Difference between revisions of "Polygonaceae"

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{{automatic taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Polygonaceae]]
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| image = Polygonum persicaria bgiu.jpg
 
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| image_caption = ''[[Polygonum persicaria]]''
 
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| taxon = Polygonaceae
 
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| authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name="apgiii"/>
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
 
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| subdivision = [[Polygonoideae]] <br/>
 
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[[Eriogonoideae]]
 
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}}
 
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The '''Polygonaceae''' are a [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s known [[Common name|informally]] as the knotweed family or smartweed—buckwheat family in the United States. The [[Botanical name|name]] is [[Basionym|based]] on the [[genus]] ''[[Polygonum]]'', and was first used by [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu]] in 1789 in his book, ''Genera Plantarum''.<ref name="Jussieu1789">Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. 1789. ''Genera plantarum: secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam''. page 82. Herrisant and Barrois: Paris, France. (see ''External links'' below)</ref> The name refers to the many swollen [[Node (botany)|nodes]] the stems of some species have. It is [[Etymology|derived]] from [[Greek language|Greek]]; ''poly'' means many and ''goni'' means knee or joint.
 
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The Polygonaceae comprise about 1200 [[species]]<ref name="mabberley2008">David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. {{ISBN|978-0-521-82071-4}}</ref> distributed into about 48 genera.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> The largest genera are ''[[Eriogonum]]'' (240 species), ''[[Rumex]]'' (200 species), ''[[Coccoloba]]'' (120 species), ''[[Persicaria]]'' (100 species) and ''[[Calligonum]]'' (80 species).<ref name="freeman2005">Craig C. Freeman and James L. Reveal. 2005. "Polygonaceae" pages 216-601. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (editors).  ''Flora of North America'' vol. 5. Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA. {{ISBN|978-0-19-522211-1}} (see ''External links'' below)</ref><ref name="brandbyge1993">John Brandbyge. 1993. "Polygonaceae". pages 531-544. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor); Jens G. Rohwer, and Volker Bittrich (volume editors). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume II. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany {{ISBN|978-3-540-55509-4}} (Berlin) {{ISBN|978-0-387-55509-6}} (New York)</ref> The family is present worldwide, but is most [[Biodiversity|diverse]] in the [[North Temperate Zone]].
 
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Several species are [[Horticulture|cultivated]] as [[Ornamental plant|ornamentals]].<ref name="rhs">[[Anthony Huxley]], Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. {{ISBN|978-0-333-47494-5}} (set).</ref> A few species of ''[[Triplaris]]'' provide [[lumber]].<ref name="mabberley2008"/> The fruit of the sea grape (''[[Coccoloba uvifera]]'') is eaten, and in [[Florida]], [[Fruit preserves|jelly]] is made from it and sold [[Commerce|commercially]].<ref name="staples2005">George W. Staples and Derral R. Herbst "A Tropical Garden Flora" Bishop Museum Press: Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. (2005)</ref> The seeds of two species of ''[[Fagopyrum]]'', known as [[buckwheat]] (''sarrasin'' in French), provide [[Food grain|grain]] (its dark flour is known as ''blé noir'' (black wheat) in France). The [[Petiole (botany)|petioles]] of rhubarb (''[[Rheum (plant)|Rheum]] rhabarbarum'' and hybrids) are a food item. The leaves of the common [[sorrel]] (''[[Rumex]] acetosa'') are eaten in [[salad]]s or as a [[leaf vegetable]].<ref name="heywood2007">Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). {{ISBN|978-1-55407-206-4}}.</ref>
 
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Polygonaceae contain some of the worst [[Ruderal species|weeds]], including species of ''Persicaria, Emex, Rumex'', and ''Polygonum'', such as [[Japanese knotweed]].<ref name="mabberley2008"/>
 
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== Taxonomy ==
 
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Polygonaceae are very well-defined and have long been universally recognized. In the [[APG III system]], the family is placed in the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Caryophyllales]].<ref name="apgiii">{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract |accessdate=2010-12-10 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref> Within the order, it lies outside of the large [[clade]] known as the core Caryophyllales.<ref name="Brockington2009">{{cite journal | last1 = Brockington | first1 = Samuel F. | last2 = Alexandre | first2 = Roolse | last3 = Ramdial | first3 = Jeremy | last4 = Moore | first4 = Michael J. | last5 = Crawley | first5 = Sunny | last6 = Dhingra | first6 = Amit | last7 = Hilu | first7 = Khidir | last8 = Soltis | first8 = Douglas E. | last9 = Soltis | first9 = Pamela S. | year = 2009 | title = Phylogeny of the Caryophyllales sensu lato: Revisiting hypotheses on pollination biology and perianth differentiation in the core Caryophyllales | url = | journal = International Journal of Plant Sciences | volume = 170 | issue = 5| pages = 627–643 | doi = 10.1086/597785 }}</ref> It is [[sister taxon|sister]] to the family [[Plumbaginaceae]], which it does not resemble [[Plant morphology|morphologically]].<ref name="apweb">Peter F. Stevens. 2001 onwards. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below).</ref>
 
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[[File:Polygonum plebeium W IMG 0462.jpg|thumb|250px|''[[Polygonum plebeium]]'' or small knotweed]]
 
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The last comprehensive revision of the family was published in 1993 by John Brandbyge as part of [[Kubitzki system|''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'']].<ref name="brandbyge1993"/> Brandbyge followed [[List of systems of plant taxonomy|earlier systems]] of [[History of plant systematics|plant classification]] in dividing Polygonaceae into two [[subfamilies]], [[Eriogonoideae]] and [[Polygonoideae]]. Since 1993, the [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscriptions]] of these two subfamilies have been changed in light of [[phylogenetic]] [[Research|studies]] of [[DNA sequence]]s.<ref name="sanchez2009">{{cite journal | last1 = Sanchez | first1 = Adriana | last2 = Schuster | first2 = Tanja M. | last3 = Kron | first3 = Kathleen A. | year = 2009 | title = A large-scale phylogeny of Polygonaceae based on molecular data | url = | journal = International Journal of Plant Sciences | volume = 170 | issue = 8| pages = 1044–1055 | doi = 10.1086/605121 }}</ref> Genera related to ''Coccoloba'' and ''Triplaris'' were moved from Polygonoideae to Eriogonoideae. The genus ''Symmeria'' does not belong to either of these subfamilies because it is sister to the rest of the family.<ref name="burke2010">{{cite journal | last1 = Burke | first1 = Janelle M. | last2 = Sanchez | first2 = Adriana | last3 = Kron | first3 = Kathleen | last4 = Luckow | first4 = Melissa | year = 2010 | title = Placing the woody tropical genera of Polygonaceae: A hypothesis of character evolution and phylogeny | url = | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 97 | issue = 8| pages = 1377–1390 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.1000022 | pmid=21616890}}</ref> ''Afrobrunnichia'' might constitute a new subfamily as well.<ref name="sanchez&kron2009">{{cite journal | last1 = Sanchez | first1 = Adriana | last2 = Kron | first2 = Kathleen A. | year = 2009 | title = Phylogenetic relationships of ''Afrobrunnichia'' Hutch. & Dalziel (Polygonaceae) based on three chloroplast genes and ITS | url = | journal = Taxon | volume = 58 | issue = 3| pages = 781–792 }}</ref>
 
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Brandbyge wrote descriptions for 43 genera of Polygonaceae in 1993.<ref name="brandbyge1993"/> Since then, a few more genera have been erected, and some [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregates]] of ''Brunnichia'', ''Eriogonum'', and ''Persicaria'' have been given generic [[Taxonomic rank|status]] in major works.<ref name="freeman2005"/><ref name="burke2010"/><ref name="li2003">Anjen Li, Bojian Bao, Alisa E. Grabovskaya-Borodina, Suk-pyo Hong, John McNeill, Sergei L. Mosyakin, Hideaki Ohba, and Chong-wook Park. 2003. "Polygonaceae" pages 277-350. In: Zhengyi Wu, Peter H. Raven, and Deyuan Hong (editors). ''Flora of China'' volume 5. Science Press: Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press: St. Louis, Missouri, USA.</ref> Some of the genera are not [[monophyletic]] and their limits will eventually be revised. These include ''Ruprechtia'', ''Eriogonum'', ''Chorizanthe'', ''Persicaria'', ''Aconogonon'', ''Polygonum'', ''Fallopia'', and ''Muehlenbeckia''.
 
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== Description ==
 
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[[Image:Ocreae of a Persicaria maculosa 2006-aug-10 Gothenburg Sweden.jpg|thumb|right|Ochrea of ''[[Persicaria maculosa]]'']]
 
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Most Polygonaceae are [[Perennial plant|perennial]] [[Herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] plants with swollen [[Glossary of botanical terms#N|nodes]], but [[tree]]s, [[shrub]]s and [[vine]]s are also present. The [[leaves]] of Polygonaceae are [[Leaf#Divisions of the blade|simple]], and arranged [[Phyllotaxis|alternately]] on the [[Plant stem|stems]]. Each leaf has a peculiar pair of fused, sheathing [[stipule]]s known as an '''[[ochrea]]'''. Those species that do not have the nodal ocrea can be identified by their possession of [[Involucral bract|involucrate]] [[Head (botany)|flower heads]]. The [[flower]]s are normally [[Plant sexuality#Terminology|bisexual]], small, and [[Floral symmetry|actinomorphic]], with a perianth of three to six [[sepal]]s.  After [[Anthesis|flowering]], the sepals often become thickened and enlarged around the developing [[fruit]]. Flowers lack a [[Glossary of botanical terms#C|corolla]] and in some, the sepals are petal-like and colorful. The [[androecium]] is composed of three to eight [[stamen]]s that are normally free or [[Connation|united]] at the base. The [[Ovary (plants)|ovary]] consists of three united [[carpel]]s that form a single [[locule]], which produces only one [[ovule]]. The ovary is [[superior ovary|superior]] with basal or free-central [[Placentation#Placentation in plants|placentation]]. The [[gynoecium]] terminates in 1 to 3 [[style (botany)|styles]], each of which ends in a single [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]].<ref name="jones1979">Samuel B. Jones and Arlene E. Luchsinger. 1979. ''Plant systematics''. McGraw-Hill series in organismic biology. New York: McGraw-Hill. Page 254. {{ISBN|0-07-032795-5}}</ref><ref name="judd2008">Walter S. Judd, Christopher S. Campbell, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Peter F. Stevens, and Michael J. Donoghue. 2008. ''Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach'', Third Edition. Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA, USA. {{ISBN|978-0-87893-407-2}}</ref><ref name="takhtajan2009">Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). ''Flowering Plants'' second edition (2009), pages 155-156. Springer Science+Business Media. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9608-2}}. (see ''External links'' below)</ref>
 
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[[File:Persicaria capitata AF crop.jpg|250px|thumb|''[[Persicaria capitata]]'' or pink knotweed]]
 
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== Genera ==
 
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In the list below, the first three columns are the 43 genera described by Brandbyge in ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants''. The fourth column is an incomplete list of genera that have been recognized in recent works.
 
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{| border = "0"
 
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| valign = "top" |
 
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*''[[Antigonon]]''
 
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*''[[Aristocapsa]]''
 
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*''[[Atraphaxis]]''
 
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*''[[Brunnichia]]''
 
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*''[[Calligonum]]''
 
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*''[[Centrostegia]]''
 
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*''[[Chorizanthe]]''
 
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*''[[Coccoloba]]''
 
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*''[[Dedeckera]]''
 
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*''[[Dodecahema]]''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
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*''[[Emex]]''
 
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*''[[Eriogonum]]''
 
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*''[[Fagopyrum]]''
 
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*''[[Fallopia]]''
 
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*''[[Gilmania]]''
 
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| valign = "top" |
 
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*''[[Goodmania]]''
 
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*''[[Gymnopodium]]''
 
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*''[[Harfordia]]''
 
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*''[[Hollisteria]]''
 
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*''[[Koenigia]]''
 
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*''[[Lastarriaea]]''
 
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*''[[Leptogonum]]''
 
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*''[[Mucronea]]''
 
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*''[[Muehlenbeckia]]''
 
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*''[[Nemacaulis]]''
 
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*''[[Neomillspaughia]]''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
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*''[[Oxygonum]]''
 
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*''[[Oxyria]]''
 
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*''[[Oxytheca]]''
 
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| valign = "top" |
 
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*''[[Persicaria]]''
 
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*''[[Podopterus]]''
 
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*''[[Polygonella]]''
 
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*''[[Polygonum]]''
 
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*''[[Pteropyrum]]''
 
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*''[[Pterostegia]]''
 
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*''[[Reynoutria]]''
 
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*''[[Rheum (plant)|Rheum]]''
 
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*''[[Rumex]]''
 
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*''[[Ruprechtia]]''
 
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*''[[Stenogonum]]''
 
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*''[[Symmeria]]''
 
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*''[[Systenotheca]]''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
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*''[[Triplaris]]''
 
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| valign = "top" |
 
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*''[[Acanthoscyphus]]''
 
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*''[[Aconogonon]]''
 
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*''[[Afrobrunnichia]]''
 
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*''[[Bistorta]]''
 
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*''[[Homalocladium]]''
 
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*''[[Johanneshowellia]]''
 
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*''[[Knorringia]]''
 
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*''[[Parapteropyrum]]''
 
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*''[[Pteroxygonum]]''
 
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*''[[Rubrivena]]''
 
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*''[[Sidotheca]]''
 
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|}
 
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== Phylogeny ==
 
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The following [[phylogenetic tree]] is based on two [[Academic publishing#Scholarly paper|papers]] on the [[molecular phylogenetics]] of Polygonaceae.<ref name="sanchez2009"/><ref name="burke2010"/>
 
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{{clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:120%
 
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|label1='''Polygonaceae'''
 
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|1={{clade
 
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  |1=''[[Symmeria]]''
 
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  |2={{clade
 
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      |1=''[[Afrobrunnichia]]''
 
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      |label2=&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Eriogonoideae]]&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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        |1={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Brunnichia]]''
 
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            |2=''[[Antigonon]]''
 
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            }}
 
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        |2={{clade
 
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            |1={{clade
 
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              |1=''[[Neomillspaughia]]''
 
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              |2=''[[Coccoloba]]''
 
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              }}
 
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            |2=''[[Podopterus]]''
 
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            |3=''[[Leptogonum]]''
 
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            |4={{clade
 
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              |1=''[[Ruprechtia]]''
 
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              |2=''[[Triplaris]]''
 
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              }}
 
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            |5={{clade
 
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              |1=''[[Gymnopodium]]''
 
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              |2={{clade
 
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                  |1=''[[Gilmania]]''
 
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                  |2={{clade
 
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                    |1=''[[Pterostegia]]''
 
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                    |2={{clade
 
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                        |1=''[[Eriogonum]]''
 
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                        |2=''[[Chorizanthe]]''
 
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                        }}
 
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                    }}
 
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                  }}
 
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              }}
 
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            }}
 
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        }}
 
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      |label3=&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Polygonoideae]]&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
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      |3={{clade
 
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        |1={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Persicaria]]''
 
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            |2={{clade
 
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              |1={{clade
 
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                  |1=''[[Bistorta]]''
 
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                  |2=''[[Rubrivena]]''
 
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                  }}
 
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              |2={{clade
 
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                  |1=''[[Aconogonon]]''
 
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                  |2=''[[Koenigia]]''
 
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                  }}
 
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              }}
 
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            }}
 
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        |2={{clade
 
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            |1={{clade
 
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              |1=''[[Fagopyrum]]''
 
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              |2=''[[Parapteropyrum]]''
 
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              }}
 
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            |2={{clade
 
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              |1=''[[Calligonum]]''
 
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              |2=''[[Pteropyrum]]''
 
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              |3=''[[Pteroxygonum]]''
 
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              }}
 
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            |3={{clade
 
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              |1=''[[Oxyria]]''
 
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              |2=''[[Rheum (plant)|Rheum]]''
 
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              |3={{clade
 
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                  |1=''[[Emex]]''
 
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                  |2=''[[Rumex]]''
 
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                  }}
 
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              }}
 
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            |4={{clade
 
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              |1=''[[Knorringia]]''
 
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              |2={{clade
 
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                  |1={{clade
 
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                    |1=''[[Atraphaxis]]''
 
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                    |2=''[[Polygonella]]''
 
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                    |3=''[[Polygonum]]''
 
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                    }}
 
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                  |2={{clade
 
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                    |1=''[[Reynoutria]]''
 
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                    |2=''[[Fallopia]]''
 
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                    |3=''[[Muehlenbeckia]]''
 
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                    }}
 
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                  }}
 
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              }}
 
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            }}
 
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        }}
 
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      }}
 
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  }}
 
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}}
 
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== References ==
 
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{{Reflist}}
 
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== External links ==
 
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{{commons category}}
 
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* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10717 Polygonaceae] In: [http://www.efloras.org/volume_page.aspx?volume_id=1005&flora_id=1 FNA volume 5] In: [http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=1 Family List] In: [http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1 ''Flora of North America''] At: [http://www.efloras.org/index.aspx eFloras]
 
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* [http://www.botanicus.org/title/b11904549 Polygonaceae] In: [http://www.botanicus.org/title/b11904549 ''Genera Plantarum'' (Jussieu)] At: [http://www.botanicus.org/Search.aspx?searchTerm=Genera%20Plantarum Genera Plantarum] At: [http://www.botanicus.org/Search.aspx?searchTerm=Search%20Botanicus Search] At: [[Botanicus.org]]
 
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* [http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/genera/polygonaceaegen.html List of Genera in Polygonaceae] At: [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/caryophyllalesweb.htm#Polygonaceae Polygonaceae] At: [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/caryophyllalesweb.htm#Caryophyllales Caryophyllales] At: [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html Angiosperm Phylogeny Website] At: [http://www.mobot.org Missoure Botanical Garden Website]
 
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* [http://data.kew.org/cgi-bin/vpfg1992/genlist.pl?POLYGONACEAE List of genera in family Polygonaceae] At: [http://data.kew.org/vpfg1992/genlist.html#D Dicotyledons] At: [http://data.kew.org/vpfg1992/genlist.html List Genera within a Family] At: [http://data.kew.org/vpfg1992/vascplnt.html Vascular Plant Families and Genera] At: [http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/about.do About the Checklist] At: [http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do World Checklist of Selected Plant Families] At: [http://epic.kew.org/datasources.htm Data Sources] At: [http://epic.kew.org/index.htm ePIC] At: [http://www.kew.org/data/ Scientific Databases] At: [http://www.kew.org/ Kew Gardens]
 
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* [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?905 List of genera] At: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?905 Polygonaceae] At: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/famlist.pl List of families] At: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxfam.pl?language=en Families and Genera in GRIN] At: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/queries.pl?language=en Queries] At: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/index.pl GRIN taxonomy for plants]
 
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* [http://www.tolweb.org/non-core_Caryophyllales/20968 non-core Caryophyllales] At: [http://www.tolweb.org/Caryophyllales/20703 Caryophyllales] At: [http://www.tolweb.org/Life_on_Earth/1 Root of the Tree (Life on Earth)] At: [http://www.tolweb.org/tree/ Tree of Life web project]
 
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* [https://books.google.com/books?id=oumyfO-NHuUC&pg=PA155&lpg=PA155&dq=Polygonaceae+Takhtajan&source=bl&ots=iKhzN4ypt2&sig=TwbDMbSZ1XuPBf6iY9og8F3UVk4&hl=en&ei=xBYHTa3rH4GBlAeFqIXsAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CBMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Polygonaceae%20Takhtajan&f=false Polygonaceae] In: [https://books.google.com/books?id=oumyfO-NHuUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Flowering+Plants+Takhtajan&source=bl&ots=iKhzN4ysw3&sig=h44201Q58Tem8KoYWLOmStke78o&hl=en&ei=DxgHTaCONsSqlAeF5MnZDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Flowering Plants'' (Takhtajan)]
 
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* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/polygona.htm Polygonaceae] in [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.] http://delta-intkey.com
 
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* [http://flowersinisrael.com/FamPolygonaceae.html Family Polygonaceae] Flowers in Israel
 
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*[http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/?fam=Polygonaceae&gen=&spec=&flora_search=taxon Polygonaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF]
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Polygonaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Caryophyllales families]]
 

Latest revision as of 16:05, 17 September 2017

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