Difference between revisions of "Hydrocharitaceae"

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{{Refimprove|date=December 2009}}
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#redirect [[:Category:Hydrocharitaceae]]
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{{Automatic taxobox
 
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| image = HydrocharisMorsus-ranae2.jpg
 
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| image_caption = Common frogbit, ''[[Hydrocharis morsus-ranae]]''
 
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| taxon = Hydrocharitaceae
 
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| authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name="APGIII">{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-06-26 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Genera
 
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| subdivision = See text
 
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}}
 
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'''Hydrocharitaceae''' is a [[flowering plant]] family including 16 known genera with a total of ca 135 known species (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 <ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref>), that including a number of species of [[aquatic plant]], for instance the '''tape-grasses''', the well known [[Elodea canadensis|Canadian waterweed]] and frogbit ''[[Hydrocharis morsus-ranae]]''.
 
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The family includes  both fresh water and marine aquatics, although of the seventeen species currently recognised only three are marine.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Guide to Southern Temperate Seagrasses |author1= Waycott, Michelle|author2=McMahon, Kathryn|author3=Lavery, Paul|publisher=CSIRO Publishing|year=2014|isbn=9781486300150}}</ref> They are found throughout the world in a wide variety of habitats, but are primarily tropical.
 
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==Description==
 
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The species are [[Annual plant|annual]] or [[Perennial plant|perennial]], with a creeping monopodial [[rhizome]] with the [[Leaf|leaves]] arranged in two vertical rows, or an erect main shoot with [[root]]s at the base and spirally arranged or whorled leaves. The leaves are simple and usually found submerged, though they may be found floating or partially emerse. As with many aquatics they can be very variable in shape – from linear to orbicular, with or without a [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]], and with or without a sheathing base.
 
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The [[flower]]s are arranged in a forked, spathe-like [[bract]] or between two opposite bracts. They are usually irregular, though in some case they may be slightly irregular, and either bisexual or unisexual. The [[Petal|perianth]] segments are in 1 or 2 series of (2–)3 free segments; the inner series when present are usually showy and petal-like. [[Stamen]]s 1–numerous, in 1 or more series; the inner ones sometimes sterile. [[Pollen]] is globular and free but in the marine genera (''[[Thalassia (plant)|Thalassia]]'' and ''[[Halophila]]'') – the pollen grains are carried in chains, like strings of beads. The [[Ovary (plants)|ovary]] is inferior with 2–15 united [[Gynoecium|carpels]] containing a single [[locule]] with numerous ovules on parietal placentas which either protrude nearly to the centre of the ovary or are incompletely developed. [[Fruit]]s are globular to linear, dry or pulpy, [[Dehiscence (botany)|dehiscent]] or more usually indehiscent and opening by decay of the [[Fruit anatomy|pericarp]]. [[Seed]]s are normally numerous with straight [[embryo]]s and no [[endosperm]].
 
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Pollination can be extremely specialised.
 
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The most recent phylogenetic treatment of the family recognizes four [[Family (biology)|subfamilies]] – [[Hydrocharitoideae]] (''[[Hydrocharis]]'', ''[[Limnobium]]''), [[Stratiotoideae]] (''[[Stratiotes]]''), [[Anacharidoideae]] (''[[Apalanthe]]'', ''[[Appertiella]]'', ''[[Blyxa]]'', ''[[Egeria (plant)|Egeria]]'', ''[[Elodea]]'', ''[[Lagarosiphon]]'' and ''[[Ottelia]]'') and [[Hydrilloideae]] (''[[Enhalus]]'', ''[[Halophila]]'', ''[[Hydrilla]]'', ''[[Maidenia]]'', ''[[Najas]]'', ''[[Nechamandra]]'', ''[[Thalassia (plant)|Thalassia]]'' and ''[[Vallisneria]]'').<ref>{{citation | title = A reappraisal of phylogenetic relationships in the monocotyledon family Hydrocharitaceae (Alismatidae) | year = 2006 | last1 = Les DH | first1 = DH | last2 = Moody | first2 = ML | last3 = Soros | first3 = CL | journal = Aliso | volume = 22 | pages = 211–230 }}</ref>
 
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[[File:Hydrilla verticillata is it- in Hyderabad W2 IMG 8305.jpg|thumb|''[[Hydrilla verticillata]]'']]
 
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[[File:Ottelia alismoides W IMG 0915.jpg|thumb|''[[Ottelia alismoides]]'']]
 
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==Uses==
 
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Some species have become established [[ornamental plant]]s, and subsequently serious weeds in the wild (especially ''[[Egeria (plant)|Egeria]]'', ''[[Elodea]]'' and ''[[Hydrilla]]'').
 
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==Genera==
 
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{{div col|colwidth=11em}}
 
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*''[[Apalanthe]]''
 
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*''[[Appertiella]]''
 
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*''[[Blyxa]]''
 
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*''[[Egeria (plant)|Egeria]]''
 
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*''[[Elodea]]''
 
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*''[[Enhalus]]''
 
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*''[[Halophila]]''
 
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*''[[Hydrilla]]''
 
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*''[[Hydrocharis]]''
 
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*''[[Lagarosiphon]]''
 
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*''[[Limnobium]]''
 
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*''[[Maidenia]]''
 
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*''[[Najas]]''<ref name="APGIII"/><ref>{{citation | doi = 10.1007/BF02524931 | title = Phylogeny of the family Hydrocharitaceae inferred from rbcL and matK gene sequence data | year = 1997 | last1 = Tanaka | first1 = Norio | last2 = Setoguchi | first2 = Hiroaki | last3 = Murata | first3 = Jin | journal = Journal of Plant Research | volume = 110 | issue = 3 | pages = 329 }}</ref><ref name="les">{{citation |  title = Phylogenetic studies in Alismatidae, II: evolution of marine angiosperms (seagrasses) and hydrophily | year = 1997 | last1 = Les | first1 = DH | last2 = Cleland | first2 = MA | last3 = Waycott | first3 = M | journal = Systematic Botany | volume = 22 | pages = 443 | doi=10.2307/2419820}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?561 Genera of Hydrocharitaceae], ''GRIN Taxonomy for Plants''</ref>
 
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*''[[Nechamandra]]''
 
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*''[[Ottelia]]''
 
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*''[[Stratiotes]]''
 
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*''[[Thalassia (plant)|Thalassia]]''
 
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*''[[Vallisneria]]''
 
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{{div col end}}
 
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<center>
 
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{| class="wikitable"
 
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|+ Genera crosses (Hydrocharitaceae)
 
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! scope="col"  | Kubitzki (ed. 1998<ref>Kubitzki (ed.) 1998. ''The families and genera of vascular plants, vol 4, Monocotyledons: Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae).'' Springer-Verlag, Berlin.</ref>)
 
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! scope="col"  | data.kew<ref>Vascular Plant Families and Genera. List of genera in family HYDROCHARITACEAE (accessed 2016-06-02) http://data.kew.org/cgi-bin/vpfg1992/genlist.pl?HYDROCHARITACEAE</ref>
 
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! scope="col"  |  APWeb (mobot.org)<ref>VASCULAR PLANT FAMILIES and GENERA. List of Genera in HYDROCHARITACEAE. (accessed 2016-06-02) http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/genera/hydrocharitaceaegen.html</ref>
 
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! scope="col"  |  Watson & Dallwitz (delta-intkey)<ref>Watson & Dallwitz. Hydrocharitaceae. ''The families of flowering plants.'' http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/hydrocha.htm</ref>
 
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|-
 
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! colspan="4"  | Hydrocharitaceae
 
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|-
 
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| 1. ''[[Ottelia]]'' || ''[[Ottelia]]'' Pers. (including ''[[Benedictaea]]'' Toledo, ''[[Boottia]]'' Wall.) (excludes ''[[Oligolobos]]'' Gagnep.) || ''[[Ottelia]]'' Persoon (including ''[[Benedictaea]]'' Toledo, ''[[Boottia]]'' Wallich, ''[[Oligolobos]]'' Gagnepain, ''[[Xystrolobus]]'' Gagnepain) || ''[[Ottelia]]''
 
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|-
 
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| 2. ''[[Stratiotes]]'' || ''[[Stratiotes]]'' L. || ''[[Stratiotes]]'' L. || ''[[Stratiotes]]''
 
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|-
 
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| 3. ''[[Hydrocharis]]'' || ''[[Hydrocharis]]'' L. || ''[[Hydrocharis]]'' L. || ''[[Hydrocharis]]''
 
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|-
 
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| 4. ''[[Limnobium]]'' || ''[[Limnobium]]'' Rich. (including ''[[Hydromystria]]'' G.Mey. || ''[[Limnobium]]'' Richard (including ''[[Hydromystria]]'' G. Meyer) || ''[[Limnobium]]''
 
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|-
 
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| 5. ''[[Blyxa]]'' || ''[[Blyxa]]'' Noronha ex Thouars (excludes ''[[Enhydrias]]'' Ridl.) || ''[[Blyxa]]'' Richard (including ''[[Enhydrias]]'' Ridley) || ''[[Blyxa]]''
 
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|-
 
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| 6. ''[[Apalanthe]]'' || ''[[Apalanthe]]'' Planch. || (in ''[[Elodea]]'' Michaux) || ''[[Apalanthe]]''
 
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|-
 
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| 7. ''[[Egeria (plant)|Egeria]]'' || ''[[Egeria (plant)|Egeria]]'' Planch. || ''[[Egeria (plant)|Egeria]]'' Planchon || ''[[Egeria (plant)|Egeria]]''
 
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|-
 
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| 8. ''[[Elodea]]'' || ''[[Elodea]]'' Michx. (including ''[[Anacharis]]'' Rich., ''[[Udora]]'' Nutt.) || ''[[Elodea]]'' Michaux (including ''[[Anacharis]]'' Richard, ''[[Apalanthe]]'' Planchon, ''[[Hydora]]'' Besser, ''[[Philotria]]'' Rafinesque, ''[[Serpulica]]'' Pursh, ''[[Udora]]'' Nuttall) || ''[[Elodea]]''
 
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|-
 
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| 9. ''[[Hydrilla]]'' || ''[[Hydrilla]]'' Rich. || ''[[Hydrilla]]'' Richard || ''[[Hydrilla]]''
 
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|-
 
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| 10. ''[[Appertiella]]'' || ''[[Appertiella]]'' C.D.K.Cook & Triest || ''[[Appertiella]]'' C. D. K. Cook & Triest || ''[[Appertiella]]''
 
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|-
 
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| 11. ''[[Lagarosiphon]]'' || ''[[Lagarosiphon]]'' Harv. || ''[[Lagarosiphon]]'' Harvey || ''[[Lagarosiphon]]''
 
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|-
 
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| 12. ''[[Nechamandra]]'' || ''[[Nechamandra]]'' Planch. || ''[[Nechamandra]]'' Planchon || ''[[Nechamandra]]''
 
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|-
 
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| 13. ''[[Maidenia]]'' || ''[[Maidenia]]'' Rendle || ''[[Maidenia]]'' Rendle || ''[[Maidenia]]''
 
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|-
 
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| 14. ''[[Vallisneria]]'' || ''[[Vallisneria]]'' L. || ''[[Vallisneria]]'' L. || ''[[Vallisneria]]''
 
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|-
 
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| 15. ''[[Enhalus]]'' || ''[[Enhalus]]'' Rich. || ''[[Enhalus]]'' Richard || ''[[Enhalus]]''
 
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|-
 
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| 16. ''[[Thalassia (plant)|Thalassia]]'' || ''[[Thalassia (plant)|Thalassia]]'' Banks ex C.Koenig || ''[[Thalassia (plant)|Thalassia]]'' C. Koenig || ''[[Thalassia (plant)|Thalassia]]''
 
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|-
 
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| 17. ''[[Halophila]]'' || ''[[Halophila]]'' Thouars || ''[[Halophila]]'' Thouars || ''[[Halophila]]''
 
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|-
 
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| (in ''[[Najas]]'', Najadaceae) || ''[[Najas]]'' L. || ''[[Najas]]'' L. || (in ''[[Najas]]'', Najadaceae)
 
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|-
 
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| (name not found) || ''[[Enhydrias]]'' Ridl. || (in ''[[Blyxa]]'', Hydrocharitaceae) || (name not found)
 
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|-
 
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| (name not found) || ''[[Oligolobos]]'' Gagnep. || (in ''[[Ottelia]]'', Hydrocharitaceae) || (name not found)
 
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|-
 
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! colspan="4"  | [[Najadaceae]]
 
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|-
 
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| 1. ''[[Najas]]'' || (in ''[[Najas]]'', Hydrocharitaceae) ||  (in ''[[Najas]]'', Hydrocharitaceae)  || ''[[Najas]]''
 
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|}
 
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</center>
 
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==References==
 
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{{reflist|32em}}
 
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==External links==
 
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*{{Commonscat-inline}}
 
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*{{Wikispecies-inline}}
 
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{{Authority control}}
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Hydrocharitaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Aquatic plants]]
 
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[[Category:Alismatales families]]
 

Latest revision as of 02:15, 9 September 2017

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