Difference between revisions of "Canellaceae"

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Category:Canellaceae

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-{{Automatic taxobox
+#redirect [[:Category:Canellaceae]]
-| taxon = Canellaceae
-| image = Canella alba Ypey71.jpg
-| image_caption = ''[[Canella winterana]]''<ref>1813 illustration, Tab. 71 from Adolphus Ypey, Vervolg ob de Avbeeldingen der artseny-gewassen met derzelver Nederduitsche en Latynsche beschryvingen, Eersde Deel, 1813 ''Canella winteriana'' (syn. ''C. alba''), Canellaceae published by Kurt Stüber</ref>
-| authority = [[Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius|Mart.]]<ref name="apgiii">{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract |accessdate=2010-12-10 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
-| subdivision_ranks = Genera
-| subdivision =
-*''[[Canella]]''
-*''[[Cinnamodendron]]''
-*''[[Cinnamosma]]''
-*''[[Pleodendron]]''
-*''[[Warburgia]]''
-|}}
-The '''Canellaceae''' are a [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Canellales]].<ref name="judd2008">Walter S. Judd, Christopher S. Campbell, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Peter F. Stevens, and Michael J. Donoghue. 2008. ''Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach'', Third Edition. Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA, USA. {{ISBN|978-0-87893-407-2}}</ref> The order includes only one other family, the [[Winteraceae]].<ref name="apweb">Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Canellaceae" At: [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]]. At: Botanical Databases At: [[Missouri Botanical Garden]] Website. (see ''External links'' below)</ref> Canellaceae is [[Indigenous (ecology)|native]] to the [[Afrotropic]] and [[Neotropic]] [[ecozone]]s. They are small to medium [[tree]]s, rarely [[shrub]]s, [[evergreen]] and [[Aroma compound|aromatic]].<ref name="heywood2007">Vernon H. Heywood (with David J. Mabberley). 2007. "Canellaceae" page 84. In: Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). {{ISBN|978-1-55407-206-4}}.</ref>  The flowers and fruit are often red.
-Several [[species]] of Canellaceae are important in [[herbal medicine]] or as a substitute for [[cinnamon]]. ''[[Canella winterana]]'' is the only species known in [[Gardening|cultivation]].<ref name="rhs">[[Anthony Huxley]], Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press, Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. {{ISBN|978-0-333-47494-5}} (set).</ref>
-The family is divided into five [[genera]],<ref name="kubitzki1993">Klaus Kubitzki. 1993. "Canellaceae". pages 200-203. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor); Jens G. Rohwer, and Volker Bittrich (volume editors). ''[[Kubitzki system|The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants]]'' volume II. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany / New York, US. {{ISBN|978-3-540-55509-4}} (Berlin) {{ISBN|978-0-387-55509-6}} (New York)</ref> but studies of [[DNA sequence]]s have indicated one of these genera should be split.<ref name="salazar2008">Jackeline Salazar and Kevin Nixon. 2008. "New Discoveries in the Canellaceae in the Antilles: How Phylogeny Can Support Taxonomy". ''Botanical Review'' '''74'''(1):103-111. {{doi|10.1007/s12229-008-9002-z}}</ref> These genera together comprise about 25 species. In the [[Greater Antilles]], many of these species are [[Occupancy–abundance relationship|rare]] and [[Endemism|restricted]] to small [[Range (biology)|ranges]]. As of 2008, five of the species were newly recognized and [[Undescribed taxon|not yet named]].<ref name="salazar2008"/>
-== Description ==
-Some common properties include:<ref name="kubitzki1993"/><ref name="salazar2008"/><ref name="takhtajan2009">Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). ''Flowering Plants'' second edition (2009), pages xxxvi & 31. Springer Science+Business Media. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9608-2}}. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9609-9}}. {{doi|10.1007/978-1-4020-9609-9}}  (see ''External links'' below)</ref>
-* These [[tree]]s, rarely [[shrub]]s, are [[evergreen]] and [[glabrous]].
-* The [[Plant stem|stem]]s have [[node (botany)|nodes]] with three (rarely two) [[leaf gap]]s and three [[Glossary of botanical terms#leaf trace|leaf traces]]. The [[xylem]] has narrow [[xylem ray|rays]]. The [[bark]] is [[Essential oil|aromatic]], with  prominent and unusual appearing [[lenticel]]s.
-* The [[Leaf|leaves]] have a [[Black pepper|pepper]]y [[taste]], are [[Alternate leaf|alternate]], spiral, or [[Phyllotaxis|distichous]] in arrangement, simple, entire, [[Glossary of botanical terms#coriaceous|coriaceous]], [[Petiole (botany)|petiolate]], [[pinnate]]ly [[Leaf#Venation (arrangement of the veins)|nerved]], without [[stipule]]s, with translucent ([[Glossary of botanical terms#pellucid|pellucid]]) [[Gland (botany)|glands]]. The [[parenchyma]] is without [[Palisade cell|palisade layer]] in ''[[Pleodendron]]'' and ''[[Canella]]''. The [[Stoma (botany)|stomata]] are [[Glossary of botanical terms#paracytic|paracytic]] in [[Americas|American]] genera, and [[Glossary of botanical terms#anomocytic|anomocytic]] in the [[Old World]].
-* The [[inflorescence]]s are terminal or [[axil]]lary, in a [[panicle]] (''Canella'') or a [[raceme]]; otherwise, the flowers are solitary (by reduction) and axillary.
-* The [[flower]]s are [[Floral symmetry|actinomorphic]], [[hypogynous]], and usually [[Glossary of botanical terms#trimerous|trimerous]]. The [[Receptacle (botany)|receptacle]]s are barely excavated, and the hypogynous disc is absent.
-* The three (rarely 2) [[sepal]]s are thick, coriaceous, and [[Aestivation (botany)|imbricate]].
-* The [[petal]]s number (4-)5-12, in 1-2 (-4) unlike [[Whorl (botany)|whorls]] or spirally arranged, slender, imbricate in [[bud]], usually [[Glossary of botanical terms#free|free]] ([[Connation|connate]] at the base in ''Canella'' and halfway to the apex in ''[[Cinnamosma]]'').
-* The [[androecium]] is [[Glossary of botanical terms#monadelphous|monadelphous]], [[adnation|adnate]] to the ovary. [[Stamen]]s number 6-12, apparently derived from the [[Connation|fusion]] of two whorls in ''[[Warburgia]]'' and ''Canella''. [[Anther]]s are [[Dehiscence (botany)|extrorse]] and [[Theca|bithecal]], with two [[sporangia]] per theca, attached to the outside of the [[androphore|staminal tube]], and [[Sessility (botany)|sessile]]; [[Dehiscence (botany)|dehiscence]] is by a longitudinal slit, [[Glossary of botanical terms#connective|connective]] not projecting beyond thecae or only slightly so.
-* The [[gynoecium]] is [[carpel|syncarpous]]. The [[Ovary (plants)|ovary]] has two to six [[carpel]]s, [[Locule|unilocular]] and [[superior ovary|superior]]. The [[Style (botany)|style]] is short and thick; the [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]] is [[Glossary of botanical terms#apical|apical]] and [[Glossary of botanical terms#capitate|capitate]], with two to six lobes. [[Placentation#Placentation in plants|Placentation]] is parietal. [[Ovule]]s number from two to many in one or two rows on each of the two to six placentas; they are hemianatropous to campylotropous, bitegmic, and crassinucellate.
-* The [[fruit]] is a [[berry (botany)|berry]] with a persistent [[calyx (botany)|calyx]], with two or more [[seed]]s. ''[[Cinnamosma macrocarpa]]'', in the [[Madagascar|Madagascan]] genus ''Cinnamosma'', has the largest fruit in the family, sometimes reaching {{convert|6|cm|in|abbr=on}} by {{convert|9|cm|in|abbr=on}}.
-* [[Seed]]s have [[Glossary of botanical terms#exotesta|exotestae]] (the outer layer of the testa) only; the [[Glossary of botanical terms#tegmen|tegmen]] (the inner layer of the testa) is collapsed. The seed coat has oily [[idioblast]]s; the [[endosperm]] is abundant and oily ([[Glossary of botanical terms#ruminate|ruminate]] in ''Cinnamosma''). The [[Embryo#Plant embryos|embryo]] is small and straight to slightly curved, with two [[cotyledon]]s.
-* [[Pollen]] occurs in [[Glossary of botanical terms#monad|monads]], and is delicate and monosulcate (usually with 10% of the grain trichotomosulcate); apertures are distal, [[exine]], generally tectate, and granular, intectate, and reticulate in ''[[Cinnamosma]]''; grains are small and hardly ornamented in ''[[Cinnamodendron]]'' and ''[[Warburgia]]'', largest and most highly decorated in ''[[Canella]]'' and ''[[Pleodendron]]''. The pollen is generally similar to that of the [[Myristicaceae]], which had at one time caused some [[plant systematics|systematists]] to believe the two families were closely related.
-* The [[Chromosome| chromosome number]] ''2n'' is 22, 26, or 28.<ref name="ehrendorfer2000">Friedrich Ehrendorfer and Maria Lambrou. 2000. "Chromosomes of ''Takhtajania'', other Winteraceae, and Canellaceae: phylogenetic implications". ''[[Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden]]'' '''87'''(3):407-413.</ref>
-[[Synapomorphies]] for Canellaceae include monadelphous stamens, parietal placentation, and campylotropous ovules.<ref name="salazar2008"/>
-Other notable [[Phenotypic trait|traits]] include the conspicuous lenticels, the aromatic bark, the peppery taste of the leaves, the three (rarely two) fleshy sepals, and the berry with reniform seeds.<ref name="salazar2008"/>
-Some sources indicate ''[[Cinnamodendron]]'' has 20-40 stamens, contrary to the sources that are regarded here as reliable. The very large stamen numbers (20 to 40), are probably counts of thecae or microsporangia.
-== Ecology ==
-Canellaceae has species in both [[xeric]] and [[Hydric soil|wet forests]].
-In ''[[Canella winterana]]'', the flowers are [[protogynous]]. The berries are usually red, and probably eaten by birds, which contribute to [[seed dispersal]] ([[ornithochory]]). The trees are attacked by [[larvae]] of different [[insects]], including [[dipteran]]s.
-== Phytochemistry ==
-[[File:Canella winterana Guadeloupe2.JPG|thumb | right | Fruit of ''Canella winterana'', at [[Pointe des Châteaux (Guadeloupe)|Pointe des Châteaux]], [[Guadeloupe]], October 2008]]
-[[File:Canella winteriana Guadeloupe.JPG|thumb|right | Flowers of ''C. winterana'', at Pointe des Châteaux, Guadeloupe, October 2008]]
-[[Monoterpene]]s are common, as are [[drimane]]-type [[sesquiterpene]]s, including [[cinnafragrin]]s, [[cinnamodial]], and [[capsicodendrin]]. These three sesquiterpenes are shared with only the [[Winteraceae]] in [[angiosperms]]. Canellaceae also have [[alkaloid]]s of the [[aporphine]] type, such as [[N-(cinnamoil)-tryptamine]], [[lignan]]s of the aryl-tetralin type, [[cinnamaldehyde]]s, and [[allylphenol]]s. Crystals of [[calcium oxalate]] are in the leaf mesophyll. Most species are [[cyanogenetic]]. [[Protocyanidin]]s, [[flavonol]]s, [[saponin]]s, [[sapogenin]]s, and [[ellagic acid]] are absent.{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}}
-== Uses ==
-The saro, or green sandalwood, (also known locally as ''mandravasarotra''), ''[[Cinnamosma fragrans]]'', is native to Madagascar and is exported from there to India to be burned in ceremonies. It is not related to the true [[Santalum|sandalwoods]], which are in the family [[Santalaceae]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}}
-Most species of Canellaceae produce bark that is similar in [[odor]] and [[flavor]] to [[cinnamon]], but they are not related to true [[Cinnamomum|cinnamons]], which are in the family [[Lauraceae]].
-The white cinnamon, ''[[Canella winterana]]'', a native of [[Florida]] and the [[Antilles]], is used as a [[condiment]], with [[Herbal tonic|tonic]] properties.{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}}
-Commercial production of "white cinnamon" from ''C. winterana'' has ceased,<ref name="zanoni2004">Thomas A. Zanoni. 2004. "Canellaceae". page 81. In: Nathan Smith, Scott A. Mori, Andrew Henderson, Dennis Wm. Stevenson, and Scott W. Heald (editors). ''Flowering Plants of the Neotropics''. Princeton University Press and The New York Botanical Garden. {{ISBN|978-0-691-11694-5}}.</ref> but small-scale, local production continues. The Canellaceae have long had local use as aromatic plants and as herbal medicines.
-The bark of the red cinnamon or false Winter's bark, ''[[Cinnamodendron corticosum]]'', is used as a substitute for Winter's bark (''[[Drimys winteri]]'', a member of [[Winteraceae]]) in [[Chile]] and [[Argentina]], where it is called ''canelo'', a name that is also applied to cinnamon. In [[Africa]], several species of ''[[Warburgia]]'' have [[Medicinal plants|medicinal]] uses. The barks of ''[[Warburgia salutaris]]'' and ''[[Warburgia ugandensis]]'' are used to treat [[fever]]s, [[Common cold|colds]], and [[malaria]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}} Other species are used for [[timber]] or in the production of [[resin]]s used as [[glue]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}}
-== Fossils ==
-Fossil leaves of ''Canella'' are known from the [[Pliocene]] of [[Bahia]] ([[Brazil]]).{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}} Pollen of ''[[Pleodendron]]'' is known from the [[Oligocene]] of [[Puerto Rico]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}}
-== Systematic position ==
-Depending on the [[History of plant systematics|classification system]] and the [[Phenotypic trait|characters]] considered, Canellaceae has been placed close to [[Annonaceae]], [[Myristicaceae]] or [[Winteraceae]].<ref name="heywood2007"/> In his last book, [[Armen Takhtajan]] defined the order Canellales as consisting of Canellaceae and Winteraceae.<ref name="takhtajan2009"/> This [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] is followed in the [[APG IV system]], in which the order Canellales is [[Sister taxon|sister]] to another small order, the [[Piperales]].<ref name=APGIV>{{Cite journal|authors=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/epdf|format=PDF|issn=00244074|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}}</ref>
-== Included taxa ==
-: ''Theoretical introduction to [[Taxonomy (biology)|Taxonomy]]''
-In this article, the genus ''Capsicodendron'' is maintained in [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonymy]] with ''Cinnamodendron'', although preliminary molecular [[phylogenetic]] [[Scientific paper|studies]] separate ''Capsicodendron'' from ''Cinnamodendron'' and place ''Capsicodendron'' closer to ''Cinnamosma'' and ''Warburgia'' than to ''Cinnamodendron''. This placement is not corroborated by [[Plant morphology|morphology]]. The currently recognized genera in Canellaeae can be distinguished as follows:<ref name="salazar2008"/>
-* Petals fused into a tube to the middle of their length
-: ''[[Cinnamosma]]'' [[Henri Ernest Baillon|Baill.]], 1867, Madagascar
-* Petals free or slightly connate at the base
-: * Petals 5, slightly connate at the base, inflorescence a terminal panicle
-:: ''[[Canella]]'' [[Patrick Browne|P. Browne]], 1757, Florida, Antilles, northern South America
-: * Petals 6-12, free, flowers solitary, terminal or axillary, or in axillary inflorescences
-:: * Petals 12, in 3-4 whorls, stamens 12, carpels 6
-::: ''[[Pleodendron]]'' [[Phillippe Edouard Léon van Tieghem|Tiegh.]], 1899, Greater Antilles, Costa Rica
-:: * Petals 6-10, in two whorls, stamens 6-10, carpels 2-5(-6)
-::: * Petals 6-10, stamens 6-10, carpels 2-4(-6), leaves elliptic to obovate, ripe fruit up to 2 cm in length
-:::: ''[[Cinnamodendron]]'' [[Stephan Friedrich Ladislaus Endlicher|Endl.]], 1840 (including ''Capsicodendron'' [[Frederico Carlos Hoehne|Hoehne]], 1933), Greater Antilles to southern Brazil
-::: * Petals 10, stamens 10, carpels 5, leaves oblanceolate-spatulate to elongate, ripe fruit 3-6 cm long
-:::: ''[[Warburgia]]'' [[Heinrich Gustav Adolf Engler|Engl.]], 1895, eastern and southern Africa
-== History ==
-''Canella winterana'' was an important [[medicinal plant]] of the [[indigenous peoples|natives]] of the [[Neotropic ecozone|American tropics]], and it was soon adopted as such by the [[Europeans]], as well. Dr. [[Diego Álvarez Chanca]] accompanied [[Christopher Columbus]] on his [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus|second voyage]], after which he wrote of a cinnamon (''canela'' in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]) which was unlike any of the species of cinnamon used in [[Europe]].<ref name="dalby2001">Andrew Dalby. 2001. "Christopher Columbus, Gonzalo Pizarro, and the Search for Cinnamon". ''[[Gastronomica]]: The Journal of Food and Culture'' '''1'''(2):40-49. (See ''external links'' below).</ref> He had probably reported the use of ''C. winterana''.<ref name="salazar2008"/>
-In 1737, in his ''[[Hortus Cliffortianus]]'', [[Linnaeus]] combined ''Canella'' with ''[[Drimys]]'', a genus now in [[Winteraceae]], and ''[[Cinnamomum]]'', now in ''[[Lauraceae]]'', to form a [[taxon]] which he called ''Winterania''.<ref name="linnaeus1737">Carolus Linnaeus. 1737. ''Hortus Cliffortianus'':488. Lubrecht and Cramer. Amsterdam, Netherlands. (See ''External links'' below).</ref> In 1753, in the first edition of ''[[Species Plantarum]]'', Linnaeus divided ''Winterania'' into four species.<ref name="linnaeus1753">Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné). 1753. ''Species Plantarum'', 1st edition, vol. 1, page 371. Holmiae: Impensis Laurentii Salvii (Lars Salvius). (A facsimile with an introduction by William T. Stearn was published by the Ray Society in 1957).</ref> Three of these are now in ''Cinnamomum'', and the fourth, which he called ''Laurus winterana'', consisted of what are now ''Canella winterana'' and ''[[Drimys winteri]]''. These four species were included in a [[sensu lato|broadly defined]] ''[[Laurus]]''.
-In 1756, [[Patrick Browne]] applied the [[Botanical name|name]] ''Canella'' to the species now known as ''Canella winterana''.<ref name="ipnicanella">''Canella''. In: [[International Plant Names Index]].</ref> He did not add a [[Species name|specific epithet]] to create a [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial]].<ref name="browne1756">Patrick Browne. 1756. ''The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica'':275. T.Osborne & J. Shipton: London, UK.</ref> The [[Genus name|generic name]] is [[Etymology|derived]] from ''canela'', the Spanish word for cinnamon, but the Spanish word is derived from the [[Latin]] ''canna'', meaning "a reed", or from the related [[Greek language|Greek]] ''kanna'', which refers to a piece of rolled bark.<ref name="quattrocchiI">Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. ''CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names'' volume I. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington,DC, USA. / London, UK. {{ISBN|978-0-8493-2675-2}} (vol. I). (see ''External links'' below).</ref>
-The genus ''Canella'' was not adopted by Linnaeus, who [[resurrected]] ''Winterania'' in the second edition of ''Species Plantarum'' in 1762.<ref name="linnaeus1762">Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné). 1762. ''Species Plantarum'', 2nd edition, vol. 1, page 636. Holmiae: Impensis Laurentii Salvii (Lars Salvius).</ref> He assigned to'' Winterania'' a single species, ''Winterania canella'', which was equivalent to the species he had previously called ''Laurus winterana'',.
-In 1784, [[Johan Andreas Murray]] divided ''Winterania'' into two [[Monospecificity|monospecific]] genera, the constituent species of which were ''Canella alba'' and ''Wintera aromatica''.<ref name="murray1784">Johan Andreas Murray. 1784. pages 443 and 507. In: Caroli a Linné eqvitis Systema vegetabilivm : secvndvm classes ordines genera species cvm characteribvs et differentiis, 14th edition. Johann Christian Dieterich: Gottingen, Germany.</ref> The name ''Canella alba'' was [[valid publication|validated]] by Murray in 1784,<ref name="ipnicanella"/> but it had long been in use. Linnaeus [[Citation|attributed]] the name to [[Samuel Dale (physician)|Samuel Dale]], who used it in his ''Pharmacologia'',<ref name="linnaeus1737"/> the first edition of which was published in 1693.<ref name="boulger_undated">George Simonds Boulger. date?. "Samuel Dale", entry 385. In: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 13.</ref> Patrick Browne mentions its use by [[Mark Catesby]].<ref name="browne1756"/> ''Canella alba'' was renamed as ''Canella winterana'' by [[Joseph Gaertner]] in 1788 in his [[classic]] [[Treatise|work]] ''[[De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum]]'' (''The Fruits and Seeds of Plants'').<ref name="gaertner1788">Joseph Gaertner. 1788. pages 373 and 374. In: De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum. Sumtibus Auctoris, Typis Academiae Carolinae. Stuttgart, Germany. (A facsimile edition was published by Nabu Press in 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-147-85791-7}}).</ref> The name change was required by the [[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants|rules of botanical nomenclature]]. ''Wintera aromatica'' is now known as ''[[Drimys winteri]]'' and is in the family [[Winteraceae]].
-The family Canellaceae was established by [[Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius|Carl von Martius]] in 1832 and was defined as consisting of only the genus ''Canella''.<ref name="reveal2008onward">James L. Reveal. 2008 onward. ''A checklist of suprageneric names for extant vascular plants''. At: Home Page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome. (See ''External links'' below).</ref><ref name="martius1832">Carl von Martius. 1832. Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 3: 168, 170.</ref> [[Stephan Friedrich Ladislaus Endlicher|Stephan Endlicher]] divided ''Canella'' in 1840, creating the new genus ''Cinnamodendron''. ''Cinnamosma'' was erected in 1867, ''Warburgia'' in 1895, and ''Pleodendron'' in 1899. ''Capsicodendron'' was erected in 1933. Some authors accept ''Capsicodendron'' and assign to it two species, ''Capsicodendron pimenteira'' and ''Capsicodendron dinisii''.<ref name="zanoni2004"/> Other authors subsume ''Capsicodendron'' into ''Cinnamodendron'' and ''C. pimenteira'' into ''C. dinisii''.<ref name="salazar2008"/>
-[[Molecular phylogenetic]] studies of [[DNA sequence]]s have shown ''Cinnamodendron'', as traditionally circumscribed, is [[polyphyletic]], consisting of two distinct [[Clade|groups]].<ref name="salazar2008"/> These groups are [[Plant morphology|morphologically]] different and their [[Range (biology)|ranges]] do not overlap.
-One of these groups is [[Plant taxonomy|related]] to the [[Africa]]n genera ''Cinnamosma'' and ''Warburgia'', and might be [[paraphyletic]] over them. It consists of eight species, one of which was named in 2005.<ref name="hammel2005">Barry E. Hammel and Nelson A. Zamora. 2005. "''Pleodendron costaricense'' (Canellaceae), a new species for Costa Rica". ''Lankesteriana'' '''5'''(3):211-218.</ref> Two other species in this group have not been formally named and described in the scientific literature.<ref name="salazar2008"/> This group is restricted to [[South America]]. Since it includes the [[type species]], ''[[Cinnamodendron axillare]]'', it will retain the name ''Cinnamodendron''.
-The other group of ''Cinnamodendron'' species is [[sister taxon|most closely related]] to ''Pleodendron'' and is restricted to the [[Greater Antilles]]. It consists of six species, two of which remain unnamed.<ref name="salazar2008"/> The name ''[[Antillodendron]]'' has been proposed for this group, but this name is considered by some to be [[Correct name (botany)|invalid]] because it was not effectively published.<ref name="tropicos_antillodendron">''Antillodendron'' In: Tropicos At: Missouri Botanical Garden. (See ''External links'' below).</ref>
-== References ==
-{{Reflist}}
-== External links ==
-{{commons category|Canellaceae}} {{Wikispecies}}
-=== Pictures ===
-* [http://www.mobot.org/mobot/Madagasc/Image/622_058l.JPG Flowers of ''Cinnamosma madagascariensis'']
-* [http://132.236.163.181/images/DR/Canella4.jpg Flowers of ''Canella winterana'']
-* [http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/images/14/140560-3.jpg ''Warburgia salutaris'' in fruit]
-* [http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/de-jesus.15/Hispaniola/cinamodendron%20ekmanii2.JPG Flowers of ''Cinnamodendron ekmanii'']
-=== Words ===
-* [http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Canellaceae.htm Neotropical Canellaceae] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/index.htm Family Index] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey.htm Neotropikey] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/projects.htm Projects and Programmes] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/index.htm Tropical America Project] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.kew.org/science-research-data/kew-in-depth/index.htm Kew in depth] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.kew.org/science-research-data/index.htm Scientific Research and Data] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.kew.org/ Kew Gardens]
-* [http://data.kew.org/cgi-bin/vpfg1992/genlist.pl?CANELLACEAE List of Genera in Canellaceae] {{color|green|At:}} [http://data.kew.org/vpfg1992/genlist.html#D Dicotyledons] {{color|green|At:}} [http://data.kew.org/vpfg1992/genlist.html List Genera within a Family] {{color|green|At:}} [http://data.kew.org/vpfg1992/vascplnt.html Vascular Plant Families and Genera] {{color|green|At:}} [http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/about.do About the Checklist] {{color|green|At:}} [http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do World Checklist of Selected Plant Families] {{color|green|At:}} [http://epic.kew.org/datasources.htm Data Sources] {{color|green|At:}} [http://epic.kew.org/index.htm ePIC] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.kew.org/data/ Scientific Databases] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.kew.org/ Kew Gardens]
-* [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?204 List of Genera in Canellaceae] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?204 Canellaceae] {{color|green|At:}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20000816163915/http://www.ars-grin.gov:80/cgi-bin/npgs/html/famlist.pl List of families] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxfam.pl?language=en Families and Genera in GRIN] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/queries.pl?language=en Queries] {{color|green|At:}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20041015103620/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/index.pl GRIN taxonomy for plants]
-* [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/3426 ''Canella winterana''] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/3425 ''Canella''] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/3424 Canellaceae] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/71187 Canellales] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/232347 Magnoliids] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/3398 Magnoliophyta (flowering plants)] ... {{color|violet|In: &middot;&middot;&middot;}} [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/3193 Embryophyta] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/131221 Streptophytina] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/35493 Streptophyta] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/33090 Viridiplantae] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/2759 Eukaryota] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/ Taxonomy] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.uniprot.org/ UniProt]
-* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10153 Canellaceae] {{color|green|In:}} [http://www.efloras.org/volume_page.aspx?volume_id=1003&flora_id=1 Volume 3] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=1 Family List] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1 FNA (Flora of North America)] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.efloras.org/ eFloras]
-* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/canellac.htm Canellaceae] {{color|green|In:}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20101213041459/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ Leslie Watson and Michael J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards), ''The families of flowering plants'']
-* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=3424&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser: Cannellaceae]
-* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/maps/canellaceae.gif Distribution Map] {{color|green|And}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/genera/canellaceaegen.html Genus List] {{color|green|At:}}   [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/canellalesweb.htm#Canellaceae Canellaceae] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/canellalesweb.htm#Canellales Canellales] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/treeapweb2map.html Trees] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html APweb] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/alldb.shtml botanical databases] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/plant-science/plant-science/about-science-conservation.aspx About Science & Conservation] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/ Missouri Botanical Garden]
-* [https://books.google.com/books?id=oumyfO-NHuUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Flowering+Plants+Takhtajan&source=bl&ots=iKhzN4ysw3&sig=h44201Q58Tem8KoYWLOmStke78o&hl=en&ei=DxgHTaCONsSqlAeF5MnZDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false page xxxvii] {{color|green|In:}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=oumyfO-NHuUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Flowering+Plants+Takhtajan&source=bl&ots=iKhzN4ysw3&sig=h44201Q58Tem8KoYWLOmStke78o&hl=en&ei=DxgHTaCONsSqlAeF5MnZDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Flowering Plants'' (Takhtajan)]
-* [http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9780849326752 CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: A-C] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.crcpress.com/ecommerce_product/browse_book_categories.jsf?category=LIF02A Botany & Plant Science] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.crcpress.com/ecommerce_product/browse_book_categories.jsf?category=LIF Life Science] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.crcpress.com/ CRC Press]
-* [http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/gfc.2001.1.2.40 The search for cinnamon] {{color|green|In:}} [http://www.gastronomica.org/ Gastronomica]
-* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/397277 page 488] {{color|green|In:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/396791 ''Hortus Cliffortianus''] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/690 View Record for title 2450] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/H Titles/H] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles Titles] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ Biodiversity Heritage Library]
-* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358390 page 371] {{color|green|In:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358012 ''Species Plantarum'', 1st ed. (1753)] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669 View Record of title 25] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/825 Titles by Carl von Linné (1707-1778)] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/authors/L Authors / L] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/authors/A Authors] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ Biodiversity Heritage Library]
-* [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=6F88FD683733E6941C51A450D8969C8F?find_family=&find_genus=Canella&find_species=&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch ''Canella''] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/plantnamesearchpage.do Plant Names] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ipni.org/ IPNI]
-* [http://www.botanicus.org/page/1148093 ''Canella''] {{color|green|In:}} [http://www.botanicus.org/page/1147804 ''The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica''] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.botanicus.org/creator/676 Patrick Browne] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.botanicus.org/browse/authors Authors] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.botanicus.org/ Botanicus]
-* [[s:Dale, Samuel (DNB00)|Samuel Dale]] {{color|green|In:}} [[s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900|Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900]] {{color|green|At:}} [[s:Main Page|Wikisource]]
-* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11629090 page 636] {{color|green|In:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11628439 ''Species Plantarum'' 2nd edition, volume 1] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/11179 View Record for title 26] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/825 Titles by Carl von Linné (1707-1778)] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/authors/L Authors / L] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/authors/A Authors] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ Biodiversity Heritage Library]
-* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32345257 Canella on page 443] {{color|green|And}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32345321 Wintera on page 507] {{color|green|In:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32344859 Systema Vegetabilium (1784)] {{color|green|At:}}  [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/46560 View Record] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/34757 Titles by Johann Andreas Murray] {{color|green|Or}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/663 Titles by Johan Anders Murray] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/authors/M Authors/M] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/authors/A Authors] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ Biodiversity Heritage Library]
-* [http://www.botanicus.org/page/2129665 page 373] {{color|green|And}} [http://www.botanicus.org/page/2129666 page 374] {{color|green|In:}} [http://www.botanicus.org/page/2129099 ''De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum''] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.botanicus.org/creator/590 Joseph Gaertner] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.botanicus.org/browse/authors Author List] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.botanicus.org/ Botanicus Digital Library]
-* [http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/famCA-CL.html Families CA-CL] {{color|green|In:}} [http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/allspgnames.html Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/ Home Page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome]
-* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/742201 page 168] {{color|green|Of}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/742030 Nova genera et species plantarum, vol. 3] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/450 View Record for title 12] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/504 Titles by Karl Friedrich Philipp von Martius] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/authors/A Authors] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ Biodiversity Heritage Library]
-* [http://www.tropicos.org/Name/100375345 ''Antillodendron'' (search exact)] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx Name Search] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.tropicos.org/ Tropicos] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/plant-science/plant-science/about-science-conservation.aspx About Science and Conservation] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/ Missouri Botanical Garden]
-{{taxonbar}}
-[[Category:Canellaceae| ]]
-[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
-[[Category:Magnoliid families]]

Difference between revisions of "Canellaceae"

Latest revision as of 20:12, 8 September 2017

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