Leaves===
-Leaves are simple with entire margins, and are positioned at the base of the plant or along the stem, and can be alternate, opposite, or whorled in arrangement.  [[Stipules]] are usually present, as are [[petiole (botany)|petioles]].  The leaves are often noticeably [[aromatic]] when crushed.
-===Flowers===
-[[Inflorescence]]s (in the form of spikes) are terminal, opposite the leaves, or located in the axils. Flowers are bisexual, with no [[perianth]], each flower is subtended by a peltate [[bract]].  Stamens are 2-6, and [[hypogynous]], with 2-locular [[anther]]s. There are usually 3-4 [[stigma (botany)|stigma]]s attached to a single [[pistil]] per flower, which is 1 or 3-4 [[carpel]]late.  The ovary is 1 locular, and superior.
-===Fruits and seeds===
-Fruits are [[drupe]]like, with a single [[seed]] per fruit.  The seeds have a minute [[embryo]], and mealy [[perisperm]].<ref name="Boufford">Boufford, D.E. (1997)). Flora of North America - Piperaceae. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10692l</ref>
-==Genera==
-Subfamily '''Verhuellioideae''' Samain & Wanke
-*''[[Verhuellia]]'' Miquel 1843 (three species)
-Subfamily '''Zippelioideae''' Samain & Wanke
-*''[[Zippelia]]'' Blume 1830 (one species)
-*''[[Manekia]]'' Trelease 1927 (six species)
-Subfamily '''Piperoideae''' Arnott
-*''[[Piper (plant)|Piper]]'' Linnaeus 1753 (about 2000 species)
-*''[[Peperomia]]'' Ruiz & Pavon 1794 (about 1600 species)
-==References==
-{{reflist}}
-== External links ==
-* [http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/ Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]
-* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/piperace.htm Piperaceae at the DELTA Online Families of Flowering Plants]
-* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10692 Piperaceae at the online ''Flora of North America'']
-* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10692 Piperaceae at the online ''Flora of China'']
-* [http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/family.php?family_id=173 Piperaceae at the online ''Flora of Zimbabwe'']
-* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=16739&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Piperaceae at the NCBI Taxonomy Browser]
-* [http://home.kku.ac.th/raccha/Eng-Piper.html Piperaceae at the online ''Piperaceae in Thailand'']
-{{commonscat-inline}}
-{{wikispecies-inline}}
-{{taxonbar}}
-[[Category:Magnoliid families]]
-[[Category:Piperales]]

Difference between revisions of "Piperaceae"

Latest revision as of 17:12, 17 September 2017

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