Difference between revisions of "Winteraceae"

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#redirect [[:Category:Winteraceae]]
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{{Automatic taxobox
 
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|taxon = Winteraceae
 
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|image = Drimys winteri.jpg
 
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|image_caption = ''Drimys winteri''
 
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|authority = [[Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)|R.Br.]] ''ex'' [[John Lindley|Lindl.]]
 
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|subdivision_ranks = Genera{{r|APWeb}}
 
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|subdivision =
 
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*''[[Drimys]]''
 
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*''[[Pseudowintera]]''
 
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*''[[Takhtajania]]''
 
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*''[[Tasmannia]]''
 
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*''[[Zygogynum]]''
 
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}}
 
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'''Winteraceae''' is a primitive [[Family (biology)|family]] of tropical [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s including 60 to 90 [[species]] in five [[genus|genera]].<ref name=APWeb>{{Cite web |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |title=Winteraceae |work=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/canellalesweb.htm#Winteraceae}}</ref> It is of particular interest because it is such a primitive angiosperm family, closely related to [[Magnoliaceae]], though it has a much more southern distribution.<ref name=Hutchinson>{{cite book| title=The Families of Flowering Plants| last=Hutchinson| year=1973| publisher=Oxford at the Clarendon Press}}</ref> Plants in this family grow mostly in the southern hemisphere, and have been found in tropical to temperate climate regions of [[Malesia]], [[Oceania ecozone|Oceania]], eastern [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Madagascar]] and the [[Neotropics]],<ref name=Hutchinson /> with most of the genera are concentrated in Australasia and Malesia. ''[[Drimys]]'' is found in the Neotropic ecozone, from southern [[Mexico]] to the subarctic forests of southern [[South America]]. ''[[Takhtajania]]'' includes a single species, ''T.&nbsp;perrieri'', endemic only to Madagascar.
 
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This family has been estimated to be anywhere from 75 to 45 million years ago.<ref name=APWeb /> Pollen samples found in Gabon indicate that the family is at least 120 million years old.<ref>Doyle, J. A. 1999. The rise of angiosperms as seen in the African Cretaceous record. Pp. 3-29, in Scott, L., Cadman, A., & Verhoeven, R. (eds), Proceedings of the Third Conference on African Palynology, Johannesburg, 14–19 September 1997. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.</ref> Pollen fossils indicate that the range has been much wider than it is now,<ref name=APWeb /> disappearing from the [[Africa]]n fossil record roughly 24 million years ago.
 
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According to the 1998 [[APG I system]], it did not belong to any [[Order (biology)|order]],<ref name=APG>{{cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=1998 |title=An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=531–553 |jstor=2992015 |doi=10.2307/2992015}}</ref> but it has since been placed in [[Canellales]] by the [[APG II system|APG II]], [[APG III system|APG III]] and [[APG IV system]]s.<ref name=APG2>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2003 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=141 |issue=4 |pages=399–436 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/abstract |doi=10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x}}</ref><ref name=APG3>{{Cite journal|authors=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2009|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=161|issue=2|pages=105–121|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract|format= PDF |issn=00244074|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref><ref name=APG4>{{Cite journal|authors=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/epdf|format=PDF|issn=00244074|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}}</ref>
 
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== Description ==
 
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Members of the Winteraceae family are trees or shrubs. The leaves are alternate, with light green dots and a fragrant aroma. Some are used to produce [[essential oil]]s. [[Stipule]]s are absent. Flowers are small, mostly appearing in [[Inflorescence#Organization|cymes]] or [[Inflorescence#Organization|fascicles]]. They have two to six free, valvate [[sepal]]s, though they are united in ''Drimys''.<ref name=Hutchinson />
 
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The Winteraceae have no vessels in their xylem.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Taylor S. Feild, Tim Brodribb & N. Michele Holbrook |year=2002 |title=Hardly a relict: freezing and the evolution of vesselless wood in Winteraceae |journal=[[Evolution (journal)|Evolution]] |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=464–478 |doi=10.1554/0014-3820(2002)056[0464:HARFAT]2.0.CO;2 |pmid=11989678 |url=http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/holbrook/papers/hol_EVOL_464.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref> This makes them relatively immune to xylem embolisms caused by freezing temperatures. In addition, [[vascular occlusion]] can occur near the openings of the [[stomata]], preventing excess water from entering.<ref name=APWeb />
 
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Among all species, the distinctive characters of released pollen are easily recognized. This is much of the reason why the documented history of this family is so extensive.<ref>{{cite journal| title=Evolutionary trends in Winteraceae pollen| last1=an der Ham| first1=Raymond| last2=Joan van Heuven| first2=Bertie| journal=Grana| year=2002| volume=41| issue=1| pages=4–9| doi=10.1080/00173130260045431| url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00173130260045431}}</ref>
 
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== Notable species ==
 
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''[[Drimys winteri]]'' (Winter's bark) is a slender tree native to the [[Magellanic subpolar forests|Magellanic]] and [[Valdivian temperate rain forests]] of [[Chile]] and [[Argentina]]. It is a common garden plant grown for its fragrant [[mahogany]]-red bark, bright-green leaves, and its clusters of creamy white, [[jasmine]]-scented flowers. The bark has historically been used to prevent [[scurvy]]<ref>{{cite web| title=Winteraceae: Plant family| publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica| accessdate=2016-09-26| url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/Winteraceae}}</ref>
 
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''[[Tasmannia lanceolata]]'', known as Tasmanian pepper, is grown as an [[ornamental plant|ornamental shrub]], and is increasingly being used as a condiment.
 
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==References==
 
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{{reflist}}
 
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==External links==
 
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*[http://www.chileflora.com/Florachilena/FloraEnglish/PIC_FAMILIES_SIMPLE_Winteraceae.php Chilean Winteraceae] Chileflora
 
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*{{Commons category-inline}}
 
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*{{Wikispecies-inline}}
 
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[[Category:Winteraceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Magnoliid families]]
 

Latest revision as of 20:00, 8 September 2017

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