Difference between revisions of "Acanthaceae"

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{{taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Acanthaceae]]
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|name = Acanthaceae
 
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|image = Odontonema flwrs.jpg
 
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|image_caption = Flowers of ''[[Odontonema cuspidatum]]''
 
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|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
 
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|unranked_divisio = [[Flowering plant|Angiosperms]]
 
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
 
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|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
 
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|ordo = [[Lamiales]]
 
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|familia = '''Acanthaceae'''
 
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|familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?6 |title=Family: ''Acanthaceae''  Juss., nom. cons. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2003-01-17 |accessdate=2011-07-29}}</ref><ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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|type_genus = ''[[Acanthus (genus)|Acanthus]]''
 
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|type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
 
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|subdivision_ranks = [[Family (biology)|Subfamilies]]
 
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|subdivision = [[Acanthoideae]]<br>
 
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[[Avicennia|Avicennioideae]]<br>
 
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[[Nelsonioideae]]<br>
 
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[[Thunbergioideae]]<ref name="GRIN"/>
 
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|synonyms = Avicenniaceae <small>Miq.</small>, nom. cons.
 
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Justiciaceae <small>Raf.</small><br>
 
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Mendonciaceae <small>[[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek]].</small><br>
 
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Meyeniaceae <small>Sreem.</small><br>
 
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Nelsoniaceae <small>Sreem.</small><br>
 
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Thunbergiaceae <small>Lilja</small><ref name="GRIN"/>
 
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|}}
 
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'''Acanthaceae''' is a [[Family (biology)|family]] (the '''acanthus''' family) of [[dicotyledon]]ous [[flowering plant]]s containing almost 250 genera and about 2500 species. Most are [[Tropics|tropical]] [[Herbaceous plant|herbs]], [[shrub]]s, or twining vines; some are [[epiphytes]]. Only a few species are distributed in [[temperate]] regions.  The four main centres of distribution are [[Indonesia]] and [[Malaysia]], [[Africa]], [[Brazil]], and [[Central America]]. The representatives of the family can be found in nearly every [[Habitat (ecology)|habitat]], including dense or open [[forest]]s, [[scrubland]]s, wet fields and valleys, sea [[coast]] and marine areas, [[swamp]]s, and [[mangrove]] forests.
 
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==Description==
 
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Plants in this family have simple, opposite, [[decussate]]d [[leaf|leaves]] with entire (or sometimes toothed, lobed, or spiny) margins, and without [[stipule]]s. The leaves may contain [[cystolith]]s, [[calcium carbonate]] concretions, seen as streaks on the surface.
 
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The [[flower]]s are perfect, [[Floral symmetry|zygomorphic]] to nearly [[Floral symmetry|actinomorphic]], and arranged in an [[inflorescence]] that is either a [[raceme|spike]], [[raceme]], or [[cyme (botany)|cyme]]. Typically, a colorful [[bract]] subtends each flower; in some species, the bract is large and showy. The [[Sepal|calyx]]  usually has four or five lobes; the [[Petal#Corolla|corolla]] tubular, two-lipped or five-lobed; [[stamen]]s number either two or four, arranged in pairs and inserted on the corolla, and the [[carpel|ovary]] is superior and bicarpellated, with axile [[placentation]].
 
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The [[fruit]] is a two-celled [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]], [[Dehiscence (botany)|dehiscing]] somewhat explosively. In most species, the [[seed]]s are attached to a small, hooked stalk (a modified [[Ovule|funiculus]] called a [[jaculator]] or a retinaculum) that ejects them from the capsule.
 
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A species well-known to [[temperate]] gardeners is bear's breeches (''[[Acanthus mollis]]'' ), a herbaceous [[perennial plant]] with big leaves and flower spikes up to 2 m tall. [[Tropics|Tropical]] genera familiar to gardeners include ''[[Thunbergia]]'' and ''[[Justicia]]''.
 
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''[[Avicennia]]'', a genus of [[mangrove]] trees, usually placed in [[Verbenaceae]] or in its own family, [[Avicenniaceae]], is included in Acanthaceae by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] on the basis of [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic]] studies that show it to be associated with this family.
 
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==Medicinal uses==
 
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Traditionally the most important part use in Acanthaceae is the leaves and they are used externally for wounds.
 
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Some research has indicated that Acanthaceae possess [[wikt:antifungal|antifungal]], [[cytotoxic]], [[anti-inflammatory]], [[anti-pyretic]], [[antioxidant]], [[insecticidal]], [[hepatoprotective]], [[immunomodulatory]], [[anti- platelet aggregation]] and [[anti-viral potential]].<ref name="Awan, A.J. 2014 44–55">{{cite journal| last = Awan, A.J.| first = Aslam, M.S | title = FAMILY ACANTHACEAE AND GENUS APHELANDRA: ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL REVIEW.| journal = International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science | volume = 6| issue = 10| year = 2014| pages = 44–55}}</ref>
 
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==Phytochemistry==
 
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Phytochemical reports on family Acanthaceae are [[glycosides]], [[flavonoids]], [[benzonoids]], [[phenols|phenolic compounds]], [[naphthoquinone]] and [[triterpenoids]].<ref name="Awan, A.J. 2014 44–55"/>
 
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==Selected genera==
 
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[[File:Asystasia gangetica in Hyderabad W IMG 4769.jpg|thumb|right|Chinese violet (''[[Asystasia gangetica]]'')]]
 
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[[File:Unided Barleria in Talakona forest, AP W IMG 8542.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Barleria]]'' sp.]]
 
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[[File:Acanthaceae leaf.jpg|thumb|right|Leaf of the nerve plant (''[[Fittonia verschaffeltii]]'')]]
 
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[[File:2006 08 14 Hypoestes Phyllostachya.jpg|thumb|right|Polka dot plant (''[[Hypoestes phyllostachya]]'')]]
 
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[[File:Starr 021122 0083 justicia aurea.jpg|right|thumb|''[[Justicia aurea]]'']]
 
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[[File:Louteridium panamensis.JPG|right|thumb|''[[Louteridium panemensis]]'']]
 
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[[File:Peristrophe speciosa1.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Peristrophe speciosa]]'']]
 
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[[File:Pseuderanthemum reticulatum W IMG 1124.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Pseuderanthemum reticulatum]]'']]
 
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[[File:Wayside Tuberose -Ruella tuberosa- flower in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 6628.jpg|right|thumb|Popping pod (''[[Ruellia tuberosa]]'' )]]
 
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[[File:Rostellularia species in Talakona forest, AP W IMG 8313.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Rostellularia]]'' sp.]]
 
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[[File:Thunbergia laurifolia (Blue Trumpet wine) W IMG 1973.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Thunbergia laurifolia]]'']]
 
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The 246 accepted genera, according to  [[Germplasm Resources Information Network]],are:
 
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{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
 
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* ''[[Acanthopale]]'' <small>C.B.Clarke</small>
 
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* ''[[Acanthopsis]]'' <small>Harv.</small>
 
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* ''[[Acanthostelma]]'' <small>Bidgood & Brummitt</small>
 
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* ''[[Acanthura]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
 
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* ''[[Acanthus (genus)|Acanthus]]'' <small>L.</small> (bear's breech)
 
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* ''[[Achyrocalyx]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
 
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* ''[[Aechmanthera]]'' <small></small>
 
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* ''[[Adhatoda]]'' <small>Mill.</small> (sometimes included in ''Justicia'')
 
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* ''[[Afrofittonia]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
 
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* ''[[Ambongia]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
 
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* ''[[Ancistranthus]]'' <small>Lindau</small> (desert honeysuckle)
 
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* ''[[Ancistrostylis]]'' <small>T.Yamaz.</small>
 
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* ''[[Andrographis]]'' <small>Wall. ex Nees</small> (false waterwillow)
 
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* ''[[Angkalanthus]]'' <small>Balf.f.</small>
 
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* ''[[Anisacanthus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Anisosepalum]]'' <small>E.Hossain</small>
 
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* ''[[Anisostachya]]'' <small>Nees</small> (sometimes included in ''Justicia'')
 
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* ''[[Anisotes]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Anomacanthus]]'' <small>R.D.Good</small>
 
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* ''[[Apassalus]]'' <small>Kobuski</small>
 
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* ''[[Aphanosperma]]'' <small>T.F.Daniel</small>
 
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* ''[[Aphelandra]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
 
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* ''[[Aphelandrella]]'' <small>Mildbr.</small>
 
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* ''[[Ascotheca]]'' <small>Heine</small>
 
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* ''[[Asystasia]]'' <small>Blume</small>
 
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* ''[[Asystasiella]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
 
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* ''[[Avicennia]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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* ''[[Ballochia]]'' <small>Balf.f.</small>
 
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* ''[[Barleria]]'' <small>L.</small> (bush violets)
 
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* ''[[Barleriola]]'' <small>Oerst</small>
 
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* ''[[Benoicanthus]]'' <small>Heine & A.Raynal</small>
 
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* ''[[Blechum]]'' <small>P.Browne</small>
 
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* ''[[Blepharis]]'' <small>Juss.</small>
 
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* ''[[Borneacanthus]]'' <small>[[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek.]]</small>
 
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* ''[[Boutonia]]'' <small>DC.</small>
 
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* ''[[Brachystephanus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Bravaisia]]'' <small>DC.</small>
 
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* ''[[Brillantaisia]]'' <small>P.Beauv.</small>
 
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* ''[[Calacanthus]]'' <small>T.Anderson ex Benth. & Hook.f.</small>
 
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* ''[[Calophanoides]]'' <small>(C.B.Clarke) Ridl.</small> (sometimes included in ''Justicia'')
 
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* ''[[Calycacanthus]]'' <small>K.Schum.</small>
 
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* ''[[Camarotea]]'' <small>Scott-Elliot</small>
 
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* ''[[Carlowrightia]]'' <small>A.Gray</small> (wrightwort)
 
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* ''[[Celrina (genus)|Celerina]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
 
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* ''[[Cephalacanthus]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
 
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* ''[[Chaetacanthus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Chalarothyrsus]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
 
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* ''[[Chamaeranthemum]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Championella]]'' <small>[[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek.]]</small>
 
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* ''[[Chileranthemum]]'' <small>Oerst.</small>
 
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* ''[[Chlamydacanthus]]'' <small>Lindau</small> (sometimes included in ''Theileamea'')
 
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* ''[[Chlamydocardia]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
 
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* ''[[Chlamydostachya]]'' <small>Mildbr.
 
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* ''[[Chroesthes]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
 
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* ''[[Clinacanthus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Clistax]]'' <small>Mart.</small>
 
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* ''[[Codonacanthus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Conocalyx]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
 
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* ''[[Corymbostachys]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
 
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* ''[[Cosmianthemum]]'' <small>[[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek.]]</small>
 
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* ''[[Crabbea]]'' <small>Harv.</small>
 
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* ''[[Crossandra]]'' <small>Salisb.</small>
 
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* ''[[Crossandrella]]'' <small>C.B.Clarke</small>
 
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* ''[[Cyclacanthus]]'' <small>S.Moore</small>
 
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* ''[[Cylindrosolenium]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
 
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* ''[[Cyphacanthus]]'' <small>Leonard</small>
 
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* ''[[Dactylostegium]]'' <small>Nees</small> (sometimes included in ''Dicliptera'')
 
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* ''[[Danguya]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
 
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* ''[[Dasytropis]]'' <small>Urb.</small>
 
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* ''[[Dichazothece]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
 
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* ''[[Dicladanthera]]'' <small>F.Muell.</small>
 
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* ''[[Dicliptera]]'' <small>Juss.</small> (Foldwing)
 
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* ''[[Didyplosandra]]'' <small>Wight ex [[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek]].</small>
 
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* ''[[Dipteracanthus]]'' <small>Nees</small> (sometimes included in ''Ruellia'')
 
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* ''[[Dischistocalyx]]'' <small>T.Anderson ex Benth. & Hook.f.</small>
 
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* ''[[Dolichostachys]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
 
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* ''[[Drejera]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Drejerella]]'' <small>Lindau</small> (sometimes included in ''Justicia'')
 
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* ''[[Duosperma]]'' <small>Dayton</small>
 
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* ''[[Dyschoriste]]'' <small>Nees</small> (snakeherb)
 
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* ''[[Ecbolium]]'' <small>Kurz</small>
 
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* ''[[Echinacanthus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Elytraria]]'' <small>Michx.</small> (scalystem)
 
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* ''[[Encephalosphaera]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
 
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* ''[[Epiclastopelma]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
 
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* ''[[Eranthemum]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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* ''[[Eremomastax]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
 
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* ''[[Eusiphon]]'' <small>Benoist</small> (often included in ''Ruellia'')
 
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* ''[[Filetia]]'' <small>Miq.</small>
 
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* ''[[Fittonia]]'' <small>Coem.</small>
 
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* ''[[Forcipella]]'' <small>Baill.</small>
 
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* ''[[Forsythiopsis]]'' <small>Baker</small> (sometimes included in ''Oplonia'')
 
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* ''[[Geissomeria]]'' <small>Lindl.</small>
 
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* ''[[Glossochilus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Golaea]]'' <small>Chiov.</small>
 
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* ''[[Graphandra]]'' <small>J.B.Imlay</small>
 
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* ''[[Graptophyllum]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Gymnophragma]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
 
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* ''[[Gymnostachyum]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Gynocraterium]]'' <small>[[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek]].</small>
 
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* ''[[Gypsacanthus]]'' <small>E.J.Lott et al.</small>
 
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* ''[[Haplanthodes]]'' <small>Kuntze</small>
 
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* ''[[Harpochilus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Hemiadelphis]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Hemigraphis]]'' <small>Nees</small> (sometimes included in ''Strobilanthes'')
 
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* ''[[Henrya]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Herpetacanthus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Heteradelphia]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
 
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* ''[[Holographis]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Hoverdenia]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Hulemacanthus]]'' <small>S.Moore</small>
 
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* ''[[Hygrophila (plant)|Hygrophila]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> (swampweed)
 
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* ''[[Hypoestes]]'' <small></small> (including ''Periestes'')
 
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* ''[[Ionacanthus]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
 
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* ''[[Isoglossa]]'' <small>Oerst.</small>
 
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* ''[[Isotheca]]'' <small>Turrill</small>
 
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* ''[[Jadunia]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
 
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* ''[[Juruasia]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
 
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* ''[[Justicia]]'' <small>L.</small> (justicia, water-willow, shrimp plant)
 
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* ''[[Kalbreyeriella]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
 
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* ''[[Kosmosiphon]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
 
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* ''[[Kudoacanthus]]'' <small>Hosok.</small>
 
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* ''[[Lankesteria]]'' <small>Lindl.</small>
 
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* ''[[Lasiocladus]]'' <small>Bojer ex Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Leandriella]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
 
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* ''[[Lepidagathis]]'' <small>Willd.</small>
 
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* ''[[Leptostachya]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Liberatia]]'' <small>Rizzini</small> (sometimes included in ''Lophostachys'')
 
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* ''[[Linariantha]]'' <small>B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm.</small>
 
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* ''[[Lophostachys]]'' <small>Pohl</small>
 
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* ''[[Louteridium]]'' <small>S.Watson</small>
 
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* ''[[Lychniothyrsus]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
 
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* ''[[Marcania]]'' <small>J.B.Imlay</small>
 
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* ''[[Megalochlamys]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
 
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* ''[[Megalostoma]]'' <small>Leonard</small>
 
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* ''[[Megaskepasma]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
 
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* ''[[Melittacanthus]]'' <small>S.Moore</small>
 
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* ''[[Mellera]]'' <small>S.Moore</small>
 
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* ''[[Mendoncia]]'' <small>Vand.</small>
 
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* ''[[Metarungia]]'' <small>Baden</small>
 
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* ''[[Mexacanthus]]'' <small>T.F.Daniel</small>
 
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* ''[[Meyenia (plant)|Meyenia]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Mimulopsis]]'' <small>Schweinf.</small>
 
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* ''[[Mirandea]]'' <small>Rzed.</small>
 
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* ''[[Monechma]]'' <small>Hochst.</small> (sometimes included in ''Justicia'')
 
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* ''[[Monothecium]]'' <small>Hochst.</small>
 
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* ''[[Morsacanthus]]'' <small>Rizzini</small>
 
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* ''[[Nelsonia (plant)|Nelsonia]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
 
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* ''[[Neohallia]]'' <small>Hemsl.</small>
 
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* ''[[Neriacanthus]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
 
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* ''[[Neuracanthus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Odontonema]]'' <small>Nees</small> (toothedthread)
 
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* ''[[Ophiorrhiziphyllon]]'' <small>Kurz</small>
 
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* ''[[Oplonia]]'' <small>Raf.</small>
 
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* ''[[Oreacanthus]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
 
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* ''[[Orophochilus]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
 
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* ''[[Pachystachys]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Pelecostemon]]'' <small>Leonard</small>
 
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* ''[[Pentstemonacanthus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Perenideboles]]'' <small>Ram.</small> (Goyena)
 
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* ''[[Pericalypta]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
 
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* ''[[Peristrophe]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Petalidium]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Phaulopsis]]'' <small>Willd.</small>
 
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* ''[[Phialacanthus]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
 
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* ''[[Phidiasia]]'' <small>Urb.</small>
 
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* ''[[Phlogacanthus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Physacanthus]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
 
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* ''[[Podorungia]]'' <small>Baill.</small>
 
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* ''[[Poikilacanthus]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
 
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* ''[[Polylychnis]]'' <small>[[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek.]]</small> (often included in ''Ruellia'')
 
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* ''[[Populina (genus)|Populina]]'' <small>Baill.</small>
 
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* ''[[Pranceacanthus]]'' <small>Wassh.</small>
 
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* ''[[Pseuderanthemum]]'' <small>Radlk.</small>
 
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* ''[[Pseudocalyx]]'' <small>Radlk.</small>
 
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* ''[[Pseudodicliptera]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
 
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* ''[[Pseudoruellia]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
 
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* ''[[Psilanthele]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
 
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* ''[[Ptyssiglottis]]'' <small>T.Anderson</small>
 
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* ''[[Pulchranthus]]'' <small>V.M.Baum et al.</small>
 
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* ''[[Pupilla]]'' <small>Rizzini</small> (sometimes included in ''Justicia'')
 
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* ''[[Razisea]]'' <small>Oerst.</small><!-- Biotropica 23:98 34:68 -->
 
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* ''[[Rhinacanthus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Rhombochlamys]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
 
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* ''[[Ritonia]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
 
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* ''[[Rostellularia]]'' <small>Rchb.</small> (sometimes included in ''Justicia'')
 
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* ''[[Ruellia]]'' <small>L.</small> (Wild Petunia)
 
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* ''[[Ruelliopsis]]'' <small>C.B.Clarke</small>
 
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* ''[[Rungia]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Ruspolia]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
 
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* ''[[Ruttya]]'' <small>Harv.</small>
 
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* ''[[Saintpauliopsis]]'' <small>Staner</small> (sometimes included in ''Staurogyne'')
 
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* ''[[Salpinctium]]'' <small>T.J.Edwards</small>
 
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* ''[[Salpixantha]]'' <small>Hook.</small>
 
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* ''[[Samuelssonia]]'' <small>Urb. & Ekman</small>
 
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* ''[[Sanchezia]]'' <small>Ruiz & Pav.</small>
 
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* ''[[Santapaua]]'' <small>N.P.Balakr. & Subr.</small> (sometimes included in ''Hygrophila'')
 
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* ''[[Sapphoa]]'' <small>Urb.</small>
 
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* ''[[Satanocrater]]'' <small>Schweinf.</small>
 
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* ''[[Sautiera]]'' <small>Decne.</small>
 
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* ''[[Schaueria]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Schwabea]]'' <small>Endl. & Fenzl</small>
 
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* ''[[Sclerochiton]]'' <small>Harv.</small>
 
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* ''[[Sebastiano-schaueria]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Sericospora]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Siphonoglossa]]'' <small>Oerst.</small> (tubetongue)
 
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* ''[[Spathacanthus]]'' <small>Baill.</small>
 
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* ''[[Sphacanthus]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
 
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* ''[[Sphinctacanthus]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
 
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* ''[[Spirostigma]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Standleyacanthus]]'' <small>Leonard</small>
 
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* ''[[Staurogyne]]'' <small>Wall.</small>
 
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* ''[[Steirosanchezia]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
 
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* ''[[Stenandriopsis]]'' <small>S.Moore</small>
 
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* ''[[Stenandrium]]'' <small>Nees</small> (shaggytuft)
 
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* ''[[Stenostephanus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Streblacanthus]]'' <small>Kuntze</small>
 
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* ''[[Streptosiphon]]'' <small>Mildbr.</small>
 
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* ''[[Strobilanthes]]'' <small>Blume</small>
 
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* ''[[Strobilanthopsis]]'' <small>S.Moore</small>
 
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* ''[[Styasasia]]'' <small>S.Moore</small>
 
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* ''[[Suessenguthia]]'' <small>Merxm.</small>
 
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* ''[[Synchoriste]]'' <small>Baill.</small>
 
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* ''[[Taeniandra]]'' <small>[[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek.]]</small>
 
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* ''[[Tarphochlamys]]'' <small>[[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek.]]</small>
 
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* ''[[Teliostachya]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Tessmanniacanthus]]'' <small>Mildbr.</small>
 
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* ''[[Tetramerium]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Theileamea]]'' <small>Baill.</small>
 
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* ''[[Thunbergia]]'' <small>Retz.</small>
 
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* ''[[Thysanostigma]]'' <small>J.B.Imlay</small>
 
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* ''[[Tremacanthus]]'' <small>S.Moore</small>
 
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* ''[[Triaenanthus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
 
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* ''[[Trichanthera]]'' <small>Kunth</small>
 
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* ''[[Trichaulax]]'' <small>Vollesen</small>
 
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* ''[[Trichocalyx]]'' <small>Balf.f.</small>
 
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* ''[[Trichosanchezia]]'' <small>Mildbr.</small>
 
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* ''[[Ulleria]]'' <small>[[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek.]]</small> (often included in ''Ruellia'')
 
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* ''[[Vavara]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
 
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* ''[[Vindasia]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
 
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* ''[[Warpuria]]'' <small>Stapf</small>
 
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* ''[[Whitfieldia]]'' <small>Hook.</small>
 
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* ''[[Xantheranthemum]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
 
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* ''[[Xerothamnella]]'' <small>C.T.White</small>
 
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* ''[[Yeatesia]]'' <small>Small</small> (Bractspike)
 
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* ''[[Zygoruellia]]'' <small>Baill.</small><ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=34350 |taxon=Acanthaceae |accessdate=2011-07-29}}</ref>
 
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}}
 
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===Excluded genera===
 
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* ''[[Thomandersia]]'' <small>Baill.</small> → [[Thomandersia]]ceae<ref>{{cite journal| last = Wortley, A.H.| first = Harris, D.J. & Scotland, R.W. | title = On the Taxonomy and Phylogenetic Position of Thomandersia.| journal = Systematic Botany | volume =  32| issue = 2| year = 2007| pages = 415–444| doi=10.1600/036364407781179716| last2 = Harris| first2 = D. J.| last3 = Scotland| first3 = R. W.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnothlist.pl?6 |title=GRIN genera sometimes placed in ''Acanthaceae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2011-07-29}}</ref>
 
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==References==
 
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{{Commons category|Acanthaceae}}
 
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{{wikispecies}}
 
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{{Reflist}}
 
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*{{cite journal|author1=Schwarzbach, Andrea E.  |author2=McDade, Lucinda A.|title= Phylogenetic relationships of the mangrove family ''Avicenniaceae'' based on chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences|journal= Systematic Botany|volume= 27|pages=84&ndash;98|year=2002}}
 
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==External links==
 
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060202000101/http://delta-intkey.com:80/angio/www/acanthac.htm Acanthaceae] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.
 
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*[http://tolweb.org/Acanthaceae/20878 Tree of Life Acanthaceae]
 
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*[http://www.flowersinisrael.com/FamAcanthaceae.html Family Acanthaceae] Flowers in Israel.
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Acanthaceae]]
 
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[[Category:Lamiales families]]
 

Latest revision as of 13:19, 9 September 2017

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