Difference between revisions of "Ebenaceae"

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{{Taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Ebenaceae]]
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|name = Ebenaceae
 
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|image = Starr 040513-0060 Diospyros sandwicensis.jpg
 
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|image_caption = ''[[Diospyros sandwicensis]]''
 
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|regnum = [[Plantae]]
 
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
 
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|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
 
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|ordo = [[Ericales]]
 
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|familia = '''Ebenaceae'''
 
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|familia_authority = [[Robert Louis August Maximilian Gürke|Gürke]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-06-26 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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|subdivision_ranks = Genera
 
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|subdivision = See text
 
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|}}
 
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The '''Ebenaceae''' are a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s belonging to [[order (biology)|order]] [[Ericales]]. It includes [[ebony]] and [[persimmon]] among about 768<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Ebenaceae/ |title=Ebenaceae — The Plant List |publisher=Theplantlist.org |accessdate=2012-08-13}}</ref> [[species]] of trees and shrubs. The family is distributed across the [[tropics|tropical]] and warmer [[temperate climate|temperate]] regions of the world.<ref name=fna>{{cite book|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10293|chapter=Ebenaceae|title=Flora of North America|author=James E. Eckenwalder|volume=8}}</ref> The family is most diverse in the [[rainforest]]s of [[Malesia]], India, tropical Africa and tropical America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arbolesornamentales.es/Ebenaceae.htm|author=José Manuel Sánchez de Lorenzo-Cáceres|title=Arboles Ornamentales}}</ref>
 
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[[File:Diospyros chloroxylon in Hyderabad W3 IMG 9477.jpg|thumb|''[[Diospyros chloroxylon]]'']]
 
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[[File:200412 - Plaqueminier et ses kakis.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Diospyros kaki]]'']][[File:Royena graeca.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Royena graeca]]'', [[fossil]] flower]][[File:Persimmon 0375.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Diospyros virginiana]]'']]
 
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Many species are valued for their wood, particularly ebony, for fruit, and as [[ornamental plant]]s.
 
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==Biology==
 
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The fruits contain [[tannin]]s, a [[plant defense against herbivory]], so they are often avoided by animals when unripe. The ripe fruits of many species are a food source for diverse animal taxa. The [[foliage]] is consumed by insects.
 
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The plants may have a strong scent. Some species have aromatic wood. They are important and conspicuous trees in many of their native [[ecosystem]]s, such as lowland [[Hawaiian tropical dry forests|dry forests]] of the former [[Maui Nui]] in [[Hawaii]],<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/pubs/Kanepuu%20LRMP%20FY05-10.pdf |format=PDF |author=[[The Nature Conservancy]] – Hawaiʻi Operating Unit |title=Kānepuʻu Preserve Lānaʻi, Hawaiʻi Long-Range Management Plan Fiscal Years 2005–2010 |publisher=Hawaii Department of Land & Natural Resources Natural Area Partnership Program | date=March  2004 |page=3 |accessdate=2009-04-09}}</ref> [[Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests]], [[Kathiarbar-Gir dry deciduous forests]], [[Louisiade Archipelago rain forests]], [[Madagascar lowland forests]], [[Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests]], [[New Guinea mangroves]], and [[South Western Ghats montane rain forests]].
 
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Ebony is a dense black wood taken from several species in the genus ''[[Diospyros]]'', including ''[[Diospyros ebenum]]'' (Ceylon ebony, Indian ebony), ''[[Diospyros crassiflora]]'' (West African ebony, Benin ebony), and ''[[Diospyros celebica]]'' (Makassar ebony). ''[[Diospyros tesselaria]]'' (Mauritius ebony) was heavily exploited by the Dutch in the 17th century.
 
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==Description==
 
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The family includes [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s. The leaves are usually alternately arranged, but some species have opposite or whorled leaves. The [[inflorescence]] is usually a cyme of flowers, sometimes a [[raceme]] or a [[panicle]], and some plants produce solitary flowers. Most species are [[dioecy|dioecious]]. The flower has 3 to 8 petals, which are joined at the bases. There are usually several single or paired [[stamen]]s, which are often attached to the inner wall of the corolla. Female flowers have up to 8 [[gynoecium|stigmas]].<ref name=fna/> The [[sepal|calyx]] is persistent.<ref name=du/> The fruits are [[berry (botany)|berry]]-like or capsular.<ref name=fna/> Like the wood of some species, the roots and bark may be black in color.<ref name=du>Duangjai, S., et al. (2006). [http://www.amjbot.org/content/93/12/1808.long Generic delimitation and relationships in Ebenaceae sensu lato: evidence from six plastid DNA regions.] ''American Journal of Botany'' 93(12), 1808-27.</ref>
 
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==Etymology==
 
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The family name Ebenaceae is based on the genus name ''Ebenus'', published by [[Otto Kuntze]] in 1891.<ref name=ING>{{cite web|url=http://botany.si.edu/ing/|title=Index Nominum Genericorum (ING)}}</ref> It is a later homonym of ''[[Ebenus]]'' L., a genus already named in the family [[Fabaceae]], and is thus ''[[nomen illegitimum]]''. The plant that Kuntze had named ''Ebenus'' was accordingly reassigned to the genus ''Maba'', which in turn has since been included in the genus ''Diospyros''.
 
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Because the name Ebenaceae had become well known, having been used in major botanical references such as Bentham and Hooker's ''[[Bentham & Hooker system|Genera Plantarum]]'', [[Adolf Engler|Engler]] and [[Karl Anton Eugen Prantl|Prantl's]] ''Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'', and [[John Hutchinson (botanist)|Hutchinson's]] ''Families of Flowering Plants'', it was [[Conserved name|conserved]]<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bullock, A. A.|year=1959|title=Nomina Familiarum Conservanda Proposita (Continued)|journal=Taxon|volume=8|issue=5|pages=154–181|jstor=1216755|doi=10.2307/1216755}}</ref> and is therefore legitimate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm|title=International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code)|chapter=Article 18.3}}</ref>
 
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==Genera==
 
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During the last century, seven genera have been included in the family at one time or another.<ref name=fna/> One [[Molecular phylogenetics|phylogenetic analysis]] reduced the family to four genera:<ref name=du/>
 
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{|class=wikitable
 
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! Genus
 
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! Authority
 
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! Citation
 
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! Date
 
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|-
 
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| ''[[Diospyros]]''
 
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| L.
 
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| Sp. Pl. 2: 1057–1058
 
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| 1753
 
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|-
 
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| ''[[Euclea]]''
 
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| L.
 
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| Syst. Veg. (ed. 13) 747
 
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| 1774
 
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|-
 
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| ''[[Lissocarpa]]''<ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Ebenaceae/Lissocarpa/ ''Lissocarpa''.] The Plant List. Accessed 13 August 2012.</ref>
 
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| Benth.
 
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| Gen. Pl. 2(2): 667, 671
 
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| 1876
 
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|-
 
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| ''[[Royena]]''
 
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| L.
 
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| Sp. Pl. 1: 397
 
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| 1753
 
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|}
 
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==References==
 
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{{Reflist|2}}
 
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{{Commons category}}
 
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[[Category:Ebenaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Ericales families]]
 

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