Difference between revisions of "Malvaceae"

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{{Automatic taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Malvaceae]]
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| name = Malvaceae
 
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| image = Malva parviflora small.jpg
 
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| image_caption = Least mallow, ''[[Malva parviflora]]''
 
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| taxon = Malvaceae
 
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| authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
 
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| subdivision =
 
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* [[Bombacoideae]]
 
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* [[Brownlowioideae]]
 
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* [[Byttnerioideae]]
 
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* [[Dombeyoideae]]
 
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* [[Grewioideae]]
 
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* [[Helicteroideae]]
 
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* [[Malvoideae]]
 
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* [[Sterculioideae]]
 
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* [[Tilioideae]]
 
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| synonyms =
 
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*Bombacaceae {{Au|Kunth}}
 
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*Brownlowiaceae {{Au|Cheek}}
 
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*Byttneriaceae {{Au|R.Br.}}
 
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*Dombeyaceae {{Au|Kunth}}
 
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*Durionaceae {{Au|Cheek}}
 
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*Helicteraceae {{Au|J.Agardh}}
 
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*Hermanniaceae {{Au|Marquis}}
 
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*Hibiscaceae {{Au|J.Agardh}}
 
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*Lasiopetalaceae {{Au|Rchb.}}
 
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*Melochiaceae {{Au|J.Agardh}}
 
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*Pentapetaceae {{Au|Bercht. & J.Presl}}
 
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*Philippodendraceae {{Au|A.Juss.}}
 
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*Plagianthaceae {{Au|J.Agardh}}
 
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*Sparmanniaceae {{Au|J.Agardh}}
 
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*Sterculiaceae {{Au|Vent.}}
 
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*Theobromataceae {{Au|J.Agardh}}
 
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*Tiliaceae {{Au|Juss.}}
 
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| synonyms_ref = <ref name=GRIN>{{cite web | url = https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?id=688 | title = Family: Malvaceae | work = [[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] (GRIN) [Online Database] | publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture]] Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland | date = 17 January 2017 | accessdate = 7 June 2017}}</ref>
 
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}}
 
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'''Malvaceae''', or the '''mallows''', is a family of [[flowering plant]]s estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref><ref name="APW" /> Well-known members of this family include [[okra]], [[cotton]], and [[Theobroma cacao|cacao]]. The largest genera in terms of number of species include ''[[Hibiscus]]'' (300 species), ''[[Sterculia]]'' (250 species), ''[[Dombeya]]'' (250 species), ''[[Pavonia (plant)|Pavonia]]'' (200 species) and ''[[Sida (plant)|Sida]]'' (200 species).<ref name="Judd">{{cite book |author=Judd, W. S., C. S. Campbell, E. A. Kellogg, P. F. Stevens and M. J. Donoghue |title=Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach |year=2008 |edition=third |isbn= 0878934073}}</ref>
 
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==Taxonomy and nomenclature==
 
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The circumscription of the Malvaceae is controversial. The traditional Malvaceae ''[[sensu stricto]]'' comprise a very homogeneous and cladistically [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] group. Another major circumscription, Malvaceae ''[[sensu lato]]'', has been more recently defined on the basis that molecular techniques have shown the commonly recognised families [[Bombacaceae]], [[Tiliaceae]], and [[Sterculiaceae]], which have always been considered closely allied to Malvaceae ''s.s.'', are not monophyletic groups. Thus, the Malvaceae can be expanded to include all of these families so as to compose a monophyletic group. Adopting this circumscription, the Malvaceae incorporate a much larger number of genera.
 
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===Subfamilies===
 
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This article is based on the second circumscription, as presented by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]].<ref name="APW">{{cite web |title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ |accessdate=15 July 2014}}</ref> The Malvaceae ''s.l.'' (hereafter simply "Malvaceae") comprise nine subfamilies. A tentative [[cladogram]] of the family is shown below. The diamond denotes a poorly supported branching (<80%).
 
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{{clade|style=font-size:80%;line-height:75%|1=
 
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{{clade
 
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|1={{clade
 
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|1='''[[Byttnerioideae]]''': 26 genera, 650 species, pan-tropical, especially [[South America]]
 
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|2='''[[Grewioideae]]''': 25 genera, 770 species, pan-tropical
 
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}}|label2=♦|2={{clade
 
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|1='''[[Sterculioideae]]''': 12 genera, 430 species, pan-tropical
 
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|2='''[[Tilioideae]]''': three genera, 50 species, northern [[temperate region]]s and [[Central America]]
 
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|3='''[[Dombeyoideae]]''': about 20 genera, about 380 species, palaeo-tropical, especially [[Madagascar]] and [[Mascarenes]]
 
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|4='''[[Brownlowioideae]]''': eight genera, about 70 species, especially palaeo-tropical
 
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|5='''[[Helicteroideae]]''': eight to 12 genera, 10 to 90 species, tropical, especially [[Southeast Asia]]
 
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|label6=♦|6={{clade
 
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|1='''[[Malvoideae]]''': 78 genera, 1,670 species, temperate to tropical
 
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|2='''[[Bombacoideae]]''': 12 genera, 120 species, tropical, especially [[Africa]] and [[Americas|America]]
 
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}}}}}}}}
 
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It is important to point out the relationships between these subfamilies are still either poorly supported or almost completely obscure, so the circumscription of the family may change dramatically as new studies are published.
 
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If looking for information about the traditional Malvaceae ''s.s.'', we recommend referring to [[Malvoideae]], the subfamily that approximately corresponds to that group.
 
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===Names===
 
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The English common name 'mallow' (also applied to other members of Malvaceae) comes from Latin ''[[wikt:malva|malva]]'' (also the source for the English word "[[wikt:mauve|mauve]]"). ''Malva'' itself was ultimately derived from the word for the plant in ancient Mediterranean languages.<ref name="oed">{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=mallow&allowed_in_frame=0|title=mallow|author=Douglas Harper|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=February 3, 2012}}</ref> [[Cognate]]s of the word include [[Ancient Greek]] μαλάχη (''malákhē'') or μολόχη (''molókhē''), [[Modern Greek]] μολόχα (''molóha''), modern {{lang-ar|ملوخية}} (''[[mulukhiyah]]'') and modern {{lang-he|מלוחיה}} (''molokhia'').<ref name="oed"/><ref name="khalid">{{cite web|url=http://baheyeldin.com/egypt/molokheya-an-egyptian-national-dish.html|title=Molokheya: an Egyptian National Dish|author=Khalid|publisher=THe Baheyeldin Dynasty|accessdate=September 10, 2011}}</ref>
 
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==Description==
 
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[[File:Alcea rosea lv 1.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Alcea rosea]]'' is a common garden flower in Malvaceae]]
 
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Most species are [[herb]]s or [[shrub]]s, but some are [[tree]]s and [[liana]]s.
 
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===Leaves and stems===
 
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[[Image:Malva alcea pili NRM.jpg|Stellate hairs on the underside of a dried leaf of ''Malva alcea''|thumb]]
 
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[[Leaf|Leaves]] are generally [[phyllotaxis|alternate]], often palmately lobed or compound and palmately veined. The margin may be entire, but when [[Leaf#Leaf terminology|dentate]], a vein ends at the tip of each tooth (malvoid teeth). Stipules are present. The [[Plant stem|stem]]s contain mucous canals and often also mucous cavities. Hairs are common, and are most typically [[wikt:stellate|stellate]].
 
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===Flowers===
 
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The flowers are commonly borne in definite or indefinite axillary [[inflorescence]]s, which are often reduced to a single flower, but may also be cauliflorous, oppositifolious, or terminal. They often bear supernumerary [[bract]]s. They can be unisexual or bisexual, and are generally [[actinomorphic]], often associated with conspicuous bracts, forming an [[epicalyx]]. They generally have five valvate [[sepal]]s, most frequently basally [[connation|connate]], with five imbricate [[petal]]s. The [[stamen]]s are five to numerous, and connate at least at their bases, but often forming a tube around the [[pistil]]s. The pistils are composed of two to many connate [[carpel]]s. The [[ovary (botany)|ovary]] is superior, with axial placentation, with capitate or lobed stigma.
 
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The flowers have [[nectaries]] made of many tightly packed glandular [[trichome|hairs]], usually positioned on the sepals.
 
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===Fruits===
 
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[[Image:Durio kutej F 070203 ime.jpg|[[Durio kutejensis|Durian]] fruits|thumb]]
 
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The fruits are most often [[loculicidal]] [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]]s, [[schizocarp]]s or [[Nut (fruit)|nut]]s.
 
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===Pollination===
 
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Self-pollination is often avoided by means of [[protandry]]. Most species are entomophilous (pollinated by insects).
 
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==Importance==
 
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A number of species are pests in [[agriculture]], including ''[[Abutilon theophrasti]]'' and ''[[Modiola caroliniana]]'', and others that are garden escapes. [[Cotton]] (four species of ''[[Gossypium]]''), [[kenaf]] (''Hibiscus cannabinus''), [[Theobroma cacao|cacao]] (''Theobroma cacao''), [[kola nut]] (''Cola spp.''), and [[okra]] (''Abelmoschus esculentus'') are important agricultural crops. The fruit and leaves of [[baobab]]s are edible, as is the fruit of the [[durian]]. A number of species, including ''[[Hibiscus syriacus]]'', ''[[Hibiscus rosa-sinensis]]'' and ''[[Alcea rosea]]'' are garden plants.
 
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==See also==
 
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* ''[[Florissantia]]'', an extinct Cenozoic genus
 
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==References==
 
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{{Reflist}}
 
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* {{cite journal|author=Baum, D. A., W. S. Alverson, and R. Nyffeler|year= 1998|title= A durian by any other name: taxonomy and nomenclature of the core Malvales|journal= Harvard Papers in Botany| volume= 3|pages= 315–330}}
 
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* {{Cite journal | last1 = Baum | first1 = D. A. | last2 = Dewitt Smith | first2 = S. | last3 = Yen | first3 = A. | last4 = Alverson | first4 = W. S. | last5 = Nyffeler | first5 = R. | last6 = Whitlock | first6 = B. A. | last7 = Oldham | first7 = R. L. | title = Phylogenetic relationships of Malvatheca (Bombacoideae and Malvoideae; Malvaceae sensu lato) as inferred from plastid DNA sequences | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 91 | issue = 11 | pages = 1863–1871 | year = 2004 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.11.1863 | pmid=21652333}}
 
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* {{Cite journal | last1 = Bayer | first1 = C. | title = Support for an expanded family concept of Malvaceae within a recircumscribed order Malvales: a combined analysis of plastidatpB andrbcL DNA sequences | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 129 | issue = 4 | pages = 267–303 | year = 1999 | doi = 10.1006/bojl.1998.0226}}
 
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* Bayer, C. and K. Kubitzki 2003. Malvaceae, pp.&nbsp;225–311. In K. Kubitzki (ed.), ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'', vol. 5, Malvales, Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales.
 
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* {{Cite journal | last1 = Edlin | first1 = H. L. | title = A Critical Revision of Certain Taxonomic Groups of the Malvales Part Ii1 | journal = New Phytologist | volume = 34 | issue = 2 | pages = 122–143 | year = 1935 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1935.tb06834.x}}
 
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* {{Cite journal | pages = 384–405 | issue = 3 | year = 1997 | doi = 10.2307/2807839 | jstor = 2807839 | volume = 49 | journal = Brittonia | first1 = W. S. | last2 = Manchester | first2 = S. R. | title = Circumscription of Malvaceae (Malvales) as Determined by a Preliminary Cladistic Analysis of Morphological, Anatomical, Palynological, and Chemical Characters | last1 = Judd}}
 
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* Maas, P. J. M. and L. Y. Th. Westra. 2005. ''Neotropical Plant Families'' (3rd edition).
 
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* {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/00173130410000730 | last1 = Perveen | first1 = A. | last2 = Grafström | first2 = E. | last3 = El-Ghazaly† | issn =  0017-3134 | first3 = G. | title = World Pollen and Spore Flora 23. Malvaceae Adams. P.p. Subfamilies: Grewioideae, Tilioideae, Brownlowioideae | journal = Grana | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 129 | year = 2004}}
 
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* {{cite journal|author=Tate, J. A., J. F. Aguilar, S. J. Wagstaff, J. C. La Duke, T. A. Bodo Slotta and B. B. Simpson|year= 2005|title= Phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Malveae (Malvaceae, subfamily Malvoideae) as inferred from ITS sequence data|journal= American Journal of Botany|volume= 92|pages= 584–602|doi=10.3732/ajb.92.4.584|issue=4|pmid=21652437}} (abstract online [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/92/4/584 here]).
 
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* [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/10/1474 Alverson, William S., Barbara A. Whitlock, Reto Nyffeler, Clemens Bayer and David A. Baum. 1999. Phylogeny of the core Malvales: evidence from  ''ndh''F sequence data. ''American Journal of Botany'' 86: 1474-1486.]
 
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==External links==
 
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{{Wikispecies}}
 
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{{Commons category|Malvaceae}}
 
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* [http://www.malvaceae.info/Genera/gallery.html Malvaceae.info: Malvaceae Gallery]
 
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* [http://www.topwalks.net/plants/generos/malvaceae_02.htm Topwalks.net: Malvaceae]
 
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* [http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Core_Malvales&contgroup=Malvales Tree of Life.org: Core Malvales]
 
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* [http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/images/family/malvaceae.htm HEAR.org — Malvaceae: plants of Hawaii] — ''image gallery''.
 
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* [http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/?fam=Malvaceae&gen=&spec=&flora_search=taxon GREIF Flora: Malvaceae of Mongolia]
 
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{{Portalbar|Plants|Biology}}
 
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{{Taxonbar}}
 
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{{Authority control}}
 
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[[Category:Malvaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Malvales families]]
 

Latest revision as of 19:03, 14 September 2017

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