Difference between revisions of "Menispermaceae"

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#redirect [[:Category:Menispermaceae]]
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{{automatic taxobox
 
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| image = Jateorhiza_palmata_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-080.jpg
 
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| image_caption = ''[[Jateorhiza palmata]]'' from Köhler’s Medizinal Pflanzen (1887)
 
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| taxon = Menispermaceae
 
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| authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Genera
 
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| subdivision =
 
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* 72 genera (see text)
 
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}}
 
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'''Menispermaceae''' is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plants]].  [[curare|Tubocurare]], a neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in [[curare]], is derived from plants of this family. The family contains 68 [[Genus|genera]] with some 440 [[species]],<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W.  |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> which are distributed throughout low-lying tropical areas with some species present in temperate and arid regions.
 
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== Description ==
 
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{{prose|date=September 2013}}
 
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* Twining woody climbing plants, winding anti-clockwise (''[[Stephania]]'' winds clockwise) or [[vine]]s, rarely upright [[shrub]]s or small [[tree]]s, more rarely still [[herbaceous plants]] or [[epiphyte]]s (''Stephania cyanantha''), perennial or deciduous, with simple to uni-serrate hairs.
 
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* Alternate spiral [[leaf|leaves]], simple, whole, dentate, lobed to palmatifid (bi- o trifoliate in ''[[Burasaia]]''), frequently peltate, petiolated, petiole frequently pulvinate at both extremes, without [[stipule]]s, sometimes with spines derived from the petioles (''[[Antizoma]]''), [[Leaf#venation|venation]], parallelodromous, penninerved or frequently palmatinerved, bifacial, rarely isofacial, in ''[[Angelisia]]'' and ''[[Anamirta]]'' with [[hydathode]]s derived from [[trichome]]s, [[Domatium|domatia]] present in 5 genera as pits or hair tufts. Various types of [[stoma]]ta, frequently cyclocytic.
 
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* Rapidly growing [[Plant stem|stem]]s with trilacunar nodes. [[Phylloclade]]s are present in ''Cocculus balfourii''.
 
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* [[Dioecy|Dioecious]] [[plant]]s, sometimes perfect flowers in ''Tiliacora acuminata'' and ''Parabaena denudata''.
 
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* [[Inflorescence]]s in [[Raceme|racemiform]], [[Panicle|paniculate]] or thyrse with partial inflorescences in a capituliform [[cyme (botany)|cyme]] or [[Panicle|pseudo-umbel]], multifloral, rarely single or paired flowers, axillary or on sharp branches or [[Cauliflory|cauliflorous]] trunks, females frequently less branched.
 
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* [[Flower]]s small, regular to zygomorphic (''[[Antizoma]]'', ''[[Cyclea]]'', ''[[Cissampelos]]''), cyclic to irregularly spiral, hypogynous, basically trimers. [[Receptacle (botany)|Receptacle]] sometimes with developed [[gynophore]]. [[Sepal]]s (1-)3-12 or more, usually in (1-)2(-many) whorls of 3, rarely 6, free to slightly fused, imbricate or valvate, sometimes less numerous in female flowers. [[Petal]]s 0-6, in 2 whorls of 3, rarely of 6, free or fused, frequently holding the opposite stamen, sometimes less numerous in female flowers. Androecium of (1-)3-6(-40) [[stamen]]s free of the perianth, free or fused together in 2-5, fasciculate or monadelphous, introrse, [[Dehiscence (botany)|dehiscence]] along longitudinal, oblique or transversal slits.  Female flowers sometimes with staminodes. Gynoecium apocarpous, superior, of (1-)3-6(-32) [[carpel]]s, usually oppositipetalous, [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]] apical, dry, papilous, [[ovule]]s 2 per carpel, anatropous, hemianatropous to campilotropous, uni- or bitegmic, crassinucellate, the superior epitropous and fertile, the inferior apotropous and abortive, [[placentation]] marginal ventral.  Male flowers sometimes with carpelodes.
 
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* [[Fruit]] compound, each unit in a straight or flattened, asymmetric [[drupe]], more or less stipitate (rarely only one developed), not coalescing, [[Fruit anatomy|exocarp]] sub-coriaceous or membranous, [[Fruit anatomy|mesocarp]] pulpy, fleshy or fibrous, [[Fruit anatomy|endocarp]] woody to petrous, rough, tuberous, echinate or ribbed, often with a recess in the placenta called a condyle.
 
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* [[Seed]]s slightly curved or spiral (''[[Limaciopsis]]'', ''[[Spirospermum]]''), with [[endosperm]] absent or present, totally or only ventrally ruminate or not ruminate, oleaginous, [[embryo]] straight or curved, with two cotyledons flat or cylindrical, leafy or fleshy, divaricate or applied.
 
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* [[Pollen]] tricolpate, without [[Operculum (botany)|operculum]] nor [[rib]]s, tectum perreticulate columellate, endexine granular; or the pollen can be colporate (''[[Abuta]]''), syncolporate (''[[Tinospora]]''), pororate or hexa-cryptoporate (with 6 apertures).
 
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* [[Chromosome|Chromosomal number]]: ''x'' = 11, 13, 19, 25. ''2n'' can be up to 52.
 
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== Ecology ==
 
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It is thought that the cauliflorous species are pollinated by small [[bee]]s, [[beetle]]s or [[Fly|flies]] although there are no direct observations of this.  Birds disperse the purple or black drupes, for example ''Sayornis phoebe'' ([[Tyrant flycatcher]]) eats the fruit of ''[[Cocculus]]''. In ''Tinospora cordifolia'' a lapse of 6–8 weeks has been observed between fertilization and the first [[Zygote|zygotic]] cell division.
 
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The menispermaceae predominantly inhabit low altitude tropical forests (up to 2,100m), where they are climbers, but some genera and species have adapted to arid locations (''[[Antizoma]]'' species have adapted to the South African deserts or ''[[Cocculus balfouri]]'' and its [[phylloclade]]s have adapted to the climate on the island of [[Socotra]]) and other temperate climates. [[C3 carbon fixation|C3 photosynthesis]] has been recorded in ''[[Menispermum]]''.
 
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== Phytochemistry ==
 
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The family contains a wide range of [[benzylisoquinoline]] compounds ([[alkaloid]]s) and [[lignan]]s such as furofuran, [[flavones]] and [[flavonols]] and some [[proanthocyanidin]]s. The most notable are the wide variety of alkaloids derived from benzyl[[tetrahydroisoquinoline]] and [[aporphine]], which accumulate as dimers, as well as the alkaloids derived from [[morphinan]] and from [[hasubanan]] and other diverse types of alkaloid such as derivative of aza-fluoranthene. Sesquiterpenes such as [[picrotoxin]] and diterpenes such as [[clerodane diterpene]] are also present, while the [[triterpenes]] are scarce and where present are similar to [[oleanane]]. [[Ecdysone]] steroids have also been found. Some species are cyanogenic.
 
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== Uses ==
 
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The menispermaceae have been used in traditional [[pharmacopeia]] and drugs have been formulated from these plants that are of great use in modern medicine. These drugs are based on alkaloids and include [[Tubocurarine chloride|tubocurarine]] from [[curare]], a poison used by indigenous South American tribes on their poison darts, that is obtained from species of [[Curarea]], [[Chondrodendron]], [[Sciadotenia]] and [[Telitoxicum]]. A similar poison was used in Asia ([[ipos]]) that was obtained from species of [[Anamirta]], [[Tinospora]], [[Coscinium (plant)|Coscinium]] and [[Cocculus]]. Tubocurarine and its synthetic derivatives are used to relax muscles during surgical interventions. The roots of "kalumba" or "colombo" (''[[Jateorhiza palmata]]'') are used in Africa for stomach problems and against [[dysentery]]. Species of ''[[Tinospora]]'' are used in Asia as antipyretics, the fruit of ''[[Anamirta cocculus]]'' is used to poison fish and birds and the stems of ''[[Fibraurea]]'' are used to dye fabric yellow.
 
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== Fossils ==
 
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The genus ''Callicrypta'' from the Siberian Middle [[Cretaceous]] seem to have been menispermaceae.
 
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== Systematic position ==
 
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The [[APG II system]] (2003; unchanged from the [[APG system]] of 1998) recognizes this family and places in the order [[Ranunculales]], in the clade [[eudicots]].  Their trimerous flower structure is similar to the [[Lardizabalaceae]] and [[Berberidaceae]], although they differ from them in other important characteristics. The APW (Angiosperm Phylogeny Website) considers that they form part of the Order [[Ranunculales]], and that they are a sister group on the branch formed by the [[Lardizabalaceae]] and [[Berberidaceae]] families in a reasonably advanced clade of the order (cf. [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html AP-website]). It is a medium-sized family of 70 [[genus|genera]] totaling 420 extant [[species]],<ref name="APGweb">[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ APG website]</ref> mostly of climbing plants.  The great majority of the genera are [[tropical]], but with a few (notably ''[[Menispermum]]'' and ''[[Cocculus]]'') reaching temperate climates in eastern [[North America]] and eastern [[Asia]].
 
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== Taxa included ==
 
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The genetic factors within this family are very narrow, as there are many genera with one or a few species. There is not currently enough data from genetic studies to evaluate either this situation or the traditional division into five tribes (see Kessler, 1993, in the References section). This division is fundamentally based on characteristics of the seed (endosperm and cotyledons) but there is doubt as to whether the tribes are monophyletic.
 
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==Selected genera==
 
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{|
 
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|- valign=top
 
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|
 
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*''[[Abuta]]''
 
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*''[[Albertisia]]''
 
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*''[[Anamirta]]''
 
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*''[[Anomospermum]]''
 
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*''[[Antizoma]]''
 
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*''[[Arcangelisia]]''
 
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*''[[Aspidocarya]]''
 
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*''[[Beirnaertia]]''
 
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*''[[Borismene]]''
 
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*''[[Burasaia]]''
 
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*''[[Calycocarpum]]''
 
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*''[[Carronia]]''
 
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*''[[Caryomene]]''
 
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*''[[Chasmanthera]]''
 
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*''[[Chlaenandra]]''
 
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*''[[Chondrodendron]]''<ref>RODRIGUES, Eliana; CARLINI, Elisaldo L. de Araújo. Plants with possible psychoactive actions used by the Krahô Indians, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 28(4): 277- 82, 2006.</ref>
 
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*''[[Cionomene]]''
 
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*''[[Cissampelos]]''
 
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*''[[Cocculus]]''
 
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*''[[Coscinium (plant)|Coscinium]]''
 
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*''[[Curarea]]''
 
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*''[[Cyclea]]''
 
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*''[[Dialytheca]]''
 
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*''[[Dioscoreophyllum]]''
 
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|
 
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*''[[Dahuricum D.C.]]''
 
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*''[[Diploclisia]]''
 
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*''[[Disciphania]]''
 
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*''[[Echinostephia]]'' <ref>Jacques, Frédéric M.B.; Gallut, Cyril; Vignes-Lebbe, Régine; Zaragüeta i Bagils, René (2007):Resolving phylogenetic reconstruction in Menispermaceae (Ranunculales) using fossils and a novel statistical test. Taxon 56(2):379-392.</ref>
 
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*''[[Elephantomene]]''
 
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*''[[Eleutharrhena]]''
 
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*''[[Fibraurea]]''
 
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*''[[Haematocarpus]]''
 
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*''[[Hyperbaena]]''
 
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*''[[Hypserpa]]''
 
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*''[[Jateorhiza]]''
 
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*''[[Kolobopetalum]]''
 
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*''[[Legnephora]]''
 
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*''[[Leptoterantha]]''
 
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*''[[Limacia (plant genus)|Limacia]]''
 
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*''[[Limaciopsis]]''
 
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*''[[Macrococculus]]''
 
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*''[[Menispermum]]''
 
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*''[[Odontocarya]]''
 
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*''[[Orthogynium]]''
 
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*''[[Orthomene]]''
 
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*''[[Pachygone]]''
 
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*''[[Parabaena]]''
 
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*''[[Penianthus]]''
 
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|
 
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*''[[Pericampylus]]''
 
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*''[[Platytinospora]]''
 
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*''[[Pleogyne]]''
 
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*''[[Pycnarrhena]]''
 
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*''[[Rhaptonema]]''
 
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*''[[Rhigiocarya]]''
 
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*''[[Sarcolophium]]''
 
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*''[[Sarcopetalum]]'' which includes the [[Pearl Vine]]
 
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*''[[Sciadotenia]]''
 
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*''[[Sinomenium]]''
 
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*''[[Sphenocentrum]]''
 
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*''[[Spirospermum]]''
 
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*''[[Stephania]]''
 
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*''[[Strychnopsis]]''
 
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*''[[Synandropus]]''
 
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*''[[Synclisia]]''
 
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*''[[Syntriandrium]]''
 
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*''[[Syrrheonema]]''
 
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*''[[Telitoxicum]]''
 
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*''[[Tiliacora]]''
 
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*''[[Tinomiscium]]''
 
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*''[[Tinospora]]''
 
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*''[[Triclisia]]''
 
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*''[[Ungulipetalum]]''
 
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|}
 
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==References==
 
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{{reflist}}
 
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* {{cite book
 
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| author = Kessler, P.J.A.
 
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| chapter = Menispermaceae.
 
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| title = Kubitzki, K., Rohwer, J.G. & Bittrich, V. (Editores). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II. Flowering Plants - Dicotyledons.
 
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| year = 1993
 
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| publisher = Springer-Verlag: Berlín
 
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| isbn = 3-540-55509-9
 
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}}
 
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*{{Cite web
 
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|author1=Watson, L.
 
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|author2=Dallwitz, M.J.
 
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|lastauthoramp=yes
 
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|title=The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 29th July 2006.
 
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|year=1992 onwards
 
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|url=http://delta-intkey.com
 
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|accessdate=9 December 2006
 
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|deadurl=yes
 
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|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/
 
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|archivedate=3 January 2007
 
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|df=
 
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}}
 
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==External links==
 
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{{Commons category|Menispermaceae}}
 
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{{Wikispecies|Menispermaceae}}
 
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* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/menisper.htm Menispermaceae] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ The families of flowering plants]: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.'' Version: 3 May 2006. http://delta-intkey.com.
 
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* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10561 Menispermaceae in the ''Flora of North America'']
 
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* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=3455&lvl=3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser]
 
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* [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Menispermaceae links at CSDL]
 
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*[http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/?fam=Menispermaceae&gen=&spec=&flora_search=taxon Menispermaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF]
 
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*[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/maps/Menispermaceae.gif Map]
 
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*[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Madagasc/Image/689_030l.JPG ''Burasaia madagascariensis'']
 
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*[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Madagasc/Image/3441104l.JPG ''Strychnopsis thouarsii'']
 
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*[http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/coc_tri_f.jpg Female flower of ''Cocculus trilobus'']
 
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*[http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/coc_tri_m.jpg Male flower of ''Cocculus trilobus'']
 
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*[http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/images/ipm1023moonseed.jpg Seed of ''Cocculus carolinus'']
 
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*[http://pharm.u-shizuoka-ken.ac.jp/~yakusou/BOTANY/B_GARDEN/PHOTO/ORGPICT/o/otuzuraf.JPG ''Sinomenium acutum'']
 
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*[http://www.brisrain.webcentral.com.au/old_site/vines/l-moorei.jpg ''Legnephora moorei'']
 
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*[http://www.chinaculture.org/img/2003-09/24/abei22_01.jpg ''Eleutharrhena macrocarpa'']
 
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*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/images/sbml/Penianthus_zenkeri_seeds.jpg Seeds pf ''Penianthus zenkeri'']
 
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*[http://druid.ucsf.edu/smdc/Protocol3B/Results/BIOACTIVE/49/6.png Chemical formula of tubocurarina]
 
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*[http://www.inbio.ac.cr/bims/Images/Menisper.jpg ''Disciphania colocarpa'']
 
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*[http://attila.inbio.ac.cr:7777/pls/portal30//IMAGEDB.Get_bfile_image_old_code?p_oldimageId=37567&p_oldImageFile=4 Leaves and fruit of ''Hyperbaena leptobotryosa'']
 
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*[http://www.plantgenetic-rspg.org/sms_plants/sms27.jpg ''Tiliacora triandra'']
 
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*[http://www.missouriplants.com/Whitealt/Calycocarpum_lyoni_flower.jpg Flower of ''Calycocarpum lyonii'']
 
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*[http://www.umsl.edu/services/kellogg/people/ortiz/odontomex.jpg Seed of ''Odontocarya mexicana'']
 
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*[http://www.zjtcm.net/wljx/Medicine/kejian5/PART121/PD01.JPG Drawing of ''Fibraurea recisa'']
 
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*[http://www.nybg.org/bsci/belize/Cissampelos_pareira.jpg Inflorescence of ''Cissampelos pareira'']
 
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*[http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/photos/MENCAN1_KKOHOUT.jpg ''Menispermum canadense'']
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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{{Authority control}}
 
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[[Category:Menispermaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Eudicot families]]
 

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