Difference between revisions of "Araliaceae"

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{{taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Araliaceae]]
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|fossil_range = {{Fossilrange|Eocene|0}}
 
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|image = Aralia elata en fleur4081.jpg
 
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|image_caption = ''Aralia elata''
 
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|regnum = [[Plantae]]
 
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
 
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|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
 
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|ordo = [[Apiales]]
 
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|familia = '''Araliaceae'''
 
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|familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name="apgiii">{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract |accessdate=2010-12-10 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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|subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies and genera
 
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|subdivision =
 
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* See text
 
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|synonyms =
 
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* Botryodendraceae <small>[[Jacob Georg Agardh|J.Agardh]]</small>
 
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* Hydrocotylaceae <small>([[Carl Georg Oscar Drude|Drude]]) [[Nils Hylander|Hyl.]]</small>, [[conserved name|''nom. cons.'']]
 
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}}
 
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The '''Araliaceae''' are a family of [[flowering plant]]s, also known as the '''aralia family''' (after its [[type genus]] ''[[Aralia]]'') or '''[[Hedera|ivy]] family'''. The family includes 254 species of [[tree]]s, [[shrub]]s, [[liana]]s, and perennial [[herbaceous]] plants in two subfamilies. Species usually bear [[pinnate]]ly or [[palmate]]ly compound leaves, and usually have small flowers produced in large [[panicles]].
 
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==Overview==
 
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The family from tropical area origin is present in cooler climates, too. They are found in the Americas, Eurasia, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, and Pacific islands. Araliaceae bear essential oils, or without essential oils can be resinous and heterophyllous. It presents many shapes, includes some trees and ivies as the [[angelica tree]] (devil's walking-stick, ''Aralia spinosa''), the [[devil's club]] (''Oplopanax horridus''), '' [[Hedera]]'' spp., including'' [[Hedera helix]]'' and herbs as [[ginseng]] '' [[Panax]] '' spp., a native of [[Korea]] and used as medical herb. Leaves are simple or compound, sometimes lauroid (resembling ''[[Laurus]]'') or peltate, or not peltate; when compound, they are ternate, pinnate, or palmate.
 
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The systematics of the Araliaceae are currently under study, and taxonomic changes and novelties are to be expected. Endemic Araliaceae are found in the pluvial montane forest, very humid montane, and humid lowland river forest regions. They are present, too, in [[laurel forest]], [[cloud forest]], and warm, humid habitats.
 
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The family is closely related to the [[Apiaceae]] and [[Pittosporaceae]], and the boundaries between these families and other members of [[Apiales]] are still uncertain. Some recent systems included Araliaceae in an expanded Apiaceae, but this has not been widely followed.  Molecular phylogenies<ref>Plunkett, G.M., [[Douglas E. Soltis|Soltis, D.E.]] & [[Soltis, P.S.]] 1997. Clarification of the relationship between Apiaceae and Araliaceae based on MATK and RBCL sequence data. ''American Journal of Botany'' 84: 565-580 (available [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/reprint/84/4/565.pdf online]; pdf file).
 
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</ref> suggest at least some of the genera traditionally included in Apiaceae as subfamily Hydrocotyloideae appear to be more closely related to Araliaceae, and the inclusion of ''[[Hydrocotyle]]'' and ''[[Trachymene]]'' in Araliaceae has been recommended.<ref>Chandler, G.T. and G. M. Plunkett. 2004. Evolution in Apiales: nuclear and chloroplast markers together in (almost) perfect harmony. ''Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society'' 144: 123-147 ([http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2003.00247.x abstract]).
 
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</ref>
 
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The generic level classification of the Araliaceae has been unstable; in particular, numerous genera have been synonymized under ''[[Schefflera]]''. Recent molecular phylogenies<ref>Wen, J., G. M. Plunkett, A. D. Mitchell, and S.J. Wagstaff. 2001. The Evolution of Araliaceae: A Phylogenetic Analysis Based on ITS Sequences of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA. ''Systematic Botany'' 26: 144–167 ([http://www.bioone.org/bioone/?request=get-document&issn=0363-6445&volume=026&issue=01&page=0144 abstract]).
 
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</ref> have shown this large pantropical genus is polyphyletic and some believe it should be divided again into several genera, though these would probably not correspond with the previously recognized genera.
 
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==Subfamilies and genera==
 
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{{col-begin|width=85%}}
 
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{{col-1-of-2}}
 
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Subfamily [[Aralioideae]]
 
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* ''[[Anakasia]]''
 
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* ''[[Apiopetalum]]''
 
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* ''[[Aralia]]''
 
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* ''[[Astrotricha]]''
 
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* ''[[Boninofatsia]]''
 
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* ''[[Brassaiopsis]]''
 
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* ''[[Cephalaralia]]''
 
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* ''[[Cheirodendron]]''
 
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* ''[[Cromapanax]]''
 
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* ''[[Cussonia]]''
 
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* ''[[Dendropanax]]''
 
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* ''[[Eleutherococcus]]''
 
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* ''[[Fatshedera]]''
 
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* ''[[Fatsia]]''
 
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* ''[[Gamblea]]''
 
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* ''[[Harmsiopanax]]''
 
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* ''[[Hedera]]''
 
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* ''[[Heteropanax]]''
 
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* ''[[Hunaniopanax]]''
 
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* ''[[Kalopanax]]''
 
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* ''[[Mackinlaya]]''
 
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* ''[[Macropanax]]''
 
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* ''[[Megalopanax]]''
 
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* ''[[Merrilliopanax]]''
 
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* ''[[Meryta]]''
 
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{{col-2-of-2}}
 
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* ''[[Metapanax]]''
 
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* ''[[Motherwellia]]''
 
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* ''[[Oplopanax]]''
 
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* ''[[Oreopanax]]''
 
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* ''[[Osmoxylon]]''
 
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* ''[[Ginseng|Panax]]''
 
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* {{extinct}}''[[Paleopanax]]''<ref name="Manchester1994">{{Cite journal |last1=Manchester |first1=S.R. |title=Fruits and Seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon |year=1994 |journal=Palaeontographica Americana |volume=58 |pages=30–31}}</ref>
 
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* ''[[Plerandra]]''
 
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* ''[[Polyscias]]'' (includes former genera ''[[Arthrophyllum]]'', ''[[Cuphocarpus]]'' as subgenera)
 
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* ''[[Pseudopanax]]''
 
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* ''[[Raukaua]]''
 
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* ''[[Schefflera]]''
 
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* ''[[Sciadodendron]]''
 
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* ''[[Seemannaralia]]''
 
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* ''[[Sinopanax]]''
 
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* ''[[Stilbocarpa]]''
 
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* ''[[Tetrapanax]]''
 
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* ''[[Trevesia]]''
 
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* ''[[Woodburnia]]''
 
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Subfamily [[Hydrocotyloideae]]
 
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* ''[[Azorella]]''
 
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* ''[[Centella]]''
 
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* ''[[Hydrocotyle]]''
 
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* ''[[Xanthosia]]''
 
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{{col-end}}
 
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<gallery>
 
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File:Scheflera1.jpg|''[[Schefflera arboricola]]''
 
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File:Oplopanax horridus0.jpg|(''Oplopanax horridus'')
 
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File:Eleutherococcus-sieboldianus.JPG|''[[Eleutherococcus sieboldianus]]''
 
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File::Starr 070515-7041 Osmoxylon lineare.jpg|''[[Osmoxylon lineare]]''
 
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File::Illustration Hydrocotyle vulgaris0.jpg|(''Hydrocotyle vulgaris'')
 
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File:Starr_010419-0021_Hedera_helix.jpg|''Hedera helix''
 
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File:Aralia spinosa, Georgia, USA.jpg|''Aralia spinosa''
 
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File:Starr 070515-7041 Osmoxylon lineare.jpg|''Osmoxylon lineare''
 
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</gallery>
 
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==See also==
 
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[[List of foliage plant diseases (Araliaceae)]]
 
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==References and external links==
 
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{{reflist}}
 
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* Frodin, D. G. and R. Govaerts. 2004. World Checklist and Bibliography of Araliaceae. Kew Publishing.
 
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* [http://www.people.vcu.edu/~gmplunke/aral/ Araliaceae Resource Center]
 
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* {{Wikispecies-inline}}
 
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[[Category:Asterid families]]
 
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[[Category:Araliaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Extant Eocene first appearances]]
 

Latest revision as of 12:17, 9 September 2017

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