Difference between revisions of "Moraceae"

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{{Taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Moraceae]]
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| name = Moraceae
 
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| fossil_range = {{fossil range|80}}[[Cretaceous]] - Recent
 
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| image = Koeh-174.jpg
 
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| image_width = 250 px
 
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| image_caption = Panama rubber tree (''[[Castilla elastica]]'')
 
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
 
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| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
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| unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
 
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| unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
 
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| ordo = [[Rosales]]
 
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| familia = '''Moraceae'''
 
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| familia_authority = [[Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré|Gaudich.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Genera
 
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| subdivision =
 
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See text.
 
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}}
 
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The '''Moraceae''' — often called the '''mulberry family''' or '''fig family''' — are a family of [[flowering plant]]s comprising about 38 genera and over 1180 species.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> Most are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, less so in temperate climates. The only [[synapomorphy]] within Moraceae is presence of [[laticifer]]s and milky [[sap]] in all [[Ground tissue#Parenchyma|parenchymatous tissues]], but generally useful field characters include two [[Gynoecium|carpels]] sometimes with one reduced, compound inconspicuous [[flower]]s, and compound [[fruit]]s.<ref>{{cite book | authors = Judd WS, Campbell CS, Kellogg EA, Stevens PF, Donoghue MJ. | year = 2008 | title = Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach | publisher = Sinauer Associates, Inc. | location = Sunderland, MA | pages = 1–620 | isbn = 978-0-878-93407-2}}</ref>  Included are well-known plants such as the [[Common fig|fig]], [[Ficus benghalensis|banyan]], [[breadfruit]], [[Morus (plant)|mulberry]], and [[Maclura pomifera|Osage-orange]]. The 'flowers' of Moraceae are often [[pseudanthium|pseudanthia]] (reduced [[inflorescence]]s).
 
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[[File:Ficus retusa, Moraceae, Bagh-e-Jinnah.jpg|thumb|''[[Ficus retusa]]'' (Moraceae) in [[Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore]]]]
 
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==Classification==
 
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Formerly included within the now defunct order [[Urticales]], recent molecular studies have resulted in its placement within [[Rosales]] in a clade called the urticalean rosids that also includes [[Ulmaceae]], [[Celtidaceae]], [[Cannabaceae]] and [[Urticaceae]]. ''[[Cecropia]]'', which has variously been placed in Moraceae, Urticaceae, or their own family, Cecropiaceae, is now included in Urticaceae.<ref name="Sytsma">{{cite journal | authors = Sytsma KJ, Morawetz J, Pires C, Nepokroeff M, Conti E, Zjhra M, Hall JC, Chase MW. | year = 2002 | title = Urticalean rosids: Circumscription, rosid ancestry, and phylogenetics based on ''rbcL'', ''trnL''–''F'', and ''ndhF'' sequences | journal = [[American Journal of Botany|Am J Bot]] | volume = 89 | issue = 89 | pages = 1531–1546 | url = http://www.bricol.net/research/CICphylog/CICfinalSTUFF/Urtical-rosids.pdf | doi = 10.3732/ajb.89.9.1531 | pmid = 21665755}}</ref>
 
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[[Dioecy]] (having individuals with separate sexes) appears to be the primitive state in Moraceae.<ref name="Datwyler">{{cite journal | authors = Datwyler SL, Weiblen G. | year = 2004 | title = On the origin of the fig: Phylogenetic relationships of Moraceae from ''ndhF'' sequences | journal = [[American Journal of Botany|Am J Bot]] | volume = 91 | issue = 5 | pages = 767–777 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/5/767.abstract | doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.5.767 | pmid = 21653431}}</ref> [[Plant sexuality#Individual plant sexuality|Monoecy]] has evolved independently at least four times within the family.
 
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===Tribes and Genera===
 
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Moraceae comprises the following:<ref name="Datwyler"/><ref name="Clement">{{cite journal | authors = Clement WL, Weiblen GD. | year = 2009 | title = Morphological evolution in the mulberry family (Moraceae) | journal = [[Systematic Botany|Syst Bot]] | volume = 34 | issue = 3 | pages = 530–552 | url = http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/aspt/sb/2009/00000034/00000003/art00010 | doi = 10.1600/036364409789271155}}</ref>
 
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{{div col|colwidth=350px}}
 
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*'''Artocarpeae''' <small>Lam. & DC. 1806</small>
 
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** ''[[Artocarpus]]'' <small>J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.</small> (~50 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Batocarpus]]'' <small>H.Karst.</small> (4 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Clarisia]]'' <small>Ruiz & Pav.</small> (3 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Hullettia]]'' <small>King ex Hook.f.</small> (2 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Parartocarpus]]'' <small>Baill.</small> (3 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Prainea]]'' <small>King ex Hook.f.</small> (4 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Treculia]]'' <small>Decne. ex Trécul</small> (3 spp.)
 
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*'''Castilleae''' <small>C.C.Berg 1977</small>
 
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**'''Antiaropsineae''' <small>(C.C.Berg) Clement & Weiblen 2005</small>
 
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*** ''[[Antiaropsis]]'' <small>K.Schum.</small> (1 sp.)
 
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*** ''[[Sparattosyce]]'' <small>Bur.</small> (1 sp.)
 
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**'''Castillineae''' <small>Clement & Weiblen 2009</small>
 
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*** ''[[Antiaris]]'' <small>Lesch.</small> (1 sp.)
 
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*** ''[[Castilla (plant)|Castilla]]'' <small>Cerv.</small> (3 spp.)
 
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*** ''[[Helicostylis]]'' <small>Trécul</small> (7 spp.)
 
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*** ''[[Maquira]]'' <small>Aubl.</small> (5 spp.)<!-- Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 28(4): 277 -->
 
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*** ''[[Mesogyne]]'' <small>Engl.</small> (1 sp.)
 
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*** ''[[Naucleopsis]]'' <small>Miq.</small> (~20 spp.)
 
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*** ''[[Perebea]]'' <small>Aubl.</small> (9 spp.)
 
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*** ''[[Poulsenia]]'' <small>Eggers</small> (1 sp.)
 
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*** ''[[Pseudolmedia]]'' <small>Trécul</small> (~9 spp.)
 
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*'''Dorstenieae''' <small>Dumort. 1830</small>
 
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** ''[[Bleekrodea]]'' <small>Blume</small> (3 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Bosqueiopsis]]'' <small>De Wild. & T.Durand</small> (1 sp.)
 
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** ''[[Brosimum]]'' <small>Sw.</small> (13 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Broussonetia]]'' <small>L’Hér. ex Vent.</small> (8 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Dorstenia]]'' <small>L.</small> (~105 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Fatoua]]'' <small>Gaudich.</small> (3 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Helianthostylis]]'' <small>Baill.</small> (2 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Malaisia (genus)|Malaisia]]'' <small>Blanco 1837</small> (1 sp.)
 
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** ''[[Scyphosyce]]'' <small>Baill.</small> (2 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Sloetia]]'' <small>Teijsm. & Binn. ex Kurz 1864</small> (1 sp.)
 
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** ''[[Trilepisium]]'' <small>Thouars</small> (1 sp.)
 
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** ''[[Trymatococcus]]'' <small>Poepp. & Endl.</small> (3 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Utsetela]]'' <small>Pellegr.</small> (1 sp.)
 
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*'''Ficaeae''' <small>Gaudich. 1830</small>
 
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**''[[Ficus]]'' <small>L.</small> (750 spp.)
 
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*'''Maclureae''' <small>W.L. Clement & Weiblen 2009</small>
 
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** ''[[Maclura]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> (11 spp.)
 
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*'''Moreae''' <small>Dumort. 1829</small>
 
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** ''[[Bagassa]]'' <small>Aubl.</small> (1 sp.)
 
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** ''[[Milicia (genus)|Milicia]]'' <small>Sim</small> (2 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Morus (plant)|Morus]]'' <small>L.</small> (~12 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Sorocea]]'' <small>A.St.-Hil.</small> (14 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Streblus]]'' <small>Lour.</small> (~24 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Trophis]]'' <small>P.Browne</small> (8 spp.)
 
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*'''Fossils'''
 
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** [[Extinction|†]]''[[Artocarpoides]]'' <small></small>
 
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{{div col end}}
 
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===Phylogeny===
 
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Modern [[molecular phylogenetics]] suggest the following relationships:<ref name="Sytsma"/><ref name="Datwyler"/><ref name="Clement"/><ref name="Zerega">{{cite journal | authors = Zerega NJC, Clement WL, Datwyler SL, Weiblen GD. | year = 2005 | title = Biogeography and divergence times in the mulberry family (Moraceae) | journal = [[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol Phyl Evol]] | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 402–416 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790305002228 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.07.004 | pmid = 16112884}}</ref>
 
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{{Clade| style=line-height:75%;
 
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|1={{clade
 
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  |1=[[Urticaceae]]&nbsp;([[Outgroup (cladistics)|outgroup]])
 
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  |label2=Moraceae
 
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  |2={{clade
 
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    |1={{clade
 
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      |label1=[[Artocarpeae]] <!-- Missing: Hullettia and Treculia. -->
 
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      |1={{clade
 
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        |1={{clade
 
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          |1=''[[Batocarpus]]''
 
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          |2=''[[Clarisia]]''
 
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          }}
 
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        |2={{clade
 
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          |1=''[[Artocarpus]]''
 
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          |2={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Parartocarpus]]''
 
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            |2=''[[Prainea]]''
 
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            }}
 
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          }}
 
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        }}
 
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      |label2=[[Moreae]]
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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        |1=''[[Sorocea]]''
 
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        |2={{clade
 
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          |1=''[[Bagassa]]''
 
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          |2={{clade
 
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            |1={{clade
 
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              |1=''[[Milicia (genus)|Milicia]]''
 
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              |2=''[[Streblus]]''
 
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              }}
 
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            |2={{clade
 
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              |1=''[[Morus (plant)|Morus]]''
 
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              |2=''[[Trophis]]''
 
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              }}
 
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            }}
 
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          }}
 
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        }}
 
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      }}
 
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    |2={{clade
 
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      |label1=[[Maclureae]]
 
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      |1=''[[Maclura]]''
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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        |label1=[[Dorstenieae]] <!-- Missing: Bosqueiopsis and Scyphosyce. -->
 
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        |1={{clade
 
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          |1=''[[Fatoua]]''
 
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          |2={{clade
 
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            |1={{clade
 
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              |1=''[[Broussonetia]]''
 
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              |2=''[[Malaisia (genus)|Malaisia]]''
 
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              }}
 
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            |2={{clade
 
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              |1={{clade
 
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                |1=''[[Bleekrodea]]''
 
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                |2=''[[Sloetia]]''
 
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                }}
 
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              |2=''[[Trilepisium]]''
 
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              |3={{clade
 
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                |1={{clade
 
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                  |1=''[[Utsetela]]''
 
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                  |2=''[[Dorstenia]]''
 
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                  }}
 
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                |2={{clade
 
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                  |1=''[[Brosimum]]''
 
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                  |2=''[[Trymatococcus]]''
 
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                  |3=''[[Helianthostylis]]''
 
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                  }}
 
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                }}
 
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              }}
 
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            }}
 
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          }}
 
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        |2={{clade
 
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          |label1=[[Ficeae]]
 
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          |1=''[[Ficus]]''
 
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          |label2=[[Castilleae]]
 
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          |2={{clade
 
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            |label1=Antiaropsineae
 
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            |1={{clade
 
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              |1=''[[Sparattosyce]]''
 
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              |2=''[[Antiaropsis]]''
 
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              }}
 
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            |label2=Castillineae
 
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            |2={{clade
 
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              |1={{clade
 
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                |1=''[[Antiaris]]''
 
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                |2=''[[Mesogyne]]''
 
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                }}
 
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              |2={{clade
 
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                |1=''[[Naucleopsis]]''
 
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                |2={{clade
 
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                  |1=''[[Perebea]]''
 
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                  |2=''[[Pseudolmedia]]''
 
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                  |3={{clade
 
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                    |1=''[[Maquira]]''
 
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                    |2={{clade
 
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                      |1=''[[Helicostylis]]''
 
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                      |2={{clade
 
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                        |1=''[[Poulsenia]]''
 
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                        |2=''[[Castilla (plant)|Castilla]]''
 
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                        }}
 
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                      }}
 
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                    }}
 
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                  }}
 
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                }}
 
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              }}
 
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            }}
 
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          }}
 
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        }}
 
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      }}
 
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    }}
 
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  }}
 
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}}
 
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==References==
 
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{{Reflist|2}}
 
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== External links ==
 
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{{wikispecies}}
 
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{{Commons category}}
 
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* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/moraceae.htm Moraceae] in [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants.]
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Moraceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Rosid families]]
 
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[[Category:Extant Campanian first appearances]]
 

Latest revision as of 14:40, 16 September 2017

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