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-{{Redirect |Poppy family|the pop group |The Poppy Family}}
+#redirect [[:Category:Papaveraceae]]
-{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
-{{More footnotes|date=September 2013}}
-{{Automatic taxobox
-| image = Grand-Reng JPG04.jpg
-| image_caption = Corn poppy (''[[Papaver rhoeas]]'')
-| taxon = Papaveraceae
-| authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
-| subdivision_ranks = Genera
-| subdivision = See text
-}}
-The '''Papaveraceae''', {{IPAc-en|p|@|p|ay|v|@|'|r|ay|s|ee}} or {{IPAc-en|p|@|p|A:|v|@|'|r|ay|s|ee}},{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} are an economically important [[family (biology)|family]] of about 42 [[genera]] and approximately 775 known [[species]]<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W.  |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> of [[flowering plant]]s in the order [[Ranunculales]], informally known as the poppy family.   The family is [[cosmopolitan distribution|cosmopolitan]], occurring in [[temperate]] and [[subtropical]] climates (mostly in the northern hemisphere), but almost unknown in the [[tropics]]. Most are [[herbaceous plant]]s, but a few are [[shrub]]s and small [[tree]]s.  The family currently includes two groups that have been considered to be separate families: Fumariaceae and Pteridophyllaceae.
-== Description ==
-The plants may be annual, biennial, or perennial. Usually [[herbaceous]], a few species form shrubs or evergreen trees. They are [[latex|lactiferous]], producing latex, which may be milky or watery, coloured or plain. All parts contain a well-developed duct system (these ducts are called "laticifers"), producing a milky [[latex]], a watery white, yellow or red juice.
-The simple [[Leaf|leaves]] are alternate or sometimes whorled. They have [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]]s and are not enclosed by a sheath. The leaves are usually lobed or pinnatifid (i.e. consisting of several not entirely separate leaflets), or much divided. There are no [[stipule]]s.
-The plants are [[Hermaphrodite|hermaphroditic]] and are [[pollination|pollinated]] mostly by [[insect]]s ([[entomophilous]]); flower nectaries are lacking. A few are wind pollinated ([[anemophilous]]). There is a distinct [[calyx (botany)|calyx]] and [[Corolla (flower)|corolla]], except in ''[[Macleaya]]'' where the corolla is lacking. The flowers are medium-sized or large. The terminal flowers are solitary in many species. In others the terminal [[inflorescence]] is cymose or [[Raceme|racemose]]. The flowers are odourless and regular.
-There are many [[stamen]]s, mostly 16 to 60, arranged in two separate whorls, the outer one with stamens alternating with petals, the inner one opposite. The gynoecium consists of a compound [[pistil]] with 2 to 100 carpels. The [[ovary (plants)|ovary]] is superior and unilocular. The ovary is either stemless (sessile) or on a short stem (stipitate).
-The non-fleshy [[fruit]] is usually a [[Capsule (fruit)|capsule]], breaking open at maturity to release the [[seed]]s through pores (poricidal), through the partitions between the cells (septicidal), or by means of valves (valvular). The numerous seeds are small. Their nutritive tissue (endosperm) is oily and farinose. The fruit of ''[[Platystemon]]'' is a [[schizocarp]].
-The basic [[Chromosome| chromosome number]], ''x'', is 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, up to ''2n'' = 84 (dodecaploidy) in species of ''[[Papaver]]'', ''[[Argemone]]'' and ''[[Meconopsis]]''.
-== Taxonomy ==
-The [[APG III system]] (2009; unchanged from the [[APG II system]] of 2003 and the [[APG system]] of 1998) places the family in the order [[Ranunculales]], in the clade [[eudicots]].<ref name=APGIII2009/> The Papaveraceae differ from the rest of the Ranunculales in some important characteristics but they share others such as the presence of isoquinoline-derived alkaloids. Based on molecular and morphological data, the family forms a clade with the families [[Lardizabalaceae]], [[Circaeasteraceae]], [[Menispermaceae]], [[Berberidaceae]] and [[Ranunculaceae]].<ref name=APW>{{Cite web |last=Stevens |first=P.F.  |title=Ranunculales |work=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/ranunculalesweb.htm#Ranunculales |accessdate=5 September 2013 }}</ref>
-=== Genera ===
-The broad [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of Papaveraceae  in the APG III system includes three taxa that have been separated into different families: the Papaveraceae ''sensu stricto'', the Fumariaceae and the Pteridophyllaceae.<ref name=APGIII2009/> Thus the [[Cronquist system]] of 1981 recognised the Fumariaceae as a separate family, despite their close phylogenetic relationship to the Papaveraceae ''sensu stricto''. The three former families may be treated as subfamilies. One morphological and molecular study concluded that the former family Pteridophyllaceae has a basal position with a subsequent division into two terminal clades each containing one of the subfamilies Fumarioideae and Papaveroideae, which are clearly monophyletic.{{sfn|Hoot|Kadereit|Blattner|Jork|1997}} A more recent study includes the former Pteridophyllaceae in the Fumarioideae, dividing the Papaveraceae into only two subfamilies.{{sfn|Wang|Lu|Ren|Endress|2009}}
-The internal division of the Fumarioideae shown below follows Lidén (1993),{{sfn|Lidén|1993}} with the exception of the placement of ''Pteridophyllum''.{{sfn|Wang|Lu|Ren|Endress|2009}}<ref name=APW/> The subtribes are given by the [[Germplasm Resources Information Network]].<ref>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?817 Papaveraceae information from NPGS/GRIN]</ref> The division of the Papaveroideae follows Hoot et al. (1997).{{sfn|Hoot|Kadereit|Blattner|Jork|1997}} In the latter study, the Eschscholzieae tribe would be the basal clade and sister group to the rest of the subfamily, which is divided into a different terminal clade (Chelidonieae) and into its sister group, formed by the Papavereae and Platystemoneae, whose separation is not based on the data presented by these authors. For discussions of subfamilies, see Carolan et al. (2006){{sfn|Carolan|Hook|Chase|Kadereit|2006}} and Blattner & Kadereit (1999).{{sfn|Blattner|Kadereit|1999}}
-====Fumarioideae====
-* Subfamily [[Fumarioideae]] <small>[[Amos Eaton|Eaton]]</small>
-:* Tribe Hypecoeae <small>[[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumort.]]</small>
-::* ''[[Hypecoum]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small> – Mediterranean region to Mongolia and Western China.
-::* ''[[Pteridophyllum]]'' <small>[[Philipp Franz von Siebold|Siebold]] & [[Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini|Zucc.]]</small> – Japan
-:* Tribe {{vanchor|Fumarieae}} <small>Dumort.</small>
-::* Subtribe {{vanchor|Corydalinae}}
-:::* ''[[Adlumia]]'' <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]] ex [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC.]]</small> – Eastern North America, Korea, China
-:::* ''[[Capnoides]]'' <small>[[Philip Miller|Mill.]]</small> – Northern North America
-:::* ''[[Corydalis]]'' <small>DC. nom. cons.</small> – Eurasia, North America, East Africa
-:::* ''[[Dactylicapnos]]'' <small>[[Nathaniel Wallich|Wall.]]</small> – Himalayas
-:::* ''[[Dicentra]]'' <small>[[Johann Jakob Bernhardi|Bernh.]] nom. cons.</small> – Eastern Asia, North America
-:::* ''[[Ehrendorferia]]'' <small>[[Tatsundo Fukuhara|Fukuhara]] & [[Magnus Lidén|Lidén]]</small> – Western United States
-:::* ''[[Ichtyoselmis]]'' <small>Lidén & Fukuhara</small> – China
-:::* ''[[Lamprocapnos]]'' <small>[[Stephan Friedrich Ladislaus Endlicher|Endl.]]</small> – China, Korea
-::* Subtribe {{vanchor|Fumariinae}}
-:::* ''[[Ceratocapnos]]'' <small>[[Michel Charles Durieu de Maisonneuve|Durieu]]</small> – South west of Europe, north west of Africa
-:::* ''[[Cryptocapnos]]'' <small>[[Karl Heinz Rechinger|Rech.f.]]</small> – Central Afghanistan
-:::* ''[[Cysticapnos]]'' <small>Mill.</small> – South Africa
-:::* ''[[Discocapnos]]'' <small>[[Ludolf Karl Adelbert von Chamisso|Cham.]] & [[Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal|Schltdl.]]</small> – South Africa
-:::* ''[[Fumaria]]'' <small>L.</small> – Mediterranean region, Himalayas, East Africa
-:::* ''[[Fumariola]]'' <small>[[Sergei Ivanovitsch Korshinsky|Korsh.]]</small> – Central Asia
-:::* ''[[Platycapnos]]'' <small>(DC.) [[Johann Jakob Bernhardi|Bernh.]]</small> – Western Mediterranean region
-:::* ''[[Pseudofumaria]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Kasimir Medikus|Medik.]]</small> – Italy, Balkans
-:::* ''[[Rupicapnos]]'' <small>[[Auguste Nicolas Pomel|Pomel]]</small> – North west Africa
-:::* ''[[Sarcocapnos]]'' <small>DC.</small> – Spain, Morocco, Algeria
-:::* ''[[Trigonocapnos]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter|Schltr.]]</small> – South Africa
-<gallery caption="Photos of Fumarioideae (the fumewort subfamily)">
-Hypecoum procumbens FlowerCloseup 25April2009 CampodeCalatrava.jpg|''Hypecoum procumbens''
-Corydalisaurea.jpg|[[Corydalis aurea|Scrambled eggs]] (''Corydalis aurea'')
-Corydalis solida01.jpg|Fumewort (''Corydalis solida'')
-Corydalis-cheilanthifolia-habitus.jpg|[[Corydalis cheilanthifolia|Ferny corydalis]] (''Corydalis cheilanthifolia'')
-Pale corydalis closeup.jpg|[[Capnoides|Pale corydalis]] (''Capnoides sempervirens'')
-- Dicentra scandens (Kletterndes Tränendes Herz).JPG|[[Dactylicapnos|Climbing bleeding-heart]] (''Dactylicapnos scandens'' or ''Dicentra scandens'')
-Dicentra cucullaria.png|[[Dicentra cucullaria|Dutchman's breeches]] (''Dicentra cucullaria'')
-Fringed bleeding-heart flower cluster.jpg|[[Dicentra eximia|Fringed bleeding-heart]] (''Dicentra eximia'')
-Dicentra peregrina (flower).JPG|[[Dicentra peregrina|Komakusa]] (''Dicentra peregrina'')
-Dicentrachrysantha.jpg|[[Ehrendorferia chrysantha|Golden eardrops]] (''Ehrendorferia chrysantha'' or ''Dicentra chrysantha'')
-Tränendes Herz (Dicentra spectabilis).jpg|[[Lamprocapnos|Asian bleeding-heart]] (''Lamprocapnos spectabilis'' or ''Dicentra spectabilis'')
-Earth smoke 04.jpg|[[Fumaria officinalis|Earth smoke]] (''Fumaria officinalis'')
-Corydalis lutea Flowers.JPG|[[Pseudofumaria lutea|Yellow corydalis]] (''Pseudofumaria lutea'' or ''Corydalis lutea'')
-Sarcocapnos enneaphylla733.jpg|[[Sarcocapnos|''Zapatitos de la Virgen'']] (''Sarcocapnos enneaphylla'')
-</gallery>
-====Papaveroideae====
-* Subfamily [[Papaveroideae]] <small>Eaton</small>
-:* Tribe {{vanchor|Eschscholzieae}} <small>[[Henri Ernest Baillon|Baill.]]</small>
-::* ''[[Dendromecon]]'' <small>[[George Bentham|Benth.]]</small> – California.
-::* ''[[Eschscholzia]]'' <small>[[Adelbert von Chamisso|Cham.]]</small> – Western North America.
-::* ''[[Hunnemannia]]'' <small>[[Robert Sweet (botanist)|Sweet]]</small> – Eastern Mexico.
-:* Tribe {{vanchor|Chelidonieae}} <small>Dumort.</small>
-::* ''[[Bocconia (plant)|Bocconia]]'' <small>L.</small> – Central and southern America, Antilles
-::* ''[[Chelidonium]]'' <small>L.</small> – Eurasia
-::* ''[[Dicranostigma]]'' <small>[[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]] & [[Thomas Thomson (botanist)|Thomson]]</small> – Central Asia
-::* ''[[Glaucium]]'' <small>Mill.</small> – Europe to Central Asia
-::* ''[[Eomecon]]'' <small>[[Henry Fletcher Hance|Hance]]</small> – Eastern China
-::* ''[[Hylomecon]]'' <small>[[Carl Johann Maximowicz|Maxim.]]</small> –  Eastern Asia
-::* ''[[Macleaya]]'' <small>[[Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)|R.Br.]]</small> – Eastern Asia
-::* ''[[Sanguinaria]]'' <small>L.</small> – Eastern North America
-::* ''[[Stylophorum]]'' <small>[[Thomas Nuttall|Nutt.]]</small> – Eastern North America, Eastern Asia
-:* Tribe {{vanchor|Platystemoneae}} <small>[[Édouard Spach|Spach]]</small>
-::* ''[[Hesperomecon]]'' <small>[[Edward Lee Greene|Greene]]</small> –  Western North America
-::* ''[[Meconella]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> – Western North America
-::* ''[[Platystemon]]'' <small>[[George Bentham|Benth.]]</small> – Western North America
-:* Tribe {{vanchor|Papavereae}} <small>Dumort.</small>
-::* ''[[Arctomecon]]'' <small>[[John Torrey|Torr.]] & [[John Charles Frémont|Frém.]]</small> – Western North America
-::* ''[[Argemone]]'' <small>L.</small> – North America, Antilles, central and southern America, Hawaii
-::* ''[[Canbya]]'' <small>[[Charles Christopher Parry|Parry]]</small> – Western North America
-::* ''[[Meconopsis]]'' <small>[[Louis Guillaume Alexandre Viguier|Vig.]]</small> – Central southern Asia, western Europe; paraphyletic{{sfn|Kadereit|Schwarzbach|Jork|1997}}
-::* ''[[Papaver]]'' <small>L.</small> – Northern hemisphere, South Africa, Cape Verde; paraphyletic{{sfn|Kadereit|Schwarzbach|Jork|1997}}
-::* ''[[Roemeria]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Kasimir Medikus|Medik.]]</small> –  Mediterranean region, south west Asia
-::* ''[[Romneya]]'' <small>[[William Henry Harvey|Harv.]]</small> – California
-::* ''[[Stylomecon]]'' <small>[[George Taylor (botanist)|G. Taylor]]</small> – California
-<gallery caption="Photos of Papaveroideae (the poppy subfamily)">
-Flickr - brewbooks - Island Tree Poppy (1).jpg|[[Dendromecon harfordii|Channel Island tree poppy]] (''Dendromecon harfordii'')
-Hunnemannia fumariifolia flowers 2002-10-10.jpg|[[Hunnemannia|Tulip poppy]] (''Hunnemannia fumariifolia'')
-Starr 070308-5399 Bocconia frutescens.jpg|[[Bocconia frutescens|Plume poppy]] (''Bocconia frutescens'')
-Flower October 2008-1.jpg|[[Chelidonium|Greater celandine]] (''Chelidonium majus'')
-Dicranostigma erectum2.JPG|[[Dicranostigma|Eastern horned poppy]] (''Dicranostigma erectum'')
-Ab plant 60.jpg|[[Glaucium|Red horned poppy]] (''Glaucium corniculatum'')
-Eomecon chionantha.jpg|[[Eomecon|Snow-poppy]] (''Eomecon chionantha'')
-Hylomecon japonica 01.JPG|[[Hylomecon|Forest poppy]] (''Hylomecon vernalis'')
-Ockerfarbiger Federmohn - Macleaya cordata.jpg|''Macleaya cordata''
-Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis) - Guelph.jpg|[[Sanguinaria|Bloodroot]] (''Sanguinaria canadensis'')
-Stylophorum diphyllum flowers cropped.png|[[Stylophorum diphyllum|Wood poppy]] (''Stylophorum diphyllum'')
-Platystemon californicus (1).jpg|[[Platystemon|Creamcups]] (''Platystemon californicus'')
-Arctomecon californica 3.jpg|[[Arctomecon californica|Bearpaw poppy]] (''Arctomecon californica'')
-White poppy Argemone munita close.jpg|[[Argemone munita|Flat-bud prickly poppy]] (''Arctomecon munita'')
-Pygmy Poppy, Canbya candida.jpg|[[Canbya|Pygmy poppy]] (''Canbya candida'')
-Arctic poppies at Showa Memorial Park.jpg|[[Papaver nudicaule|Arctic poppy]] (''Papaver nudicaule'')
-Papaver(Kirechko).jpg|[[Papaver bracteatum|Persian poppy]] (''Papaver bracteatum'')
-Papaver somniferum (Kowal).jpg|[[Papaver somniferum|Opium poppy]] (''Papaver somniferum'')
-Romneya-coulteri-habitus.jpg|[[Romneya|Matilija poppy]] (''Romneya coulteri'')
-</gallery>
-== Ecology ==
-[[File:Pteridophyllum racemosum.JPG|thumb|''Pteridophyllum racemosum'']]
-Pollination is entomophile (basically by [[Fly|flies]] and [[Hymenoptera|wasps and bees]], less often by [[beetle]]s), except in ''[[Bocconia (plant)|Bocconia]]''  and ''[[Macleaya]]''. In Papaveroideae, the reward is pollen as there is no nectar. The visual attractant is the petals that are usually brightly coloured and often have basal guides, sometimes the attractant can also be the androecium as the petals do not last long. Some species, mostly those from the arctic and alpine regions, reinforce their attraction with floral fragrance (for example, ''[[Papaver alpinum]]'' smells of cloves), which in the case of ''[[Romneya]]'' drugs the insects. The anthers and stigmas mature at the same time, but ''Bocconia'' is clearly protogynous, the stigmas emerge from the calyx that encloses them. Autopollination is common and in some cases (for example, ''Roemeria hybrida'') it occurs before the bud opens ([[cleistogamy]]). The presence of an [[aril]] suggests dispersion of seeds by ants ([[myrmecochory]]), once they have been expelled by the fruit. In the case of ''Bocconia'' the seeds remain attached to the replums after the capsule’s valves have fallen leaving their brilliant red or orange arils exposed, which attract birds to feed on them, facilitating their dispersal ([[Seed dispersal|ornithochory]]). Seeds that lack an aril appear to be dispersed by the wind ([[Seed dispersal|anemochory]]) for capsules that open, in the other cases they are freed when the fruit decomposes. Many [[Fumarioideae]] species have explosive fruits (ballistic), while ''[[Rupicapnos]]'' and ''[[Sarcocapnos]]'' species are chasmophytes, growing on rocks, and their fruit’s peduncles and pedicles are geotropic and they lengthen so that the seeds bury into the base of the plant.
-The Papaveroideae typically grow in cooler and wooded areas, forming part of the undergrowth. They have adapted to arctic and alpine habitats and to arid, Mediterranean areas, many species are [[Ruderal species|ruderal]] and segetal (growing in cornfields). ''[[Pteridophyllum]]'' grows in the undergrowth of woods of needle-leaved trees between 1,000&nbsp;m and 2,000&nbsp;m. The Fumarioideae are basically found in open, rocky, alpine landscapes or vertical or overhanging cracks, while some species are ruderal or segetal.
-== Phytochemistry ==
-[[File:Argemone maxicana in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 1102.jpg|thumb|[[Argemone mexicana|Mexican prickly poppy]] (''Argemone mexicana'')]]
-'''[[Alkaloid]]s''': The [[Isoquinoline|isoquinolinic]] alkaloids present in the family are well known. They are derived from [[berberine]], tetrahydroberberine, [[protopine]] and benzophenanthridine in Papaveroideae, and from spirobenzylisoquinoline and cularine in Fumarioideae, as well as from other groups that give them pharmacological properties: derivatives of [[aporphine]], [[morphinan]], [[pavine (molecule)|pavine]], [[isopavine]], [[narceine]] and [[rhoeadine]].
-'''Others''': Other characteristic substances contained within these species include: [[meconic acid]] and [[chelidonic acid]], as well as [[Glycoside#Cyanogenic glycoside|cyanogenic glycoside compounds]] derived from [[tyrosine]]: [[dhurrin]] and triglochinin; in the Fumarioideae while the Chelidonieae contain the free amino acid δ-acetylornithine.
-'''[[Flavonoid]]s''': [[Iridoid]]s and [[proanthocyanidin]]s absent. [[Flavonol]]s, [[kaempferol]] and/or [[quercetin]] present.
-Many of these plants are [[poison]]ous. The [[Argemone mexicana|Mexican prickly poppy]] is poisonous if taken internally and may cause [[oedema]] and [[glaucoma]].  Even if an animal, such as a [[goat]], should persist in grazing on this plant, not only will the animal suffer but so will those who drink its [[milk]], because the poisons are passed along in the milk.
-==Fossil record==
-The fossils of the late [[Cretaceous]] poppy ''Palaeoaster inquirenda'' from the Western Interior of North America occurs from 74.5 million year old deposits in the [[Fruitland Formation]] in [[New Mexico]] to 64.5 million year old deposits in the [[Hell Creek Formation]] in [[North Dakota]]. Dehiscent fruit fossils of ''Palaeoaster'' have been found at the excavation site for the well known ''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' specimen BHI 3033. The seed capsule of ''Palaeoaster'' has some similarities to that of the extant poppy genus ''[[Romneya]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Una R. |title=Revision of the Cretaceous Fossil Genus ''Palaeoaster'' (Papaveraceae) and Clarification of Pertinent Species of ''Eriocaulon'', ''Palaeoaster'' and ''Sterculiocarpus'' |date=2001 |journal=Novon |volume=11 |pp=258–260 |doi=10.2307/3393064}}</ref>
-Papaverites a fruit from the [[Eocene]] of [[Germany]] may be associated with Papaveraceae. Chesters et al. (1967) mentions Papaver pictum from the [[Oligocene]] of [[England]].<ref>An Evolutionary Basis for Pollination Ecology by S. C. Willemstein, E. J. Brill / Leiden University Press Leiden 1987, {{ISBN|90 04 08457 6}}, (pbk.)</ref>
-== Cultivation ==
-[[File:California Poppy Eschscholzia californica 02.jpg|thumb|[[California poppy]] (''Eschscholzia californica'')]]
-[[File:Himalayan Blue Poppy - Meconopsis betonicifolia - ヒマラヤの青いケシ (8932550724) (2).jpg|thumb|Himalayan blue poppy (''[[Meconopsis betonicifolia]]'')]]
-The family is well known for its striking flowers, with many species grown as [[ornamental plant]]s, including [[California poppy]] (''Eschscholtzia californica'', the California [[state flower]]), the stunning blue [[Meconopsis|Himalayan poppies]] (''Meconopsis''), several species of ''Papaver'', and the wildflower [[bloodroot]]. Only two species are of economic importance for the production of [[opium]] and its derivatives for pharmaceutical use: ''[[Papaver somniferum]]'' is cultivated legally in order to obtain [[morphine]] and other [[opiates]], and ''[[Papaver bracteatum]]'', for [[thebaine]]. ''Papaver somniferum'' is also the source of the [[poppy seed]]s used in [[cooking]] and [[baking]], and [[poppy seed oil]]. The illegal cultivation of poppies in Asia for the production of opium and [[heroin]] is virtually equal to the legal production in the rest of the world. Some Funarioideae have a limited use in gardening, with ''[[Lamprocapnos spectabilis]]'' ("bleeding heart"), and ''[[Pseudofumaria lutea]]'' ("yellow corydalis") commonly used. Chinese traditional medicine used the boiled and dried tubers of ''Corydalis yanhusuo'' ("yanhusuo").
-==Symbolism==
-{{Main article|Poppy}}
-The opium poppy and corn poppy are symbols, respectively, of sleep and death. In Great Britain, Canada, the United States, and Australia the corn poppy is worn in remembrance of [[World War I]].
-== References ==
-{{Reflist}}
-== Bibliography ==
-* {{Cite journal |first1=Frank R. |last1=Blattner |first2=Joachim W. |last2=Kadereit |title=Morphological evolution and ecological diversification of the forest-dwelling poppies (Papaveraceae: Chelidonioideae) as deduced from a molecular phylogeny of the ITS region |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=219 |issue=3-4 |year=1999 |pages=181–197 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/mj804g47v7x780wv |ref=harv |lastauthoramp=yes |doi=10.1007/bf00985578}}<!-- -->
-* {{Cite journal |first1=James C. |last1=Carolan |first2=Ingrid L.I. |last2=Hook |first3=Mark W. |last3=Chase |first4=Joachim W. |last4=Kadereit |first5=Trevor R. |last5=Hodkinson |year=2006 |title=Phylogenetics of ''Papaver'' and Related Genera Based on DNA Sequences from ITS Nuclear Ribosomal DNA and Plastid ''trnL'' Intron and ''trnL–F'' Intergenic Spacers |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=141–155 |url=http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/98/1/141 |ref=harv |lastauthoramp=yes |doi=10.1093/aob/mcl079 |pmid=16675606 |pmc=2803553}}
-* {{Cite journal |last=Hoot |first=S.B. |last2=Kadereit |first2=J.W. |last3=Blattner |first3=F.R. |last4=Jork |first4=K.B. |last5=Schwarzbach |first5=A.E. |last6=Crane |first6=P.R. |year=1997 |title=Data congruence and phylogeny of the Papaveraceae s.l. based on four data sets: ''atpB'' and ''rbcL'' sequences, ''trnK'' restriction sites, and morphological characters |jstor=2419829 |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=22 |pages=575–590 |ref=harv |lastauthoramp=yes |doi=10.2307/2419829}}<!--{{sfn|Hoot|Kadereit|Blattner|Jork|1997}}-->
-* {{cite book |ref=harv |last1=Kadereit |first1=J.W. |year=1993 |title=Papaveraceae }} In {{Harvtxt|Kubitzki|Rohwer|Bittrich|1993}}
-* {{cite journal |ref=harv |last1=Kadereit |first1=J.W. |last2=Schwarzbach |first2=A.E. |last3=Jork |first3=K.B. |title=The phylogeny of ''Papaver'' s.l. (Papaveraceae): polyphyly or monophyly? |year=1997 |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=204 |pages=75–98 |doi=10.1007/bf00982533}}<!--{{sfn|Kadereit|Schwarzbach|Jork|1997}}-->
-* {{cite book |ref=harv |title=The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II. Flowering Plants - Dicotyledons |editor1-last=Kubitzki |editor1-first=K. |editor2-last=Rohwer |editor2-first=J.G. |editor3-last=Bittrich |editor3-first=V. |year=1993 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |publication-place=Berlin |isbn =3-540-55509-9 }}
-* {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Lidén |first=M. |year=1993 |title=Fumariaceae }} In {{Harvtxt|Kubitzki|Rohwer|Bittrich|1993}}
-* {{cite book |ref=harv |last1=Lidén |first1=M. |year=1993 |title=Pteridophyllaceae }} In {{Harvtxt|Kubitzki|Rohwer|Bittrich|1993}}
-* {{Cite journal |last=Lidén |first=M. |last2=Fukuhara |first2=T. |last3=Rylander |first3=J. |last4=Oxelman |first4=B. |year=1997 |title=Phylogeny and classification of Fumariaceae, with emphasis on ''Dicentra'' s.l., based on the plastid gene ''rps''16 intron |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=206 |pages=411–420 |ref=harv |lastauthoramp=yes | doi = 10.1007/bf00987960 }}<!--{{sfn|Lidén|Fukuhara|Rylander|Oxelman|1997}}-->
-* {{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=W. |last2=Lu |first2=A.-M. |last3=Ren |first3=Y. |last4=Endress |first4=M.E. |last5=Chen |first5=Z.-D. |year=2009 |title=Phylogeny and classification of Ranunculales: Evidence from four molecular loci and morphological data |journal=Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics |volume=11 |pages=81–110 |doi=10.1016/j.ppees.2009.01.001 |ref=harv |lastauthoramp=yes }}<!--{{sfn|Wang|Lu|Ren|Endress|2009}}-->
-* {{Cite web |last=Watson |first=L. |last2=Dallwitz |first2=M.J. |year=1992{{ndash}}2006 |title=The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 29th July 2006. |url=http://delta-intkey.com |accessdate=27 December 2006 |ref=harv |lastauthoramp=yes }}
-== External links ==
-{{commons category}}
-*[http://www.topwalks.net/plants/generos/papaveraceae_01.htm Papaveraceae in Topwalks]
-* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/papavera.htm Papaveraceae] [sensu stricto] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ ''The families of flowering plants''].
-* Papaveraceae [sensu lato] in the [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10650  ''Flora of North America'']
-* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=3465&lvl=3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser] [sensu stricto]
-* [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Papaveraceae links at CSDL]
-* [http://flowersinisrael.com/FamPapaveraceae.html Family Papaveraceae] Flowers in Israel
-*[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/maps/pap-pterido.gif Mapa de Pteridophylloideae]
-*[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/maps/pap-pap.gif Mapa de Papaveroideae]
-*[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/maps/pap-fum.gif Mapa de Fumarioideae]
-*[http://www.robsplants.com/images/portrait/CorydalisSempervirens040721.jpg ''Capnoides sempervirens'']
-*[http://www.botany.wisc.edu/wisflora/pictures/xl_photos/ADLFUN_DW2_XL.jpg Flores de ''Adlumia fungosa'']
-*[http://www.stauder.net/bildearkiv/Pseudofumaria%20lutea%202%20SL.jpg ''Pseudofumaria lutea'']
-*[http://www.iecat.net/institucio/societats/icHistoriaNatural/Bages/roques/Imatges%20grans/Sarcocapnos.jpg ''Sarcocapnos enneaphylla'']
-*[http://www.british-wild-flowers.co.uk/00%20John%20Somerville/Corydalis,-Climbing-3.jpg Flores de ''Ceratocapnos claviculata'']
-*[http://www.pilze-basel.ch/Markus_Wilhelm/pflanzen_von_markus_wilhelm/platycapnos_spicata.jpg ''Platycapnos spicata'']
-*[http://www.cambridge2000.com/gallery/images/P4154761e.jpg ''Rupicapnos africana'']
-*[http://sophy.u-3mrs.fr/Afriqsud/Photo-idAFS/C/Cysticapnos_vesicarius______04_10_2003_2.JPG Frutos de ''Cysticapnos vesicarius'']
-*[http://www.srgc.org.uk/discus/messages/147/21762.jpg ''Pteridophyllum racemosum'']
-*[http://magnar.aspaker.no/Hylomecon%20japonicum.jpg ''Hylomecon japonica'']
-*[http://mozmoz.web.infoseek.co.jp/hh22skeshi11.jpg ''Eomecon chionantha'']
-*[http://worldplants.com/pics/stylophorum.jpeg ''Stylophorum diphyllum'']
-*[http://selectseeds.com/images/400/s201.jpg ''Dicranostigma franchetianum'']
-*[http://www.timetotrack.com/jay/desert/canbya.jpg ''Canbya candida'']
-{{taxonbar}}
-[[Category:Papaveraceae| ]]
-[[Category:Eudicot families]]

Difference between revisions of "Papaveraceae"

Latest revision as of 13:08, 9 September 2017

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