Difference between revisions of "Fagaceae"

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{{Automatic taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Fagaceae]]
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|name = Beech family
 
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|image = Quercus ilex rotundifolia.jpg
 
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|image_caption = Holm oak (''Quercus ilex'' subsp. ''rotundifolia'')
 
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|taxon = Fagaceae
 
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|authority = [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph du Mortier|Dumort.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-06-26 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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|type_genus = ''[[Beech|Fagus]]''
 
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|type_genus_authority = L.
 
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|subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
 
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|subdivision = See text.
 
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|range_map = Fagaceae Distribution.svg
 
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|range_map_caption = The range of Fagaceae.
 
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|synonyms =
 
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* Castaneaceae <small>Brenner</small>
 
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* Quercaceae <small>Martinov</small>
 
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}}
 
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'''Fagaceae''' is a family of [[flowering plants]] that includes [[beech]]es and [[oak]]s, and comprises eight genera with about 927 species.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W.  |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> The Fagaceae are [[deciduous]] or [[evergreen]] trees and shrubs, characterized by alternate simple [[leaves]] with pinnate venation, unisexual [[flower]]s in the form of [[catkin]]s, and fruit in the form of cup-like ([[Calybium and cupule|cupule]]) nuts. Their leaves are often lobed and both [[petiole (botany)|petiole]]s and [[stipule]]s are generally present. Leaf characteristics of Fagaceae can be very similar to those of [[Rosaceae]] and other [[Rose Motif|rose motif]] families. Their fruits lack [[endosperm]] and lie in a scaly or spiny husk that may or may not enclose the entire nut, which may consist of one to seven seeds. In the [[oak]]s, genus ''Quercus'', the fruit is a non-valved nut (usually containing one seed) called an acorn. The husk of the acorn in most oaks only forms a cup in which the nut sits. Fagaceae is one of the most ecologically important woody plant families in the Northern Hemisphere, as oaks form the backbone of temperate forests in North America, Europe, and Asia and one of the most significant sources of wildlife fodder.
 
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A characteristic of Fagaceae is their tendency to easily cross-pollinate with members of their same genus/section. In particular, oaks of the same section cross so easily that it is unclear how they manage to stay morphologically distinct.
 
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Several members of the Fagaceae have important economic uses. Many species of [[oak]], [[chestnut]], and [[beech]] (genera ''Quercus'', ''Castanea'', and ''Fagus'', respectively) are commonly used as timber for floors, furniture, cabinets, and wine barrels.  Cork for stopping wine bottles and a myriad other uses is made from the bark of cork oak, ''[[Quercus suber]].'' [[Chestnut]]s are the fruits from species of the genus ''Castanea.'' Numerous species from several genera are prominent ornamentals, and wood chips from the genus ''[[Beech|Fagus]]'' are often used in flavoring beers.
 
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==Classification==
 
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The Fagaceae are often divided into five or six subfamilies and are generally accepted to include 8 (to 10) genera (listed below). [[Monophyly]] of the Fagaceae is strongly supported by both [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] (especially fruit morphology) and [[molecular phylogeny|molecular]] data.<ref name="Judd, Walter S. 2008">Judd, Walter S., Christopher S. Campbell, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Peter F. Stevens, Michael J. Donoghue. ''Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach Third Edition''. Sinauer Associates, inc. Sunderland, MA 2008.</ref>
 
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The Southern Hemisphere genus ''[[Nothofagus]],'' commonly the '''southern beeches''', was historically placed in the Fagaceae sister to the genus ''[[Beech|Fagus]]'',<ref>Cronquist, Arthur.  ''An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants''. Columbia University Press: New York, NY 1981.</ref> but recent molecular evidence suggests otherwise.  While ''Nothofagus'' shares a number of common characteristics with the Fagaceae, such as cupule fruit structure, it differs significantly in a number of ways, including distinct stipule and pollen morphology, as well as having a different number of [[chromosome]]s.<ref>Takhtajan, Armen.  ''Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants''. Columbia University Press, New York 1997.</ref> The currently accepted view by systematic botanists is to place ''Nothofagus'' in its own family, [[Nothofagaceae]].<ref name="Judd, Walter S. 2008"/>
 
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==Subfamilies and Genera==
 
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* Fagoideae <small>K. Koch</small>
 
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**''[[beech|Fagus]]'' <small>L.</small>—beeches; about 10 to 13 species, north temperate east Asia, southwest Asia, Europe, eastern North America
 
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* Quercoideae <small>Õrsted</small>
 
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**''[[chestnut|Castanea]]'' <small>Mill. 1754</small>—chestnuts; eight species, north temperate east Asia, southwest Asia, southeast Europe, eastern North America
 
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**''[[Castanopsis]]'' <small>(D. Don) Spach 1841</small>—chinquapins or chinkapins; about 125–130 species, southeast Asia
 
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**''[[Chrysolepis]]'' <small>Hjelmq. 1948</small>—golden chinkapins; two species, western United States
 
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**''[[Lithocarpus]]'' <small>Blume 1826</small>—stone oaks; about 330-340 species, warm temperate to tropical Asia
 
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**''[[Notholithocarpus]]'' <small>P. S. Manos, C. H. Cannon & S.H. Oh 2008 [2009]</small>—Tanoaks; 1 species (formerly ''[[Lithocarpus densiflorus]]''), endemic to [[California]] and southwest [[Oregon]]
 
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**''[[oak|Quercus]]'' <small>L. 1753</small>—oaks; about 600 species, widespread [[Northern Hemisphere]], crossing the [[equator]] in [[Indonesia]]
 
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**''[[Trigonobalanus]]'' <small>Forman 1962</small>—one species ''T. verticillata'', tropical southeast Asia (three species if ''Colombobalanus'' and ''Formanodendron'' are included)
 
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The ''Quercus'' subgenus ''Cyclobalanopsis'' is treated as a distinct genus by the [http://flora.huh.harvard.edu:8080/flora/browse.do?flora_id=2&taxon_id=108828 ''Flora of China''], but as a subgenus by most taxonomists.
 
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The genus ''[[Nothofagus]]'' (southern beeches; about 40 species from the Southern Hemisphere), formerly included in the Fagaceae, is now treated in the separate family [[Nothofagaceae]].
 
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==Distribution==
 
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The Fagaceae are widely distributed across the [[Northern Hemisphere]].  Genus-level diversity is concentrated in Southeast [[Asia]], where most of the extant genera are thought to have evolved before migrating to [[Europe]] and [[North America]] (via the [[Bering Land Bridge]]).<ref>{{cite journal | author = Manos PS, Stanford AM. | year = 2001 | title = The historical biogeography of Fagaceae: Tracking the tertiary history of temperate and subtropical forests of the Northern Hemisphere | journal = International Journal of Plant Sciences | volume = 162 | issue =  Suppl. 6 | pages = S77–S93}}</ref> Members of the Fagaceae (such as ''[[Fagus grandifolia]]'', ''[[Castanea dentata]]'' and ''[[Quercus alba]]'' in the Northeastern [[United States]], or ''[[Fagus sylvatica]]'', ''[[Quercus robur]]'' and ''[[Quercus petraea|Q. petraea]]'' in Europe) are often ecologically dominant in northern [[temperate forest]]s.
 
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==Systematics==
 
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Modern [[molecular phylogenetics]] suggest the following relationships:<ref>{{cite journal | author = Manos PS, Cannon CH, Oh, S-H. | year = 2008 | title = Phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic status of the paleoendemic Fagaceae of Western North America: recognition of a new genus, ''Notholithocarpus'' | journal = [[Madroño (journal)|Madroño]] | volume = 55 | issue = 3 | pages = 181–190| url = http://www.ecologicalevolution.org/content/pdf/Manos09_Notholithocarpus.pdf | doi = 10.3120/0024-9637-55.3.181}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Xiang X-G, Wang W, Li R-Q, Lin L, Liu Y, Zhou Z-K, Li Z-Y, Chen Z-D. | year = 2014 | title = Large-scale phylogenetic analyses reveal fagalean diversification promoted by the interplay of diaspores and environments in the Paleogene | journal = Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics | volume = 16 | pages = 101–110 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1433831914000201 | doi = 10.1016/j.ppees.2014.03.001}}</ref>
 
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{{Clade| style=line-height:75%;
 
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|1={{clade
 
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  |1=[[Nothofagaceae]]&nbsp;([[Outgroup (cladistics)|outgroup]])
 
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  |label2=Fagaceae
 
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  |2={{clade
 
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    |label1=Fagoideae
 
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    |1=''[[beech|Fagus]]''
 
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    |label2=Quercoideae
 
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    |2={{clade
 
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      |1=''[[Trigonobalanus]]''
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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        |1={{clade
 
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          |1=''[[Lithocarpus]]''
 
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          |2=''[[Chrysolepis]]''
 
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          }}
 
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        |2={{clade
 
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          |1=''[[oak|Quercus]]&nbsp;pro&nbsp;parte''
 
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          |2={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Notholithocarpus]]''
 
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            |2={{clade
 
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              |1=''[[oak|Quercus]]&nbsp;pro&nbsp;parte''
 
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              |2={{clade
 
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                |1=''[[Castanopsis]]''
 
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                |2=''[[chestnut|Castanea]]''
 
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                }}
 
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              }}
 
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            }}
 
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          }}
 
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      }}
 
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  }}
 
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}}
 
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==References==
 
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{{reflist|2}}
 
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==External links==
 
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{{commons category|Fagaceae|<br/>Fagaceae|position=left}}
 
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*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10338 Flora of China: Fagaceae]
 
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*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10338 Flora of North America: Fagaceae]
 
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*[http://www.topwalks.net/plants/generos/fagaceae.htm Fagaceae in Topwalks]
 
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*[http://www.cirrusimage.com/trees_Fagaceae.htm Family Fagaceae] Diagnostic photos of many species at The [[Morton Arboretum]]
 
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[[Category:Fagaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Fagales]]
 
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[[Category:Rosid families]]
 

Latest revision as of 19:49, 8 September 2017

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