Difference between revisions of "Convolvulaceae"

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#redirect [[:Category:Convolvulaceae]]
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{{taxobox
 
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| name = Bindweed family
 
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| image = Starr_040711-0402_Ipomoea_imperati.jpg
 
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| image_caption = ''[[Ipomoea imperati]]''
 
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
 
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| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
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| unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
 
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| unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
 
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| ordo = [[Solanales]]
 
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| familia = '''Convolvulaceae'''
 
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| familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]
 
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| type_genus = ''[[Convolvulus]]''
 
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| type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Genera
 
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| subdivision = See text
 
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}}
 
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[[File:Jacquemontia paniculata W IMG 2929.jpg|thumb|''[[Jacquemontia paniculata]]'' ]]
 
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'''Convolvulaceae''', known commonly as the bindweed or [[morning glory]] [[family (biology)|family]], is a [[Family (biology)|family]] of about 60 genera and more than 1,650 species of mostly [[herbaceous]] [[vine]]s, but also [[tree]]s, [[shrub]]s and [[herb]]s.
 
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== Description ==
 
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Convolvulaceae can be recognized by their funnel-shaped, radially symmetrical [[corolla (flower)|corolla]]; the floral formula for the family has five [[sepals]], five fused [[petals]], five epipetalous [[stamens]] (stamens fused to the petals), and a two-part [[syncarpous]] and superior [[gynoecium]]. The stems of these plants are usually winding, hence their Latin name (from ''convolvere'', "to wind"). The leaves are simple and alternate, without [[stipule]]s. The fruit can be a capsule, berry, or nut, all containing only two seeds per one [[locule]] (one [[ovule]]/[[ovary]]).
 
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[[File:EB1911 Convolvulus sepium.jpg|thumb|left|''Convolvulus sepium'', slightly reduced.]]
 
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The leaves and starchy, [[tuberous root]]s of some species are used as [[food]]stuffs (e.g. [[sweet potato]] and [[Ipomoea aquatica|water spinach]]), and the seeds are exploited for their medicinal value as [[purgative]]s. Some species contain [[ergoline]] [[alkaloids]] that are likely responsible for the use of these species as ingredients in [[psychedelic drug|psychedelic]] [[Psychoactive drugs|drugs]] (e.g. [[ololiuhqui]]). The presence of ergolines in some species of this family is due to infection by [[fungi]] related to the ergot fungi of the genus ''[[Claviceps]]''. A recent study of Convolvulaceae species, ''Ipomoea asarifolia'', and its associated [[fungi]] showed the presence of a fungus, identified by [[DNA sequencing]] of 18s and ITS [[ribosomal DNA]] and [[phylogeny|phylogenetic analysis]] to be closely related to fungi in the family [[Clavicipitaceae]], was always associated with the presence of ergoline alkaloids in the plant. The identified fungus appears to be a seed-transmitted, obligate [[biotroph]] growing [[epiphytic]]ally on its host.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Ulrike Steiner |author2=Mahalia A. Ahimsa-Müller |author3=Anne Markert |author4=Sabine Kucht |author5=Julia Groß |author6=Nicole Kauf |author7=Monika Kuzma |author8=Monika Zych |author9=Marc Lamshöft |author10=Miroslawa Furmanowa |year=2006 |title=Molecular characterization of a seed transmitted clavicipitaceous fungus occurring on dicotyledoneous plants (Convolvulaceae) |journal=[[Planta (journal)|Planta]] |volume=224 |issue=3 |pages=533–544 |pmid=16525783 |doi=10.1007/s00425-006-0241-0|display-authors=etal}}</ref> This finding strongly suggests the unique presence of ergoline alkaloids in some species of the family Convolvulaceae is due to [[symbiosis]] with [[Clavicipitaceae|clavicipitaceous]] fungi. Moreover, another group of compounds, [[loline alkaloids]], commonly produced by some members of the clavicipitaceous fungi (genus ''[[Neotyphodium]]''), has been identified in a convolvulaceous species, but the origin of the loline alkaloids in this species is unknown.<ref name="Tofern et al 1999">{{cite journal |author1=Britta Tofern |author2=Macki Kaloga |author3=Ludger Witte |author4=Thomas Hartmann |author5=Eckart Eich |year=1999 |title=Occurrence of loline alkaloids in ''Argyreia mollis'' (Convolvulaceae) |journal=[[Phytochemistry (journal)|Phytochemistry]] |volume=51 |issue=8 |pages=1177–1180 |doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00121-1}}</ref>
 
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Members of the family are well known as showy garden plants (e.g. [[morning glory]]) and as troublesome weeds (e.g. bindweed).
 
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==Tribes==
 
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According to the study of D. F. Austin (see Reference) the family Convolvulaceae can be classified in the tribes Ericybeae, Cresseae, Convolvuleae, merremioids, Ipomoeae, Argyreiae, Poraneae, Dichondreae, and Cuscuteae (sometimes classified as a separate family [[Cuscutaceae]]).
 
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{{Clear}}
 
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==Genera==
 
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{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
 
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;Tribe Aniseieae
 
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*''[[Aniseia]]'' <small>Choisy</small>
 
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*''[[Iseia]]'' <small>O'Donell</small>
 
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*''[[Odonellia]]'' <small>K.R.Robertson</small>
 
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*''[[Tetralocularia]]'' <small>O'Donell</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1830 |title=Genera of ''Convolvulaceae'' tribe ''Aniseieae'' |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2009-04-13}}</ref>
 
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;Tribe Cardiochlamyeae
 
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*''[[Cardiochlamys]]'' <small>Oliv.</small>
 
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*''[[Cordisepalum]]'' <small>Verdc.</small>
 
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*''[[Dinetus]]'' <small>[[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Buch.-Ham.]] ex Sweet</small>
 
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*''[[Poranopsis]]'' <small>Roberty</small>
 
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*''[[Tridynamia]]'' <small>Gagnep.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1831 |title=Genera of ''Convolvulaceae'' tribe ''Cardiochlamyeae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2009-04-13}}</ref>
 
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;Tribe Convolvuleae
 
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*''[[Calystegia]]'' <small>[[Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)|R.Br.]]</small> – Bindweed, [[morning glory]]
 
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*''[[Convolvulus]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small> – bindweed, morning glory
 
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*''[[Polymeria]]'' <small>R.Br.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1832 |title=Genera of ''Convolvulaceae'' tribe ''Convolvuleae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2009-04-13}}</ref>
 
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;Tribe Cresseae
 
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*''[[Bonamia]]'' <small>Thouars</small>
 
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*''[[Cladostigma]]'' <small>Radlk.</small>
 
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*''[[Cressa (plant)|Cressa]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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*''[[Evolvulus]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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*''[[Hildebrandtia (plant)|Hildebrandtia]]'' <small>Vatke</small>
 
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*''[[Itzaea]]'' <small>Standl. & Steyerm.</small>
 
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*''[[Neuropeltis]]'' <small>Wall.</small>
 
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*''[[Neuropeltopsis]]'' <small>Ooststr.</small>
 
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*''[[Sabaudiella (plant)|Sabaudiella]]'' <small>Chiov.</small>
 
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*''[[Seddera]]'' <small>Hochst.</small>
 
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*''[[Stylisma]]'' <small>Raf.</small>
 
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*''[[Wilsonia (plant)|Wilsonia]]'' <small>R.Br.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1833 |title=Genera of ''Convolvulaceae'' tribe ''Cresseae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2009-04-13}}</ref>
 
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;Tribe Cuscuteae
 
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*''[[Cuscuta]]'' <small>L.</small> – dodder<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1834 |title=Genera of ''Convolvulaceae'' tribe ''Cuscuteae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2009-04-13}}</ref>
 
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;Tribe Dichondreae
 
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*''[[Calycobolus]]'' <small>Willd. ex Schult.</small>
 
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*''[[Dichondra]]'' <small>J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.</small>
 
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*''[[Falkia]]'' <small>Thunb.</small>
 
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*''[[Metaporana]]'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>
 
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*''[[Nephrophyllum]]'' <small>A.Rich.</small>
 
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*''[[Porana]]'' <small>Burm.f.</small>
 
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*''[[Rapona]]'' <small>Baill.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1835 |title=Genera of ''Convolvulaceae'' tribe ''Dichondreae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2009-04-13}}</ref>
 
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;Tribe Erycibeae
 
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*''[[Ericybe]]'' <small>Roxb.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1836 |title=Genera of ''Convolvulaceae'' tribe ''Erycibeae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2009-04-13}}</ref>
 
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;Tribe Humbertieae
 
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*''[[Humbertia]]'' <small></small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1837 |title=Genera of ''Convolvulaceae'' tribe ''Humbertieae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2009-04-13}}</ref>
 
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;Tribe Ipomoeeae
 
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*''[[Argyreia]]'' <small>Lour.</small> – [[Hawaiian baby woodrose]]
 
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*''[[Astripomoea]]'' <small>A.Meeuse</small>
 
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*''[[Blinkworthia]]'' <small>Choisy</small>
 
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*''[[Ipomoea]]'' <small>L.</small> – [[morning glory]], [[sweet potato]]
 
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*''[[Lepistemon]]'' <small>Blume</small>
 
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*''[[Lepistemonopsis]]'' <small>Dammer</small>
 
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*''[[Paralepistemon]]'' <small>Lejoly & Lisowski</small>
 
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*''[[Rivea]]'' <small>Choisy</small> – [[Rivea corymbosa|coaxihuitl]]
 
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*''[[Stictocardia]]'' <small>Hallier f.</small>
 
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*''[[Turbina (genus)]]'' <small>Raf.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1838 |title=Genera of ''Convolvulaceae'' tribe ''Ipomoeeae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2009-04-13}}</ref>
 
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;Tribe Jacquemontieae
 
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*''[[Jacquemontia]]'' <small>Choisy</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1839 |title=Genera of ''Convolvulaceae'' tribe ''Jacquemontieae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2009-04-13}}</ref>
 
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;Tribe Maripeae
 
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*''[[Dicranostyles]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
 
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*''[[Lysiostyles]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
 
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*''[[Maripa (genus)|Maripa]]'' <small>Aubl.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1840 |title=Genera of ''Convolvulaceae'' tribe ''Maripeae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2009-04-13}}</ref>
 
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;Tribe Merremieae
 
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*''[[Decalobanthus]]'' <small>Ooststr.</small>
 
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*''[[Hewittia]]'' <small>Wight & Arn.</small>
 
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*''[[Hyalocystis]]'' <small>Hallier f.</small>
 
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*''[[Merremia]]'' <small>Dennst. ex Endl.</small> – Hawaiian woodrose
 
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*''[[Operculina]]'' <small>Silva Manso</small>
 
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*''[[Xenostegia]]'' <small>D.F.Austin & Staples</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1841 |title=Genera of ''Convolvulaceae'' tribe ''Merremieae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2009-04-13}}</ref>
 
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;''[[Incertae sedis]]''
 
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*''[[Pentacrostigma]]'' <small>K.Afzel.</small>
 
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{{div col end}}
 
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==References==
 
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{{Reflist|32em}}
 
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==Further reading==
 
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{{refbegin}}
 
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*{{cite journal |author=Daniel F. Austin |year=1973 |title=The American Erycibeae (Convolvulaceae): ''Maripa'', ''Dicranostyles'', and ''Lysiostyles'' I. Systematics |journal=[[Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden]] |volume=60 |pages=306–412 |jstor=2395089 |url=http://biostor.org/reference/11998}}
 
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*[http://www.fau.edu/divdept/biology/people/daustin/convolv.html Austin, D. F. 1997. Convolvulaceae (Morning Glory Family)]
 
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*[http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/plants/magnoliophyta/magnoliophytina/magnoliopsida/convolvulaceae/convolvulus/ Convolvulus plant]
 
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*[http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/convolvu.htm Convolvulaceae] in [https://web.archive.org/web/20101213041459/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants.]
 
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*{{cite journal |author=Daniel F. Austin |year=2000 |title=Bindweed (''Convolvulus arvensis'', Convolvulaceae) in North America – from medicine to menace |journal=[[Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society]] |volume=127 |issue=2 |pages=172–177 |jstor=3088694}}
 
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*[http://www.wlu.ca/page.php?grp_id=2147&p=8968 Costea, M. 2007-onwards. Digital Atlas of Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae)]
 
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*Lyons, K. E. 2001. [http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/convarv.html Element stewardship abstract for ''Convolvulus arvensis'' L. field bindweed.] The Nature Conservancy.
 
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*Calif. Dept. of Food and Agriculture. Undated. [http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ipc/weedinfo/convolvulus.htm Field bindweed (''Convolvulus arvensis'' L.)]
 
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*Univ. of Idaho Extension. 1999. [http://info.ag.uidaho.edu/homewise/homewise_082399.htm Homewise: No matter what we do, our morning glory weeds come back every year. Any advice? Aug. 23]
 
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*Hodges, L. 2003. [http://ianrpubs.unl.edu/horticulture/nf585.htm Bindweed identification and control options for organic production.] NebFacts. Univ. of Nebraska – Lincoln Cooperative Extension
 
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*Univ. of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. 2003. [http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7462.html Field Bindweed. Pest Notes. Publ. # 7462]
 
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*Washington State Univ. Cooperative Extension. Undated. [http://pep.wsu.edu/hortsense Hortsense: Weeds: Field bindweed (Wild morningglory): ''Convolvulus arvensis'']
 
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*Sullivan, P. 2004. [http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/PDF/bindweed.pdf Field bindweed control alternatives.] ATTRA. National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service.
 
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*Lanini, W. T. Undated. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080228052821/http://www.nswg.org/tomlanini.htm Organic weed management in vineyards.] University of California, Davis Cooperative Extension.
 
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*Cox, H. R. 1915. The eradication of bindweed or wild morning-glory. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Farmers’ Bulletin 368. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office.
 
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*{{cite book |author=J. L. Littlefield |year=2004 |chapter=Bindweeds |title=Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the United States |editor=Eric M. Coombs |location=Corvallis OR |publisher=[[Oregon State University Press]] |pages=150–157 |isbn=978-0-87071-029-2}}
 
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*New Mexico State Univ. Cooperative Extension Service. 2004. [http://www.cahe.nmsu.edu/pubs/_circulars/CR%20600.pdf Managing ''Aceria malherbae'' gall mites for control of field bindweed.]
 
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*{{cite journal |author=Sue Dockstader |year=2005 |title=Coping with field bindweed without using herbicides |journal=[[Journal of Pesticide Reform]] |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=6–7 |url=http://www.pesticide.org/solutions/home-and-garden-toolbox/weed-solutions/bindweed}}
 
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{{refend}}
 
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==External links==
 
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{{commons category}}
 
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{{wikispecies}}
 
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*[http://convolvulaceae.myspecies.info/ Convolvulaceae Unlimited]
 
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*[http://www.topwalks.net/plants/generos/convolvulaceae_01.htm Convolvulaceae in Topwalks]
 
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*[http://www.flowersinisrael.com/FamConvolvulaceae.html Family Convolvulaceae] Flowers in Israel
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Convolvulaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Asterid families]]
 

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