Difference between revisions of "Sabiaceae"

Latest revision as of 20:56, 8 September 2017

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Category:Sabiaceae

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-{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
+#redirect [[:Category:Sabiaceae]]
-{{Automatic taxobox
-| image = Meliosma veitchorum2.jpg
-| image_caption = ''[[Meliosma veitchiorum]]''
-| taxon = Sabiaceae
-| authority = [[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]]
-| subdivision_ranks = Genera
-| subdivision =
-*''[[Meliosma]]'' {{au|[[Carl Ludwig von Blume|Blume]]}}
-*''[[Ophiocaryon]]'' {{au|[[Robert Hermann Schomburgk|R.H. Schomb.]] ex [[Stephan Friedrich Ladislaus Endlicher|Endl.]]}}
-*''[[Sabia (plant)|Sabia]]'' {{au|[[Henry Thomas Colebrooke|Colebr.]]}}
-| synonyms =
-*Meliosmaceae
-}}
-'''Sabiaceae''' is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plants]] that were placed in the order [[Proteales]] according to the [[APG IV system]]. It comprises three [[genus|genera]] with 66 known [[species]],<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W.  |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> native to tropical to warm temperate regions of southern [[Asia]] and the [[Americas]]. The family has also been called Meliosmaceae [[Stephan Friedrich Ladislaus Endlicher|Endl.]], 1841, nom. rej.
-== Description ==
-* [[Tree]]s, climbing [[shrub]]s or woody [[vine]]s, evergreen, rarely deciduous, glabrous or pubescent, rarely spiny. [[Indumentum]] of simple multicellular hairs or with bicellular [[Flower head|capitula]].
-* [[Leaf|Leaves]] alternate, spiral to distichous, penninerved, brochidodromous, simple or imparipinate, herbaceous or coriaceous, sometimes very large, with simple dentate edges, sometimes heteromorphic, often the base of the stalk is woody and the base of the foliole is pulvinulate, lacking [[stipule]]s, [[vernation]] conduplicate, often dotted with red glands. [[Stoma]]ta anomocytic or paracytic, usually hypostomatic.
-* [[Plant stem|Stem]]s with large radii, complex unilacunar [[Burl|nodes]], without secretory cavities, perulate [[bud]]s or not.
-* Hermaphrodite [[plant]]s, rarely polygamodioecious.
-* [[Inflorescence]]s in pauci- to multi-floral [[panicle]], terminal or axillary, often reduced to solitary axillary flower, rarely on [[Inflorescence#Determinate|cyme]]s or in [[raceme]]s, [[Peduncle (botany)|peduncle]]s often very short (sub-sessile flowers), bearing zero to numerous small bracts.
-* Small perfect [[flower]]s, actinomorphic or obliquely zygomorphic, usually pentamerous, sepals, petals and stamens arranged in opposed whorls. Hypogynous disc present, thin, annular, nectariferous, with lobes (sometimes with hardened discoid glands) alternating with the stamens, sometimes with bifid-shaped teeth. [[Sepal]]s (4-)5, in a whorl, free or basally fused, equal or with the 2 internal sepals much smaller, imbricate. [[Petal]]s (4-)5, in a whorl, free, equal or the 2 internal petals often much smaller (sometimes bifid), imbricate, oppositisepalous, more or less fleshy. [[Stamen|Androecium]] of (4-)5(-6) elements, 5 [[stamen]]s or even 2 (opposed to the internal petals) and 3 [[staminode]]s, oppositipetalous, free from each other but fused at the base of the petals, filiform filaments, expanded below the anther or forming a collar, unilocular [[anther]]s, dithecal, introrse and bent down, enclosed in external cavities belonging to the adjacent staminode, more or less adherent between themselves, leaving a central pore through which the [[Style (botany)|style]] passes, or even extrorse, connective strongly expanded, [[Dehiscence (botany)|dehiscence]] through transversal slits or valves.  Superior [[gynoecium]], of 2(-3) [[carpel]]s, hemicarpic with apically free styles (stylodious) or sincarpic with one short cylindrical or conic style, capitate [[stigma (botany)|stigmas]], punctate and moist, or not papillose and dry, [[ovule]]s (1-)2 per carpel, hemianatropous to campylotropous, apotropous, unitegmic and crasinucelated, horizontal or pendulous, axial [[placentation]].
-* [[Fruit]] unilocular or dilocular, asymmetric, dry or drupaceous, indehiscent, monospermatic, sometimes in [[schizocarp]], with persistent styles, [[endocarp]] stoney or crustaceous, sculpted or foveolate.
-* [[Seed]] 1, with [[endosperm]] scarce or absent, with [[Condyle (anatomy)|condyle]], [[embryo]] with curved, elongate [[hypocotyl]], with 2 flat cotyledons, plicate or coiled (in ''Ophyocaryon paradoxum'').
-* [[Pollen]] tricolpate, prolate, relatively small, semitectate [[exine]], more or less reticulate.
-* [[Chromosome|Chromosomal number]]: ''2n'' = 24 in ''[[Sabia japonica]]'' and = 32 in ''[[Meliosma]]'' sp.
-== Ecology ==
-The anthesis is extremely short. The anthers open within the bud, but enclosed in the staminodes.  On maturing the bud opens explosively at the smallest touch releasing the pollen into the air.
-Plants from this genus live in humid areas along rivers, in tropical forests or in warm temperatures.
-== Phytochemistry ==
-Cyanolipids absent. Pentacyclic [[triterpenoid]]s, [[flavonols]], [[proanthocyanidin]]s and [[tannin]]s present. The plants are not cyanogenetic.
-== Uses ==
-Some species of ''Meliosma'' have a limited use in gardening and horticulture.
-== Fossils ==
-The fossil genus ''Insitiocarpus'' has been found in deposits from the [[Cenomanian]] period, while the other extant genera ''[[Sabia (plant)|Sabia]]'' and ''[[Meliosma]]'' have been found in European deposits from the [[Turonian]] and the [[Maastrichtian]], respectively. The appearance of the first sabiaceae has been dated to 122-118 million years ago.
-''Sabia'' macrofossils have been recovered from the late [[Zanclean]] stage of [[Pliocene]] sites in [[Pocapaglia]],  [[Italy]].<ref>Messian to Zanclean vegetation and climate  of Northern and Central Italy by Adele Bertini & Edoardo Martinetto, Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica 	Italiana, 47 (2), 2008, 105-121. Modena, 11 lugio 2008.</ref>
-== Systematic position ==
-The Sabiaceae are a group of flowering plants that are included in the [[eudicots]] clade, where they form part of the basal level. In this regard they are similar to the [[Proteaceae]], with which they share, for example, a nectariferous hypogynous disc, although they differ in the number of floral parts and the radial pentameric symmetry is completely original. Based on molecular and morphological data, the APW (Angiosperm Phylogeny Website) considers that they form part of the order [[Sabiales]], which is the only representative of this intermediate clade between the [[Ranunculales]] and the [[Proteales]] (cf. [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html AP-website]).
-In the [[Cronquist system]] the family was placed in the order [[Ranunculales]], but more recent classifications place it as the sole family in the order '''Sabiales''', or (as in the [[APG II system]] and [[APG III system]]), as unplaced to order and left among the [[basal (evolution)|basal]] lineages of the [[eudicots]].<ref name="apgiii">{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract |accessdate=2010-12-10 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref> The [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]], however, suggests the addition of Sabiaceae to the eudicot order [[Proteales]] would be sensible.<ref name="APG web">Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.] Version 12, July 2012 [and more or less continuously updated since]. [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/protealesweb.html#Proteales Proteales.] Accessed online: 9 June 2013.</ref> This was done in the [[APG IV system]].<ref name="apgiv">{{Cite journal|authors=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/epdf|format=PDF|issn=00244074|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}}</ref>
-The family consists of three genera and about 160 species of woody plants. The genus ''[[Sabia (plant)|Sabia]]'' often are lianas, while those in the genera ''[[Meliosma]]'' and ''Ophiocaryon'' are trees and shrubs; the latter two are sometimes treated in a separate family Meliosmaceae.
-== Taxa included ==
-:''Theoretical introduction to [[Taxonomy (general)|Taxonomy]]''
-The family includes three genera that can be distinguished as follows:
-* Climbers or vines. 5 equal stamens. Flowers normally in axillary panicles that are pauciflorous or reduced to one flower.
-:''[[Sabia (plant)|Sabia]]'' [[Henry Thomas Colebrooke|Colebr.]], 1818. South, east and south east Asia to the [[Solomon Islands]].
-* Trees. 2 stamens, opposed to internal petals, the other 3 reduced to squamiform staminodes. Flowers normally in terminal or axillary panicles, multifloral.
-:* Subequal petals. Staminodes without lateral cavities. Carpels with free styles.
-::''Ophiocaryon'' [[Robert Hermann Schomburgk|R.H. Schomb.]] ex [[Stephan Friedrich Ladislaus Endlicher|Endl.]], 1841. Tropical South America.
-:* Very uneven petals, the 2 internal ones very reduced. Staminodes with lateral cavities to receive the anthers. Carpels normally with one common style.
-::''[[Meliosma]]'' [[Carl Ludwig von Blume|Blume]], 1823. South east Asia, Mexico, Central America, Antilles and South America.
-==References==
-{{Reflist}}
-*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=10783 Flora of Pakistan: Sabiaceae]
-*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=900&taxon_id=10783 Hansen & Rahn Families of Angiosperms: Sabiaceae]
-*[http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Sabiaceae Sabiaceae links at CSDL]
-*[http://www.biologie.uni-ulm.de/systax/dendrologie/Meliomyr.htm ''Meliosma myriantha'']
-*[http://www.biologie.uni-ulm.de/systax/dendrologie/Meliooldfw.htm ''Meliosma oldhamii'']
-* {{cite book
-| author = Kubitzki, K.
-| chapter = Sabiaceae
-| title = Kubitzki, K. (Editor). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. IX. Flowering Plants - Eudicots.
-| year = 2007
-| publisher = Springer-Verlag: Berlín
-| isbn = 3-540-32214-0
-}}
-== External links ==
-{{wikispecies}}
-{{commons category|Sabiaceae}}
-*[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/maps/sabiaceaemap.gif Mapa]
-*[http://www.biologie.uni-ulm.de/systax/dendrologie/Meliooldfw.jpg ''Meliosma oldhamii'']
-*[http://herba.msu.ru/shipunov/e-album/original/meliosma-fl.jpg Flores de ''Meliosma'']
-*[http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/boga/html/Meliosma.cuneifolia.ja10.jpg Frutos drupáceos de ''Meliosma cuneifolia'']
-*[http://www.botanypictures.com/plantimages/sabia%20limoniacea%2001%20HK%20bg.jpg ''Sabia limoniacea'']
-{{taxonbar}}
-[[Category:Eudicot families]]
-[[Category:Sabiaceae| ]]

Difference between revisions of "Sabiaceae"

Latest revision as of 20:56, 8 September 2017

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