Difference between revisions of "Ranunculaceae"

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{{expand Spanish| Ranunculaceae|date=January 2017}}
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#redirect [[:Category:Ranunculaceae]]
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{{Taxobox
 
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| name = Ranunculaceae
 
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| fossil_range = {{fossil range|145|0}} [[Early Cretaceous]]–[[Holocene|Recent]]{{sfn|Pigg|DeVore|2005}}
 
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| image = Ranunculus_auricomis.jpg
 
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| image_caption = ''[[Ranunculus auricomus]]''
 
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| regnum = [[Plantae]]
 
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| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
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| unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
 
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| ordo = [[Ranunculales]]
 
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| familia = '''Ranunculaceae'''
 
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| familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]
 
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| type_genus = ''[[Ranunculus]]''
 
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| type_genus_authority = [[L.]]
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
 
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| subdivision =
 
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*[[Hydrastis|Hydrastidoideae]]
 
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*[[Glaucidium (plant)|Glaucidioideae]]
 
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*[[Coptoideae]]
 
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*[[Thalictroideae]]
 
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*[[Ranunculoideae]]
 
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}}
 
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'''Ranunculaceae''' ('''buttercup''' or '''crowfoot family'''; [[Latin]] ''rānunculus'' "little frog", from ''rāna'' "frog") is a [[family (biology)|family]] of over 2,000 known species of [[flowering plant]]s in 43 genera,{{sfn|Christenhusz|Byng| 2016}}  distributed worldwide.
 
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The largest genera are ''[[Ranunculus]]'' (600 species), ''[[Delphinium]]'' (365), ''[[Thalictrum]]'' (330), ''[[Clematis]]'' (325), and ''[[Aconitum]]'' (300).
 
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==Description==
 
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[[File:Adonis autumnalis flowerdiagram.png|thumb|125px|[[Floral diagram]]. ''[[Adonis annua]]]]
 
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Ranunculaceae are mostly [[herbaceous]] annuals or perennials, but some woody climbers (such as ''[[Clematis]]'') or shrubs (e.g. ''[[Xanthorhiza]]'').
 
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Most members of the family have bisexual flowers which can be showy or inconspicuous, and can be radially or bilaterally symmetrical. The sepals and petals are generally free (unfused) and typically number four or five. In many species, the sepals are colorful and appear petal-like. In these species, the petals can be inconspicuous or absent. The stems are unarmed. The leaves are variable. Most species have both basal and cauline (stem) leaves, which are usually compound or lobed but can be simple. They are typically alternate, or occasionally opposite or even whorled. Many species, especially the perennials form [[rhizome]]s that develop new roots each year.<ref name=fna/>
 
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Flowers may be solitary, but are frequently found aggregated in [[Cyme (botany)|cymes]], [[panicle]]s, or [[Raceme|spikes]].
 
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The [[fruit]] is most commonly an [[achene]] (e.g. ''[[Ranunculus]]'', ''[[Clematis]]'') or a [[Follicle (fruit)|follicle]] (e.g. ''[[Helleborus]]'', ''[[Nigella]]'').
 
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{{multiple image
 
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| perrow    = 2
 
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| header    = Fruit Morphology
 
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| align    = right
 
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| image1    = Pulsatilla alpina fruit.JPG
 
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| caption1  = [[Achene]]: ''[[Pulsatilla alpina]]''
 
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| image2    = Ranunculus acris0.jpg
 
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| caption2  = Achene: ''[[Ranunculus acris]]''
 
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| image4    = Helleborus niger (Früchte).jpg
 
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| caption4  = Follicle: ''[[Helleborus niger]]''
 
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| image3    = Nigella_arvensis_fruit.jpg
 
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| caption3  = Follicle: ''[[Nigella|Nigella arvensis]]''
 
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}}
 
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Ranunculaceae contain [[protoanemonin]], which is toxic to humans and animals. Other poisonous or toxic compounds, [[alkaloid]]s and [[glycoside]]s, are also common.
 
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==Taxonomy==
 
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Takhtajan (1997) included the Ranunculaceae as the only family in the Ranunculales which he placed in a subclass, the Ranunculidae, instead of a superorder.  Previously, Thorn (1992) placed the Ranunculaceae in the Berberidales, an order within the Superorder Magnolianae. Earlier Cronquist in 1981 included the Ranunculaceae along with seven other families in the Rancunculales which was included in the Magnoliidae, which he regarded as a subclass.<ref>[http://botany.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/newgate/cronang.htm Flowering Plant Gateway]</ref> David, (2010)<ref>[http://apps.rhs.org.uk/rhsplantfinder/documents/Essay.pdf Plants in their proper places]</ref> placed the Ranuculaceae, together with the Eupteleaceae, Lardizabalaceae, Menispermaceae, Berberidaceae, and Papaveraceae in the Ranunculales, the only order in the superorder Ranunculanae.  This follows the work of the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]].
 
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The family Ranunculaceae ''[[sensu stricto]]'' (APG) is one of seven families included in the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Ranunculales]] within the  [[eudicots]] according to the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] classification.{{sfn|APG|2016}} The family is [[monophyletic]] with ''[[Glaucidium (plant)|Glaucidium]]'' as [[sister group|sister]] to the remaining genera.{{sfn|Wang et al|2009}} This [[phylogeny]] is illustrated in the APG Poster.<ref>[http://www2.biologie.fu-berlin.de/sysbot/poster/poster1.pdf  Angiosperm Phylogeny Poster]</ref>
 
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=== Subdivision ===
 
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Early subdivisions of the family, such as [[Adanson]] (1763), simply divided it based on one-seeded or many-seeded fruit. [[Karl Anton Eugen Prantl|Prantl]] (1887) envisaged three [[tribe (biology)|tribes]], Paeonieae, Hellebroreae and Anemoneae with ''[[Peony|Paeonia]]'', ''[[Glaucidium (plant)|Glaucidium]]'' and ''[[Hydrastis]]'' forming Paeoniaae. By the twentieth century Langlet (1932) used chromosome types to create two [[subfamilies]], Ranunculoideae and Thalictroideae. In 1966 [[Minoru N. Tamura|Tamura]] further developed Langlet's system by adding floral characteristics with six subfamilies;
 
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* Helleboroideae 
 
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* Ranunculoideae
 
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* Isopyroideae
 
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* Thalictroideae
 
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* Coptidoideae
 
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* Hydrastidoideae
 
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but by 1988 he had reduced Coptidoideae to a tribe within Isopyroideae, leaving five subfamilies, an arrangement he continued in his 1993 monograph, dividing the larger subfamilies into tribes, though by then ''Paeonia'' and ''Glaucidium'' were no longer considered to belong to Ranunculaceae.{{sfn|Tamura|1993}} ''Paeonia'' was separated from Ranuculaceae and placed in its own family of [[Paeoniaceae]] (order [[Saxifragales]]). other genera originally included in Ranunculaceae include ''[[Circaeaster]]''  which was placed in its own family [[Circaeasteraceae]].
 
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Tamura's complete system was structured as follows;
 
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;Subfamilies and tribes
 
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* Subfamily Ranunculoideae <small>Hutch.</small>
 
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** Adonideae <small>Kunth</small>
 
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** Anemoneae <small>DC.</small>
 
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** Ranunculeae <small>DC.</small>
 
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* Subfamily Helleboroideae <small>Hutch.</small>
 
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** Helleboreae <small>DC.</small>
 
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** Cimicifugeae <small>Torrey & A.Gray</small>
 
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** Delphineae <small>Schrödinger</small>
 
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** Nigelleae <small>Schrödinger</small>
 
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* Subfamily Isopyroideae <small>Tamura</small>
 
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** Coptideae <small>Langlet ex Tamura & K.Kosuge</small>
 
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** Dichocarpeae <small>Tamura & K.Kosuge</small>
 
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** Isopyreae <small>Schrödinger</small>
 
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* Subfamily Thalictroideae
 
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* Subfamily Hydrastidoideae
 
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The genus ''[[Glaucidium (plant)|Glaucidium]]'', having been moved to its own family (Glaucidiaceae), has since been restored to Ranuculaceae.
 
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=== Molecular phylogenetics ===
 
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When subjected to [[molecular phylogenetic]] analysis only Thalictroideae is monophyletic. The position of ''Glaucidium'' and some of its unique morphological characteristics prompted Stevens to suggest that it be given subfamilial rank as the monotypic Glaucidioideae. Similarly Hydrastis has been assigned to subfamily Hydrastidoideae.{{sfn|Stevens|2017}}{{sfn|Wang et al|2009}} Both genera are represented by a single species, ''[[Glaucidium (plant)|Glaucidium palmatum]]'' and ''[[Hydrastis|Hydrastis canadense]]'' respectively.
 
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The relationships between the genera suggest the existence of three major [[clades]] corresponding to Coptidoideae, Thalictroideae (clade A) and Ranunculoideae (clade F). The latter is the largest with four subclades (B–E). Of these C corresponds to Delphineae, D to Cimicifugae and E to Ranunculoideae.{{sfn|Wang et al|2009}} Consequently, Wang and colleagues (2009) proposed a new classification with five subfamilies, and further subdividing Ranunculoideae into ten tribes. The relationship between the subfamilies is shown in the [[cladogram]];
 
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In addition to the two monotypic subgenera, Coptoideae has 17 species and Thalictroideae has 450, including ''[[Thalictrum]]'' and ''[[Aquilegia]]''. The other genera (2025 species, 81% of the family) belong to Ranunculoideae. ''[[Kingdonia]]'' had been included by Tamura in Anemoneae, but is now added to Circaeasteraceae.
 
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;Subfamilies of Ranunculaceae (5) and tribes of Ranunculoideae
 
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*[[Glaucidium (plant)|Glaucidioideae]] <small>(Tamura) Loconte</small> (1)
 
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*[[Hydrastis|Hydrastidoideae]] <small>Engler</small> (1)
 
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*[[Coptidoideae]] <small>Tamura</small> (2)
 
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*[[Thalictroideae]] <small>Raf.</small> (10)
 
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*[[Ranunculoideae]] <small>Arn.</small> (46)
 
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**Adonideae <small>Kunth</small>
 
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**Delphinieae <small>Schröd.</small>
 
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**Nigelleae <small>Schröd.</small>
 
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**Helleboreae<small> DC.</small>
 
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**Cimicifugeae <small>Torr.and A.Gray</small>
 
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**Caltheae <small>Bercht .and J.Presl</small>
 
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**Asteropyreae <small>W.T.Wang and C. Y.Chang</small>
 
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**Callianthemeae <small>W.Wang and Z. D.Chen</small>
 
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**Anemoneae <small>DC.</small>
 
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**Ranunculeae<small> DC.</small>
 
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{{cladogram|title=Cladogram of Ranunculaceae subfamilies{{sfn|Wang et al|2009}}
 
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|align=center
 
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|cladogram={{clade|style=width:600px;
 
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|label1= Ranunculaceae
 
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|1={{clade
 
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|1= Glaucidoideae[[File:Glaucidium palmatum (flower s3).JPG|80px]]
 
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|2={{clade
 
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|  1=Hydrastidoideae[[File:Hydrastis flor.jpg|80px]]
 
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|  2={{clade
 
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|    1=Coptidoideae[[File:Coptis quinquefolia 3.JPG|80px]]
 
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|    2={{clade|1=Ranunculoideae[[File:Creeping butercup close 800.jpg|80px]]
 
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|          2=Thalictroideae[[File:Thalictrum_aquilegifolium_02.jpg|80px]]
 
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}}
 
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      }}
 
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  }}
 
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}}}}}}
 
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{{clear}}
 
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=== Genera ===
 
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Ranunculaceae contains approximately 43 genera.{{sfn|Christenhusz|Byng| 2016}}<ref name=tpl/>
 
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{{div col|3}}
 
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; Subfamily Glaucidioideae
 
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* ''[[Glaucidium (plant)|Glaucidium]]'' <small>Siebold & Zuccarini</small>
 
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; Subfamily Hydrastidoideae
 
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* ''[[Goldenseal|Hydrastis]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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; Subfamily Coptidoideae
 
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* ''[[Coptis]]'' <small>Salisb.</small>
 
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* ''[[Xanthorhiza]]'' <small>Marshall</small>
 
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; Subfamily Thalictroideae
 
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* ''[[Aquilegia]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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* ''[[Dichocarpum]]'' <small>W.T.Wang & P.K.Hsiao</small>
 
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* ''[[Enemion]]'' <small>Rafinesque</small>
 
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* ''[[Isopyrum]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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* ''[[Leptopyrum]]'' <small>Reichenbach</small>
 
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* ''[[Paraquilegia]]'' <small>J.R.Drumm. & Hutch.</small>
 
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* ''[[Paropyrum]]'' <small>Ulbr.</small>
 
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* ''[[Semiaquilegia]]'' <small>Makino</small>
 
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* ''[[Thalictrum]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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* ''[[Urophysa]]'' <small>Ulbr.</small>
 
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; Subfamily Ranunculoideae
 
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;; Tribe Adonideae
 
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* ''[[Adonis (plant)|Adonis]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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* ''[[Megaleranthis]]'' <small>Ohwi</small>
 
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* ''[[Trollius]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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;; Tribe Delphinieae
 
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* ''[[Aconitum]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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* ''[[Consolida]]'' <small>Gray</small>
 
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* ''[[Delphinium]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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;; Tribe Nigelleae
 
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* ''[[Nigella]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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;; Tribe Helleboreae
 
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* ''[[Hellebore|Helleborus]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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;; Tribe Cimicifugeae
 
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* ''[[Actaea (plant)|Actaea]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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* ''[[Anemonopsis]]'' <small>Siebold & Zuccarini</small>
 
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* ''[[Beesia]]'' <small>Balf.f. & W.W.Sm.</small>
 
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* ''[[Cimicifuga]]'' <small>Wernisch.</small>
 
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* ''[[Eranthis]]'' <small>Salisb.</small>
 
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* ''[[Souliea]]'' <small>Franch.</small>
 
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;; Tribe Caltheae
 
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* ''[[Caltha]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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;; Tribe Asteropyreae
 
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* ''[[Asteropyrum]]'' <small>J.R.Drumm. & Hutch.</small>
 
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;; Tribe Callianthemeae
 
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* ''[[Callianthemum]]'' <small>C.A.Mey.</small>
 
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;; Tribe Anemoneae
 
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* ''[[Anemoclema]]''<small> (Franch.) W.T.Wang</small>
 
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* ''[[Anemone]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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* ''[[Clematis]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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* ''[[Hepatica]]'' <small>Mill.</small>
 
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* ''[[Naravelia]]'' <small>Adans.</small>
 
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* ''[[Pulsatilla]]'' <small>Mill.</small>
 
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;; Tribe Ranunculeae
 
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* ''[[Barneoudia]]'' <small>Gay</small>
 
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* ''[[Calathodes]]'' <small>Hook.f. & Thomson</small>
 
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* ''[[Callianthemoides]]'' <small>Tamura</small>
 
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* ''[[Ceratocephala (plant)|Ceratocephala]]'' <small>Moench</small>
 
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* ''[[Ficaria]]'' <small>Guett.</small>
 
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* ''[[Halerpestes]]'' <small>Greene</small>
 
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* ''[[Hamadryas (plant)|Hamadryas]]'' <small>Comm. ex Juss.</small>
 
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* ''[[Knowltonia (plant)|Knowltonia]]'' <small>Salisb.</small>
 
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* ''[[Laccopetalum]]'' <small>Ulbr.</small>
 
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* ''[[Metanemone]]'' <small>W.T.Wang</small>
 
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* ''[[Miyakea (plant)|Miyakea]]'' <small>Miyabe & Tatew.</small>
 
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* ''[[Myosurus]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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* ''[[Oreithales]]'' <small>Schltdl.</small>
 
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* ''[[Oxygraphis]]'' <small>Bunge</small>
 
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* ''[[Paroxygraphis]]'' <small>W.W.Sm.</small>
 
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* ''[[Ranunculus]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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* ''[[Trautvetteria]]'' <small>Fisch. & C.A.Mey.</small>
 
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{{div col end}}
 
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Previous genera
 
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* ''Anemonella'' <small>Spach</small> → ''[[Thalictrum thalictroides|Thalictrum]]''
 
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* ''Psychrophila'' <small>(DC.) Bercht. & J.Presl</small> → ''[[Caltha]]''
 
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=== Fossil record ===
 
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Fossils of fruits, pollen, seeds, and leaves are known from several dozen locations.  The fossil record begins in the early [[Cretaceous]] and continues throughout the [[Tertiary]]. In most cases, the fossils are assigned to extant genera, or show a close relationship to a particular extant genus.{{sfn|Pigg|DeVore|2005}}
 
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== Uses ==
 
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Some Ranunculaceae are used as [[herbal medicine]]s because of their alkaloids and glycosides, such as ''[[Hydrastis canadensis]]'' (goldenseal), whose root is used as a tonic. More than 30 species are used in [[homeopathy]], including ''[[Aconitum napellus]]'',  ''[[Cimicifuga racemosa]]'', ''[[Clematis recta]]'', ''[[Clematis virginiana]]'', ''Hydrastis canadensis'', ''[[Ranunculus bulbosus]]'', ''[[Helleborus niger]]'', ''[[Delphinium staphisagria]]'', ''[[Pulsatilla nigricans]]''. Many genera are well known as cultivated flowers, such as ''[[Aconitum]]'' (monkshood), ''[[Clematis]]'', ''[[Consolida]]'' (larkspur), ''[[Delphinium]]'', ''[[Helleborus]]'' (Christmas rose), ''[[Trollius]]'' (globeflower). The seeds of '' [[Nigella sativa]]'' are used as a spice in Indian and Middle Eastern cuisine.{{sfn|Turner|1984}}
 
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== Gallery: Tribes of subfamily Ranunculoideae==
 
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<gallery perrow="6">
 
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Image:Adonis_annua_flor.jpg|Adonideae:<br>''[[Adonis annua]]''
 
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Image:Delphinium_elatum_hybride_001.jpg|Delphinieae:<br>''[[Delphinium elatum]]'' hybrid
 
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Image:2007-10-25Nigella_damascena_09.jpg|Nigelleae:<br>''[[Nigella damascena]]''
 
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Image:Lenteroos frekkels.jpg|Helleboreae:<br>''[[Helleborus]] × hybridus''
 
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Image:Actaea simplex and Parnara guttata in Mount Ibuki 2011-08-28.jpg|Cimicifugeae:<br>''[[Cimicifuga|Cimicifuga simplex]]''
 
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Image:2007-03-27Caltha_palustris02.jpg|Caltheae:<br>''[[Caltha palustris]]''
 
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Image:Callianthemum hondoence 01.jpg|Callianthemeae:<br>''[[Callianthemum|Callianthemum hondoense]]''
 
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Image:10_kwietnia_2009_r._Zawilec_gajowy_033.jpg|Anemoneae:<br>''[[Anemone nemorosa]]''
 
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Image:Ranunculus auricomis.jpg|Ranunculeae:<br>''[[Ranunculus auricomus]]''
 
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</gallery>
 
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==See also==
 
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* [[List of Anemone species]]
 
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== References ==
 
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{{reflist|20em|refs=
 
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<ref name=fna>{{harvnb|FNA|2008|Loc=[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10757 v.&nbsp;3  Ranunculaceae]}}</ref>
 
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<ref name=tpl>{{harvnb|The Plant List|2013|loc=[http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Ranunculaceae/ Ranunculaceae]}}</ref>
 
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}}
 
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==Bibliography==
 
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{{refbegin|30em}}
 
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* {{cite journal |last1=Christenhusz|first1= M. J. M. |last2=Byng|first2=J. W.  |authorlink1=Maarten Christenhusz|authorlink2=James W. Byng|  year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = [[Phytotaxa]] | volume = 261 |issue = 3 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 |  publisher = Magnolia Press|ref=harv }}
 
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* Langlet, O. (1932). Uber Chromosomenverhaltnisse und Systematik der Ranunculaceae. Svensk Bot. Tidskr 26, 381–401.
 
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* {{Cite journal |last=APG |authorlink=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/epdf | format= PDF |accessdate=15 January 2017 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385|ref=harv }}
 
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* {{cite journal|last1=Keener|first1=Carl S.|last2=Reveal|first2=James L.|last3=Dutton|first3=Bryan E.|last4=Ziman|first4=Svetlana|authorlink2=James Reveal|title=A List of Suprageneric Names in Ranunculaceae (Magnoliophyta)|journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]|date=August 1999|volume=48|issue=3|pages=497|doi=10.2307/1224562}}
 
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* {{cite book|editor-last1=Kubitzki|editor-first1= Klaus|editor-last2=Rohwer|editor-first2=Jens G.|editor-last3=Bittrich|editor-first3=Volker|title=The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II Flowering plants - Dicotyledons. Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjlzrzbRXNQC|date=1993|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=3540555099|ref={{harvid|Kubitzki et al|1993}}}}
 
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* {{cite journal|last1=Pigg|first1=K. B.|last2=DeVore|first2=M. L.|title=Paleoactaea gen. nov. (Ranunculaceae) fruits from the Paleogene of North Dakota and the London Clay|journal=[[American Journal of Botany]]|date=1 October 2005|volume=92|issue=10|pages=1650–1659|doi=10.3732/ajb.92.10.1650|ref=harv|pmid=21646082}}
 
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* {{citation |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |authorlink=Peter F. Stevens|date=2017|origyear= 2001 |title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden|url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APWeb/|accessdate=13 April 2015|ref=harv}}
 
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* Sandro Pignatti. ''Flora d'Italia'', Edagricole, Bologna 1982.{{it}} ISBN 88-506-2449-2
 
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* {{cite book|last1=Tamura|first1=M|authorlink=Minoru N. Tamura|title=Ranunculaceae|pages=563–583|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjlzrzbRXNQC&pg=PA563|ref={{harvid|Tamura|1993}}}}, in {{harvtxt|Kubitzki et al|1993}}
 
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* Strasburger, Noll, Schenck, Schimper: Lehrbuch der Botanik für Hochschulen. 4. Auflage, Gustav Fischer, Jena 1900, p.&nbsp;459 (flower diagrams)
 
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* {{cite journal|last1=Kumazawa|first1=Masao|title=Systematic and Phylogenetic Consideration of the Ranunculaceae and Berberidaceae|journal=Shokubutsugaku Zasshi|date=1938|volume=52|issue=613|pages=9–15|doi=10.15281/jplantres1887.52.9|ref=harv}}
 
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* {{cite journal|last1=Emadzade|first1=Khatere|last2=Lehnebach|first2=Carlos|last3=Lockhart|first3=Peter|last4=Elvira|first4=Hörandl|title=A molecular phylogeny, morphology and classification of genera of  Ranunculeae (Ranunculaceae)|journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]|date=June 2010|volume=59|issue=3|pages=809–828|url=https://www.ohio.edu/plantbio/staff/rothwell/pbio308508/Alastair%20Plant,%20Ranunculaceae.pdf}}
 
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* {{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Wei|last2=Lu|first2=An-Ming|last3=Ren|first3=Yi|last4=Endress|first4=Mary E.|last5=Chen|first5=Zhi-Duan|title=Phylogeny and classification of Ranunculales: Evidence from four molecular loci and morphological data|journal=Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics|date=January 2009|volume=11|issue=2|pages=81–110|doi=10.1016/j.ppees.2009.01.001|ref={{harvid|Wang et al|2009}}}}
 
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* {{cite journal|last1=Turner|first1=NJ|title=Counter-irritant and other medicinal uses of plants in Ranunculaceae by native peoples in British Columbia and neighbouring areas.|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology|date=July 1984|volume=11|issue=2|pages=181–201|pmid=6387285|ref=harv|doi=10.1016/0378-8741(84)90038-2}}
 
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* {{cite web|last=FNA|authorlink=Flora of North America|title=Flora of North America|url=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1|year=2008|accessdate=3 October 2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|ref={{harvid|FNA|2008}}}}
 
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* {{cite web|last1=The Plant List|authorlink=The Plant List |title=The Plant List Version 1.1|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/|publisher =[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] and [[Missouri Botanical Garden]] |accessdate=7 July 2015|date=2013|ref=harv}}{{refend}}
 
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== External links ==
 
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{{refbegin|2}}
 
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*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10757 ''Flora of North America'': Ranunculaceae]
 
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*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10757 ''Flora of China'': Ranunculaceae]
 
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*[http://www.topwalks.net/plants/generos/ranunculaceae_01.htm Ranunculaceae in Topwalks]
 
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*[http://www.indianmedicinalplants.info/d2/index.htm  Ranunculaceae ]
 
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*[http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/ranuncul.htm Ranunculaceae] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ ''The families of flowering plants''].
 
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*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=3440&lvl=3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser]
 
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*[http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Ranunculaceae  links at CSDL, Texas]
 
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*[http://www.alpine-plants-jp.com/art/index_kinpougeka.htm Japanese Ranunculaceae] - Flavon's art gallery
 
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*[http://flowersinisrael.com/FamRanunculaceae.html Family Ranunculaceae] Flowers in Israel
 
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*[http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/viewFile/65953/53657 Cai et al. Molecular phylogeny of Ranunculaceae based on internal transcribed spacer sequences 2009]
 
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{{refend}}
 
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{{Commons category}}
 
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{{wikispecies|Ranunculaceae|position=left}}
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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{{Authority control}}
 
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[[Category:Eudicot families]]
 
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[[Category:Ranunculaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Extant Cretaceous first appearances]]
 

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