Difference between revisions of "Ranunculales"

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{{Automatic taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Ranunculales]]
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| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|124|0|earliest=136}} [[Early Cretaceous]]–Recent
 
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| taxon = Ranunculales
 
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| image = Creeping butercup close 800.jpg
 
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| image_width =
 
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| image_caption = ''[[Ranunculus repens]]''
 
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| authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]] ''ex'' [[Friedrich von Berchtold|Bercht.]] & [[Jan Svatopluk Presl|J.Presl]]{{sfn|APG|2009}}
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Families
 
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| subdivision = ''See text''
 
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}}
 
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'''Ranunculales''' is an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[flowering plant]]s. Of necessity it contains the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Ranunculaceae]], the [[buttercup]] family, because the [[botanical name|name]] of the order is [[Basionym|based]] on the [[Genus#Generic name|name]] of a [[genus]] in that family. Ranunculales belongs to a [[paraphyletic]] [[Taxon|group]] known as the basal eudicots. It is the most [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] [[clade]] in this group; in other words, it is [[sister taxon|sister]] to the remaining eudicots. Widely known members include [[poppy|poppies]], [[Berberis|barberries]], and [[Ranunculus|buttercups]].
 
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==Taxonomy==
 
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Historically the term [[Ranales]] was used to include the Ranunculaceae and related families, as described by [[Bentham and Hooker]]. This became replaced with Ranunculales by [[Melchior system|Melchior]] in 1964.
 
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The [[Cronquist system]] (1981) also recognised the order, but placed it in the [[Subclass (biology)|subclass]] [[Magnoliidae sensu Cronquist|Magnoliidae]], in [[Class (biology)|class]] [[Magnoliopsida]] [= dicotyledons]. It used this circumscription:
 
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* order Ranunculales
 
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*: family [[Ranunculaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Circaeasteraceae]]
 
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*: family [[Berberidaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Sargentodoxaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Lardizabalaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Menispermaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Coriariaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Sabiaceae]]
 
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In the Cronquist system, the Papaveraceae and Fumariaceae (including the plants in the optional family Pteridophyllaceae) were treated as a separate order '''Papaverales''', placed in this same subclass Magnoliidae. The Cronquist [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of Ranunculales is now known to be [[polyphyletic]]. Sabiaceae is in a clade of basal eudicots separate from Ranunculales. Coriariaceae is now placed in the order [[Cucurbitales]].
 
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=== Molecular phylogenetics ===
 
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The [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] recognized seven families in Ranunculales in their [[APG III system]], [[Academic publishing|published]] in 2009. In the preceding [[APG II system]], they offered the option of three [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregate]] families as shown below.{{sfn|APG|2009}}
 
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* order Ranunculales
 
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*: family [[Berberidaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Circaeasteraceae]]
 
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*:: [+ family [[Kingdoniaceae]] ]
 
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*: family [[Eupteleaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Lardizabalaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Menispermaceae]]
 
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*: family [[Papaveraceae]]
 
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*:: [+ family [[Fumariaceae]] ]
 
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*:: [+ family [[Pteridophyllaceae]] ]
 
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*: family [[Ranunculaceae]]
 
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Note: "+ ..." = optionally separate family (that may be split off from the preceding family).
 
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Under this definition, well-known members of Ranunculales include [[buttercup]]s, [[clematis]], [[Aquilegia|columbines]], [[delphinium]]s, and [[Papaveraceae|poppies]].
 
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A [[phylogeny]] of Ranunculales was published in 2009, based on [[molecular phylogenetic]] analysis of [[DNA sequence]]s. The authors of this [[Scientific literature|paper]] revised the subfamilies and [[Tribe (biology)|tribes]] of the order.{{sfn|Wang et al|2009}} This is reflected in the subsequent revision of the APG, APG IV (2016).{{sfn|APG|2016}}
 
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The analysis revealed that the order consisted of three [[clades]], Eupteleaceae, Papaveraceae and a third clade, considered to be the "core" Ranuculales, consisting of the remaining five families. The phylogeny of the families is shown in the cladogram.
 
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{{Cladogram|title= Cladogram of Ranunculales families{{sfn|Wang et al|2009}}
 
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|cladogram={{clade| style=width:{{{width|400}}}px;
 
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|align= left
 
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|label1=Ranunculales
 
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|1={{clade
 
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|  1= Eupteleaceae
 
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|  2= {{clade
 
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|    1= Papaveraceae
 
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|    2= {{clade
 
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|        1={{clade
 
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|          1=Lardizabalaceae
 
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|          2=Circaeasteraceae}}
 
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|        2={{clade
 
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|            1=Menispermaceae
 
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|            2=  {{clade
 
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|                1=Berberidaceae
 
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|                2=Ranunculaceae
 
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                }}
 
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            }}
 
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            }}
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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{{clear}}
 
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===Evolution===
 
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The fossil form ''[[Leefructus]]'', described in 2011, has been recognized as a member of this order. <ref>[http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-03/iu-fib033111.php Fossil is best look yet at an ancestor of buttercups]</ref> ''Leefructus mirus'' shows fully developed leaves; stem and flower that are very similar in structure to those of the modern [[buttercups]].  The fossil is dated to 125 million years old and it not only proves that Ranunculales is an ancient group of [[eudicots]] but demonstrates that the whole [[angiosperm]] clade may be older than expected. The structure of the plant and its age may lead to a new approach regarding the field that studies the evolution of [[flowering plants]].
 
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The fact that ''Leefructus'' shows a well-developed structure similar to modern ranunculids suggests that this group of eudicots may have developed earlier than the age of the fossil.
 
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==References==
 
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{{Reflist|20em}}
 
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==Bibliography==
 
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{{refbegin}}
 
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* {{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |ref={{harvid|APG|2009}}}}
 
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* {{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/epdf | format= PDF |accessdate=2016-04-10 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385|ref={{harvid|APG|2016}} }}
 
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* {{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Wei|last2=Lu|first2=An-Ming|last3=Ren|first3=Yi|last4=Endress|first4=Mary E.|last5=Chen|first5=Zhi-Duan|title=Phylogeny and classification of Ranunculales: Evidence from four molecular loci and morphological data|journal=Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics|date=January 2009|volume=11|issue=2|pages=81–110|doi=10.1016/j.ppees.2009.01.001|ref={{harvid|Wang et al|2009}}}}
 
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{{refend}}
 
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==External links==
 
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* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=41768&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser]
 
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{{Commons category|Ranunculales}}
 
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{{wikispecies|position=left}}
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Ranunculales| ]]
 
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[[Category:Angiosperm orders]]
 
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[[Category:Aptian first appearances]]
 
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[[Category:Extant Early Cretaceous first appearances]]
 

Latest revision as of 11:37, 9 September 2017

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