Difference between revisions of "Cucurbitaceae"

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{{more footnotes|date=October 2015}}
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#redirect [[:Category:Cucurbitaceae]]
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{{taxobox
 
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|name = Cucurbitaceae
 
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|image = Hodgsonia heteroclita male.jpg
 
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|image_caption = ''[[Hodgsonia]]'' male plant
 
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|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
 
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
 
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|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
 
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|ordo = [[Cucurbitales]]
 
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|familia = '''Cucurbitaceae'''
 
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|familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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|type_genus = ''[[Cucurbita]]''
 
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|type_genus_authority = [[L.]]
 
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|subdivision_ranks = Tribes and Species
 
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|subdivision = See text.
 
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}}
 
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The '''Cucurbitaceae''', also called '''cucurbits''' and the '''[[gourd]] family''', are a [[plant]] [[family (biology)|family]] consisting of about 965 species in around 95 [[genera]],<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W.  |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> the most important of which are:
 
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*''[[Cucurbita]]'' – [[Squash (plant)|squash]], [[pumpkin]], [[zucchini]], some [[gourd]]s
 
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*''[[Lagenaria]]'' – mostly inedible gourds
 
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*''[[Citrullus]]'' – [[watermelon]] (''C. lanatus'', ''C. colocynthis'') and others
 
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*''[[Cucumis]]'' – [[cucumber]] (''C. sativus''), various [[melon]]s
 
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*''[[Luffa]]'' – the common name is also luffa, sometimes spelled loofah (when fully ripened, two species of this fibrous fruit are the source of the loofah scrubbing sponge)
 
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The plants in this family are grown around the tropics and in temperate areas, where those with edible fruits were among the earliest cultivated plants both in the Old and New Worlds. The Cucurbitaceae family ranks among the highest of plant families for number and percentage of species used as human food.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/1492/cucurbits.html|title=Cucurbits|publisher=Purdue University|accessdate=August 26, 2013}}</ref>
 
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The Cucurbitaceae consist of 98 proposed genera with 975 species,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/|title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website|work=mobot.org}}</ref> mainly in regions tropical and subtropical. All species are sensitive to frost. Most of the plants in this family are [[Annual plant|annual]] [[vine]]s, but some are woody [[liana]]s, thorny shrubs, or trees (''[[Dendrosicyos]]''). Many species have large, yellow or white flowers. The stems are hairy and pentangular. [[Tendril]]s are present at 90° to the leaf petioles at nodes. Leaves are [[exstipulate]] alternate simple [[Leaf shape|palmately]] lobed or palmately compound. The flowers are [[unisexual]], with male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious) or on the same plant (monoecious). The female flowers have [[Ovary (plants)#Inferior ovary|inferior ovaries]]. The fruit is often a kind of modified [[berry (botany)|berry]] called a [[Berry_(botany)#Modified_berries |pepo]].
 
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==Fossil history==
 
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One of the oldest [[fossil]] records so far is ''Cucurbitaciphyllum lobatum'' from the [[Paleocene]] epoch, found at Shirley Canal, [[Montana]]. It was described for the first time in 1924 by Knowlton. The fossil leaf is [[Glossary of leaf shapes|palmate]], trilobed with rounded lobal sinuses and an entire or [[serrate]] margin. It has a leaf pattern similar to the members of the genera ''[[Kedrostis]]'', ''[[Melothria]]'' and ''[[Zehneria]]''.<ref>Revisions to Roland Brown's North American Paleocene Flora by Steven R. Manchester at Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. Published in Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Series B - Historia Naturalis, vol. 70, 2014, no. 3-4, pp. 153-210.</ref>
 
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== Classification ==
 
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=== Tribal Classification ===
 
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[[File:Cucurbitaceae 2.jpg|thumb|Pumpkins and squashes displayed in a show competition]]
 
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[[File:Cucurbits (Cucurbitaceae).jpg|thumb|right|A selection of cucurbits of the South Korean Genebank in Suwon]]
 
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[[File:2016-11-10 Cucurbits (Cucurbitaceae) Madrid Botanico.jpg|thumb|Cucurbits on display at the [[Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid]], with the title "Variedades de calabaza"]]
 
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The most recent classification of Cucurbitaceae delineates 15 tribes:<ref name="Schaefer">{{cite journal | author = Schaefer H, Renner SS. | year = 2011 | title = Phylogenetic relationships in the order Cucurbitales and a new classification of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae) | journal = [[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] | volume = 60 | issue = 1 | pages = 122–138 | url = http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2011/00000060/00000001/art00011 | archive-url = http://www.umsl.edu/~renners/Schaefer&Renner_Cucs_Taxon2011.pdf | archive-date = 27 February 2017 | doi = | jstor = 41059827}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Schaefer H, Kocyan A, Renner SS. | year = 2007 | title = Phylogenetics of ''Cucumis'' (Cucurbitaceae): Cucumber (''C. sativus'') belongs in an Asian/Australian clade far from melon (''C. melo'') | journal = [[BMC Evolutionary Biology]] | volume = 7 | pages = 58–69 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-7-58 | pmid = 17425784 | pmc = 3225884}}</ref>
 
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{{div col|colwidth=350px}}
 
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* '''Tribe [[Gomphogyneae]] <small>Benth. & Hook. f. 1867</small>'''
 
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** ''[[Alsomitra]]'' <small>(Blume) Spach 1838</small> (1 sp.)
 
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** ''[[Bayabusua]]'' <small></small> (1 sp.)
 
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** ''[[Gomphogyne]]'' <small>Griff. 1845</small> (2 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Gynostemma]]'' <small>Blume 1825</small> (10 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Hemsleya]]'' <small>Cogn. ex F.B. Forbes & Hemsl. 1888</small> (30 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Neoalsomitra]]'' <small>Hutch. 1942</small> (12 spp.)
 
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* '''Tribe [[Triceratieae]] <small>A. Rich. 1845</small>''' <!-- = Fevilleeae Benth. & Hook. f. 1867. -->
 
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** ''[[Anisosperma]]'' <small>Silva Manso 1836</small> (1 sp.)
 
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<!-- Chalema Dieterle 1980 is a synonym of Sicydium. -->
 
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** ''[[Cyclantheropsis]]'' <small>Harms 1896</small> (3 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Fevillea]]'' <small>L. 1753</small> (8 spp.)
 
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<!-- Pseudosicydium Harms 1927 is a synonym of Pteropepon. -->
 
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** ''[[Pteropepon]]'' <small>(Cogn.) Cogn. 1916</small> (5 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Sicydium]]'' <small>Schltdl. 1832</small> (7 spp.)
 
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* '''Tribe [[Zanonieae]] <small>Benth. & Hook. f. 1867</small>'''
 
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** ''[[Gerrardanthus]]'' <small>Harvey in Hook. f. 1867</small> (3–5 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Siolmatra]]'' <small>Baill. 1885</small> (1 sp.)
 
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** ''[[Xerosicyos]]'' <small>Humbert 1939</small> (5 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Zanonia]]'' <small>L. 1753</small> (1 sp.)
 
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<!-- Zygosicyos Humbert 1945 is a synonym of Xerosicyos. -->
 
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* '''Tribe [[Actinostemmateae]] <small>H. Schaef. & S.S. Renner 2011</small>'''
 
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** ''[[Actinostemma]]'' <small>Griff. 1841</small> (3 spp.)
 
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<!-- Bolbostemma Franquet 1930 is a synonym of Actinostemma. -->
 
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* '''Tribe [[Indofevilleeae]] <small>H. Schaef. & S.S. Renner 2011</small>'''
 
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** ''[[Indofevillea]]'' <small>Chatterjee 1946</small> (1 sp.)
 
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* '''Tribe [[Thladiantheae]] <small>H. Schaef. & S.S. Renner 2011</small>'''
 
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** ''[[Baijiania]]'' <small>A.M. Lu & J.Q. Li 1993</small> (30 spp.)
 
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<!-- Sinobaijiania C. Jeffrey & W.J. de Wilde 2006 is a synonym of Baijiania. -->
 
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** ''[[Thladiantha]]'' <small>Bunge 1833</small> (5 spp.)
 
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* '''Tribe [[Siraitieae]] <small>H. Schaef. & S.S. Renner 2011</small>'''
 
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** ''[[Siraitia]]'' <small>Merr. 1934</small> (3–4 spp.)
 
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* '''Tribe [[Momordiceae]] <small>H. Schaef. & S.S. Renner 2011</small>'''
 
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** ''[[Momordica]]'' <small>L. 1753</small> (60 spp.)
 
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* '''Tribe [[Joliffieae]] <small>Schrad. 1838</small>''' <!-- = Telfairieae Arn. 1841 -->
 
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** ''[[Ampelosicyos]]'' <small>Thouars 1808</small> (5 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Cogniauxia]]'' <small>Baill. 1844</small> (2 spp.)
 
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<!-- Odosicyos Keraudren 1980 [1981] is a synonym of Ampelosicyos. -->
 
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** ''[[Telfairia]]'' <small>Hook. 1827</small> (3 spp.)
 
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<!-- Tricyclandra Keraudren 1965 [1966] is a synonym of Ampelosicyos. -->
 
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* '''Tribe [[Bryonieae]] <small>Dumort. 1827</small>'''
 
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** ''[[Austrobryonia]]'' <small>H. Schaef. 2008</small> (4 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Bryonia]]'' <small>L. 1753</small> (10 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Ecballium]]'' <small>A. Rich. 1824</small> (1 sp.)
 
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* '''Tribe [[Schizopeponeae]] <small>C. Jeffrey 1964</small>'''
 
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<!-- Biswarea Cogn. 1882 is a synonym of Herpetospermum. -->
 
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<!-- Edgaria C.B. Clarke 1876 is a synonym of Herpetospermum. -->
 
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** ''[[Herpetospermum]]'' <small>Wall. ex Hook. f. 1867</small> (3 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Schizopepon]]'' <small>Maxim. 1859</small> (6–8 spp.)
 
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* '''Tribe [[Sicyoeae]] <small>Schrad. 1838</small>''' <!-- = Sicyoideae orth. var. -->
 
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<!-- Apatzingania Dieterle 1974 is a synonym of Echinopepon. -->
 
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<!-- Brandegea Cogn. 1890 is a synonym of Echinopepon. -->
 
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<!-- Cremastopus Paul G. Wilson 1962 is a synonym of Cyclanthera. -->
 
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** ''[[Cyclanthera]]'' <small>Schrad. 1831</small> (40 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Echinocystis]]'' <small>Torr. & A. Gray 1840</small> (1 sp.)
 
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** ''[[Echinopepon]]'' <small>Naudin 1866</small> (20 spp., including ''[[Brandegea]]'' <small>Cogn. 1890</small>)
 
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<!-- Elateriopsis Ernst 1873 is a synonym of Hanburia. -->
 
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** ''[[Frantzia]]'' <small>Pittier 1910</small> (5 spp.)
 
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<!-- Gymnopetalum Arn. 1840 is a synonym of Trichosanthes. -->
 
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** ''[[Hanburia]]'' <small>Seem. 1858</small> (7 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Hodgsonia]]'' <small>Hook. f. & Thomson 1854</small> (2 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Linnaeosicyos]]'' <small>H. Schaef. & Kocyan 2008</small> (1 sp.)
 
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** ''[[Luffa]]'' <small>Mill. 1754</small> (5–7 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Marah (plant)|Marah]]'' <small>Kellogg 1854</small> (7 spp.)
 
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<!-- Microsechium Naudin 1866 is a synonym of Sicyos. -->
 
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** ''[[Nothoalsomitra]]'' <small>Hutch. 1942</small> (1 sp.)
 
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<!-- Parasicyos Dieterle 1975 is a synonym of Sicyos. -->
 
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<!-- Pseudocyclanthera Mart. Crov. 1954 is a synonym of Cyclanthera. -->
 
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<!-- Pterosicyos Brandegee 1914 is a synonym of Sicyos. -->
 
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<!-- Rytidostylis Hook. & Arn. 1841 [1840] is a synonym of Cyclanthera. -->
 
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<!-- Sechiopsis Naudin 1866 is a synonym of Sicyos. -->
 
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<!-- Sechium P. Browne 1756 is a synonym of Sicyos. -->
 
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<!-- Sicyocaulis Wiggins 1970 is a synonym of Sicyos. -->
 
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** ''[[Sicyos]]'' <small>L. 1753</small> (75 spp., including ''[[Sechium]]'' <small>P. Browne 1756</small>)
 
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<!-- Sicyosperma A. Gray 1853 is a synonym of Sicyos. -->
 
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** ''[[Trichosanthes]]'' <small>L. 1753</small> (≤100 spp.)
 
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<!-- Vaseyanthus Cogn. 1891 is a synonym of Echinopepon. -->
 
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* '''Tribe [[Coniandreae]] <small>Endl. 1839</small>'''
 
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** ''[[Apodanthera]]'' <small>Arn. 1841</small> (16 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Bambekea]]'' <small>Cogn. 1916</small> (1 sp.)
 
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** ''[[Ceratosanthes]]'' <small>Adans. 1763</small> (4 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Corallocarpus]]'' <small>Welw. ex Benth. & Hook. f. 1867</small> (17 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Cucurbitella]]'' <small>Walp. 1846</small> (1 sp.)
 
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** ''[[Dendrosicyos]]'' <small>Balf. f. 1882</small> (1 sp.)
 
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<!-- Dieterlea E.J. Lott 1986 is a synonym of Ibervillea. -->
 
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** ''[[Doyerea]]'' <small>Grosourdy 1864</small> (1 sp.)
 
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** ''[[Eureiandra]]'' <small>Hook. f. 1867</small> (8 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Gurania]]'' <small>(Schltdl.) Cogn. 1875</small> (37 spp.)
 
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<!-- Guraniopsis Cogn. 1908 is a synonym of Apodanthera. -->
 
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** ''[[Halosicyos]]'' <small>Mart. Crov 1947</small> (1 sp.)
 
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** ''[[Helmontia]]'' <small>Cogn. 1875</small> (2–4 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Ibervillea]]'' <small>Greene 1895</small> (9–10 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Kedrostis]]'' <small>Medik. 1791</small> (28 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Melotrianthus]]'' <small>M. Crovetto 1954</small> (1–3 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Psiguria]]'' <small>Neck. ex Arn. 1841</small> (6–12 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Seyrigia (Plant)|Seyrigia]]'' <small>Keraudren 1960 [1961]</small> (6 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Trochomeriopsis]]'' <small>Cogn. 1881</small> (1 sp.)
 
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** ''[[Tumamoca]]'' <small>Rose 1912</small> (2 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Wilbrandia]]'' <small>Silva Manso 1836</small> (5 spp.)
 
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* '''Tribe [[Benincaseae]] <small>Ser. 1825</small>'''
 
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** ''[[Acanthosicyos]]'' <small>Welw. ex Hook. f. 1867</small> (1 sp.)
 
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<!-- Anangia W.J. de Wilde & Duyfjes 2006 is a synonym of Zehneria. -->
 
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** ''[[Benincasa]]'' <small>Savi 1818</small> (2 spp., including ''[[Praecitrullus]]'' <small>Pangalo 1944</small>)
 
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** ''[[Borneosicyos]]'' <small></small> (1–2 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Cephalopentandra]]'' <small>Chiov. 1929</small> (1 sp.)
 
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** ''[[Citrullus]]'' <small>Schrad. 1836</small> (4 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Coccinia]]'' <small>Wight & Arn. 1834</small> (30 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Ctenolepis]]'' <small>Hook. f. 1867</small> (3 spp.)
 
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<!-- Cucumella Chiov. 1929 is a synonym of Cucumis. -->
 
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<!-- Cucumeropsis Naudin 1866 is a synonym of Melothria. -->
 
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** ''[[Cucumis]]'' <small>L. 1753</small> (65 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Dactyliandra]]'' <small>Hook. f. 1871</small> (2 spp.)
 
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<!-- Dicaelosperma Pax 1889 is a synonym of Cucumis. -->
 
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** ''[[Diplocyclos]]'' <small>(Endl.) T. Post & Kuntze 1903</small> (4 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Indomelothria]]'' <small></small> (2 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Khmeriosicyos]]'' <small></small> (1 sp.)
 
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** ''[[Lagenaria]]'' <small>Ser. 1825</small> (6 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Lemurosicyos]]'' <small>Keraudren 1963 [1964]</small> (1 sp.)
 
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<!-- Melancium Naudin 1862 is a synonym of Melothria. -->
 
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** ''[[Melothria]]'' <small>L. 1753</small> (12 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Muellerargia]]'' <small>Cogn. 1881</small> (2 sp.)
 
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<!-- Mukia Arn. 1840 is a synonym of Cucumis. -->
 
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<!-- Myrmecosicyos C. Jeffrey 1962 is a synonym of Cucumis. -->
 
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<!-- Neoachmandra W.J. de Wilde & Duyfjes 2006 is a synonym of Zehneria. -->
 
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<!-- Oreosyce Hook. f. 1871 is a synonym of Cucumis. -->
 
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** ''[[Papuasicyos]]'' <small></small> (8 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Peponium]]'' <small>Engl. 1897</small> (20 spp.)
 
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<!-- Posadaea Cogn. 1890 is a synonym of Melothria. -->
 
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<!-- Praecitrullus Pangalo 1944 is a synonym of Benincasa. -->
 
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** ''[[Raphidiocystis]]'' <small>Hook. f. 1867</small> (5 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Ruthalicia]]'' <small>C. Jeffrey 1962</small> (2 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Scopellaria]]'' <small>W.J. de Wilde & Duyfjes 2006</small> (2 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Solena]]'' <small>Lour. 1790</small> (3 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Trochomeria]]'' <small>Hook. f. 1867</small> (8 spp.)
 
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<!-- Urceodiscus is a synonym of Papuasicyos. -->
 
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** ''[[Zehneria]]'' <small>Endl. 1833</small> (''ca.'' 60 spp.)
 
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<!-- Zombitsia Keraudren 1963 is a synonym of Ctenolepis. -->
 
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* '''Tribe [[Cucurbiteae]] <small>Ser. 1825</small>'''
 
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** ''[[Abobra]]'' <small>Naudin 1862</small> (1 sp.)
 
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<!-- Anacaona Alain 1980 is a synonym of Penelopeia. -->
 
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** ''[[Calycophysum]]'' <small>H. Karst. & Triana 1854 [1855]</small> (5 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Cayaponia]]'' <small>Silva Manso 1836</small> (50–59 spp., including ''[[Selysia]]'' <small>Cogn. 1881</small>)
 
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** ''[[Cionosicys]]'' <small>Griseb. 1864 [1860]</small> (4–5 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Cucurbita]]'' <small>L. 1753</small> (15 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Penelopeia (plant)|Penelopeia]]'' <small>Urb. 1921</small> (2 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Peponopsis]]'' <small>Naudin 1859</small> (1 sp.)
 
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** ''[[Polyclathra]]'' <small>Bertol. 1840</small> (6 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Schizocarpum]]'' <small>Schrad. 1830</small> (11 spp.)
 
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<!-- Selysia Cogn. 1881 is a synonym of Cayaponia. -->
 
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** ''[[Sicana]]'' <small>Naudin 1862</small> (4 spp.)
 
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** ''[[Tecunumania]]'' <small>Standl. & Steyerm. 1944</small> (1 sp.)
 
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{{div col end}}
 
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=== Alphabetical List of Genera ===
 
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{{hidden begin|showhide=left}}
 
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''[[Abobra]], [[Acanthosicyos]], [[Actinostemma]], [[Alsomitra]], [[Ampelosicyos]], [[Anisosperma]], [[Apodanthera]], [[Austrobryonia]], [[Baijiania]], [[Bambekea]], [[Bayabusua]], [[Benincasa]], [[Borneosicyos]], [[Bryonia]], [[Calycophysum]], [[Cayaponia]], [[Cephalopentandra]], [[Ceratosanthes]], [[Cionosicys]], [[Citrullus]], [[Coccinia]], [[Cogniauxia]], [[Corallocarpus]], [[Ctenolepis]], [[Cucumis]], [[Cucurbita]], [[Cucurbitella]], [[Cyclanthera]], [[Cyclantheropsis]], [[Dactyliandra]], [[Dendrosicyos]], [[Diplocyclos]], [[Doyerea]], [[Ecballium]], [[Echinocystis]], [[Echinopepon]], [[Eureiandra]], [[Fevillea]], [[Frantzia]], [[Gerrardanthus]], [[Gomphogyne]], [[Gurania]], [[Gynostemma]], [[Halosicyos]], [[Hanburia]], [[Helmontia]], [[Hemsleya]], [[Herpetospermum]], [[Hodgsonia]], [[Ibervillea]], [[Indofevillea]], [[Indomelothria]], [[Kedrostis]], [[Khmeriosicyos]], [[Lagenaria]], [[Lemurosicyos]], [[Linnaeosicyos]], [[Luffa]], [[Marah (plant)|Marah]], [[Melothria]], [[Melotrianthus]], [[Momordica]], [[Muellerargia]], [[Neoalsomitra]], [[Nothoalsomitra]], [[Papuasicyos]], [[Penelopeia]], [[Peponium]], [[Peponopsis]], [[Polyclathra]], [[Psiguria]], [[Pteropepon]], [[Raphidiocystis]], [[Ruthalicia]], [[Schizocarpum]], [[Schizopepon]], [[Scopellaria]], [[Seyrigia]], [[Sicana]], [[Sicydium]], [[Sicyos]], [[Siolmatra]], [[Siraitia]], [[Solena]], [[Tecunumania]], [[Telfairia]], [[Thladiantha]], [[Trichosanthes]], [[Trochomeria]], [[Trochomeriopsis]], [[Tumamoca]], [[Wilbrandia]], [[Xerosicyos]], [[Zanonia]], [[Zehneria]].''
 
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{{hidden end}}
 
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=== Systematics ===
 
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Modern [[molecular phylogenetics]] suggest the following relationships:<ref name="Schaefer"/><ref>{{cite journal | author = Zhang L-B, Simmons MP, Kocyan A, Renner SS. | year = 2006 | title = Phylogeny of the Cucurbitales based on DNA sequences of nine loci from three genomes: Implications for morphological and sexual system evolution | journal = [[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] | volume = 39 | issue = 2 | pages = 305–322 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790305003209 | archive-url = http://www.umsl.edu/~renners/Zhang_Cucurbitales_MPE2006.pdf | archive-date = 27 February 2017 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.10.002 | pmid = 16293423}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Schaefer H, Heibl C, Renner SS. | year = 2009 | title = Gourds afloat: A dated phylogeny reveals an Asian origin of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae) and numerous oversea dispersal events | journal = [[Proceedings of the Royal Society B|Proc Royal Soc B]] | volume = 276 | pages = 843-851 | url = http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/276/1658/843 | archive-url = http://www.umsl.edu/~renners/Schaefer_CucBiogeo_PRSB2009.pdf | archive-date = 27 February 2017 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2008.1447}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = de Boer HJ, Schaefer H, Thulin M, Renner SS. | year = 2012 | title = Evolution and loss of long-fringed petals: A case study using a dated phylogeny of the snake gourds, ''Trichosanthes'' (Cucurbitaceae) | journal = [[BMC Evolutionary Biology]] | volume = 12 | pages = 108 | url = http://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-12-108 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-12-108}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis | author = Belgrano MJ. | year = 2012 | title = Estudio sistemático y biogeográfico del género ''Apodanthera'' <small>Arn.</small> (Cucurbitaceae) | trans-title = Systematic and biogeographic study of the genus ''Apodanthera'' <small>Arn.</small> (Cucurbitaceae) | type = Ph.D. | publisher = Universidad Nacional de La Plata | url = http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/26411}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = Renner SS, Schaefer H. | year = 2016 | chapter = Phylogeny and evolution of the Cucurbitaceae | chapter-url = http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/7397_2016_14 | editor = Grumet R, Katzir N, Garcia-Mas J | title = Genetics and Genomics of Cucurbitaceae | series = Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models | location = New York, NY | publisher = Springer International Publishing | pages = 1–11 | doi = 10.1007/7397_2016_14}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
{{hidden begin|showhide=left}}
 
−
{{Clade| style=line-height:75%;
 
−
|1={{clade
 
−
  |1=[[Anisophylleaceae]]&nbsp;([[Outgroup (cladistics)|outgroup]])
 
−
  |label2=Cucurbitaceae
 
−
  |2={{clade
 
−
    |label1=[[Gomphogyneae]]
 
−
    |1={{clade
 
−
      |1=''[[Alsomitra]]''
 
−
      |2={{clade
 
−
        |1=''[[Bayabusua]]''
 
−
        |2={{clade
 
−
          |1={{clade
 
−
            |1=''[[Hemsleya]]''
 
−
            |2=''[[Gomphogyne]]''
 
−
            }}
 
−
          |2={{clade
 
−
            |1=''[[Gynostemma]]''
 
−
            |2=''[[Neoalsomitra]]''
 
−
            }}
 
−
          }}
 
−
        }}
 
−
      }}
 
−
    |2={{clade
 
−
      |1={{clade
 
−
        |label1=[[Triceratieae]] <!-- The position of Anisosperma is uncertain. -->
 
−
        |1={{clade
 
−
          |1=''[[Fevillea]]''
 
−
          |2={{clade
 
−
            |1=''[[Pteropepon]]''
 
−
            |2={{clade
 
−
              |1=''[[Cyclantheropsis]]''
 
−
              |2=''[[Sicydium]]''
 
−
              }}
 
−
            }}
 
−
          }}
 
−
        |label2=[[Zanonieae]]
 
−
        |2={{clade
 
−
          |1=''[[Gerrardanthus]]''
 
−
          |2={{clade
 
−
            |1={{clade
 
−
              |1=''[[Zanonia]]''
 
−
              |2=''[[Siolmatra]]''
 
−
              }}
 
−
            |2=''[[Xerosicyos]]''
 
−
            }}
 
−
          }}
 
−
        }}
 
−
      |2={{clade
 
−
        |label1=[[Actinostemmateae]]
 
−
        |1=''[[Actinostemma]]''
 
−
        |2={{clade
 
−
          |label1=[[Indofevilleeae]]
 
−
          |1=''[[Indofevillea]]''
 
−
          |2={{clade
 
−
            |label1=[[Thladiantheae]]
 
−
            |1={{clade
 
−
              |1=''[[Baijiania]]''
 
−
              |2=''[[Thladiantha]]''
 
−
              }}
 
−
            |2={{clade
 
−
              |label1=[[Siraitieae]]
 
−
              |1=''[[Siraitia]]''
 
−
              |2={{clade
 
−
                |label1=[[Momordiceae]]
 
−
                |1=''[[Momordica]]''
 
−
                |2={{clade
 
−
                  |label1=[[Joliffieae]]
 
−
                  |1={{clade
 
−
                    |1=''[[Cogniauxia]]''
 
−
                    |2={{clade
 
−
                      |1=''[[Telfairia]]''
 
−
                      |2=''[[Ampelosicyos]]''
 
−
                      }}
 
−
                    }}
 
−
                  |2={{clade
 
−
                    |label1=[[Bryonieae]]
 
−
                    |1={{clade
 
−
                      |1={{clade
 
−
                        |1=''[[Ecballium]]''
 
−
                        |2=''[[Bryonia]]''
 
−
                        }}
 
−
                      |2=''[[Austrobryonia]]''
 
−
                      }}
 
−
                    |2={{clade
 
−
                      |label1=[[Sicyoeae]]
 
−
                      |1={{clade
 
−
                        |1={{clade
 
−
                          |1=''[[Nothoalsomitra]]''
 
−
                          |2={{clade
 
−
                            |1=''[[Hodgsonia]]''
 
−
                            |2={{clade
 
−
                              |1={{clade
 
−
                                |1=''[[Echinocystis]]''
 
−
                                |2=''[[Marah (plant)|Marah]]''
 
−
                                }}
 
−
                              |2={{clade
 
−
                                |1={{clade
 
−
                                  |1=''[[Echinopepon]]''
 
−
                                  |2=''[[Frantzia]]''
 
−
                                  }}
 
−
                                |2={{clade
 
−
                                  |1=''[[Cyclanthera]]''
 
−
                                  |2=''[[Hanburia]]''
 
−
                                  }}
 
−
                                |3=''[[Sicyos]]''
 
−
                                }}
 
−
                              }}
 
−
                            }}
 
−
                          }}
 
−
                        |2={{clade
 
−
                          |1=''[[Linnaeosicyos]]''
 
−
                          |2={{clade
 
−
                            |1=''[[Luffa]]''
 
−
                            |2=''[[Trichosanthes]]
 
−
                            }}
 
−
                          }}
 
−
                        }}
 
−
                      |label2=[[Schizopeponeae]]
 
−
                      |2={{clade
 
−
                        |1=''[[Schizopepon]]''
 
−
                        |2=''[[Herpetospermum]]''
 
−
                        }}
 
−
                      |3={{clade
 
−
                        |label1=[[Coniandreae]]
 
−
                        |1={{clade
 
−
                          |1={{clade
 
−
                            |1=''[[Bambekea]]''
 
−
                            |2=''[[Eureiandra]]''
 
−
                            }}
 
−
                          |2={{clade
 
−
                            |1=''[[Dendrosicyos]]''
 
−
                            |2={{clade
 
−
                              |1={{clade
 
−
                                |1=''[[Trochomeriopsis]]''
 
−
                                |2=''[[Seyrigia (Plant)|Seyrigia]]''
 
−
                                }}
 
−
                              |2={{clade
 
−
                                |1=''[[Corallocarpus]]''
 
−
                                |2={{clade
 
−
                                  |1=''[[Cucurbitella]]''
 
−
                                  |2={{clade
 
−
                                    |1={{clade
 
−
                                      |1=''[[Doyerea]]''
 
−
                                      |2={{clade
 
−
                                        |1=''[[Wilbrandia]]''
 
−
                                        |2={{clade
 
−
                                          |1=''[[Psiguria]]''
 
−
                                          |2={{clade
 
−
                                            |1=''[[Helmontia]]''
 
−
                                            |2=''[[Gurania]]''
 
−
                                            }}
 
−
                                          }}
 
−
                                        }}
 
−
                                      }}
 
−
                                    |2=''[[Melotrianthus]]''
 
−
                                    |3={{clade
 
−
                                      |1=''[[Kedrostis]]''
 
−
                                      |2={{clade
 
−
                                        |1={{clade
 
−
                                          |1={{clade
 
−
                                            |1=''[[Ceratosanthes]]''
 
−
                                            |2=''[[Halosicyos]]''
 
−
                                            }}
 
−
                                          |2=''[[Apodanthera]]''
 
−
                                          }}
 
−
                                        |2={{clade
 
−
                                          |1=''[[Tumamoca]]''
 
−
                                          |2=''[[Ibervillea]]''
 
−
                                          }}
 
−
                                        }}
 
−
                                      }}
 
−
                                    }}
 
−
                                  }}
 
−
                                }}
 
−
                              }}
 
−
                            }}
 
−
                          }}
 
−
                        |2={{clade
 
−
                          |label1=[[Cucurbiteae]]
 
−
                          |1={{clade
 
−
                            |1={{clade
 
−
                              |1=''[[Polyclathra]]''
 
−
                              |2={{clade
 
−
                                |1=''[[Peponopsis]]''
 
−
                                |2=''[[Cucurbita]]''
 
−
                                }}
 
−
                              }}
 
−
                            |2={{clade
 
−
                              |1={{clade
 
−
                                |1=''[[Penelopeia (plant)|Penelopeia]]''
 
−
                                |2=''[[Calycophysum]]''
 
−
                                |3=''[[Sicana]]''
 
−
                                }}
 
−
                              |2={{clade
 
−
                                |1=''[[Tecunumania]]''
 
−
                                |2={{clade
 
−
                                  |1=''[[Schizocarpum]]''
 
−
                                  |2={{clade
 
−
                                    |1=''[[Cionosicys]]''
 
−
                                    |2={{clade
 
−
                                      |1=''[[Abobra]]''
 
−
                                      |2=''[[Cayaponia]]''
 
−
                                      }}
 
−
                                    }}
 
−
                                  }}
 
−
                                }}
 
−
                              }}
 
−
                            }}
 
−
                          |label2=[[Benincaseae]] <!-- The position of Khmeriosicyos is uncertain. -->
 
−
                          |2={{clade
 
−
                            |1=''[[Zehneria]]''
 
−
                            |2={{clade
 
−
                              |1={{clade
 
−
                                |1={{clade
 
−
                                  |1=''[[Citrullus]]''
 
−
                                  |2={{clade
 
−
                                    |1=''[[Peponium]]''
 
−
                                    |2=''[[Lagenaria]]''
 
−
                                    }}
 
−
                                  }}
 
−
                                |2={{clade
 
−
                                  |1=''[[Acanthosicyos]]''
 
−
                                  |2={{clade
 
−
                                    |1={{clade
 
−
                                      |1=''[[Raphidiocystis]]''
 
−
                                      |2={{clade
 
−
                                        |1=''[[Cephalopentandra]]''
 
−
                                        |2={{clade
 
−
                                          |1=''[[Lemurosicyos]]''
 
−
                                          |2={{clade
 
−
                                            |1=''[[Solena]]''
 
−
                                            |2=''[[Borneosicyos]]''
 
−
                                            }}
 
−
                                          }}
 
−
                                        }}
 
−
                                      }}
 
−
                                    |2={{clade
 
−
                                      |1=''[[Benincasa]]''
 
−
                                      |2={{clade
 
−
                                        |1=''[[Ctenolepis]]''
 
−
                                        |2={{clade
 
−
                                          |1=''[[Dactyliandra]]''
 
−
                                          |2=''[[Trochomeria]]''
 
−
                                          }}
 
−
                                        }}
 
−
                                      }}
 
−
                                    }}
 
−
                                  }}
 
−
                                }}
 
−
                              |2={{clade
 
−
                                |1={{clade
 
−
                                  |1=''[[Ruthalicia]]''
 
−
                                  |2={{clade
 
−
                                    |1=''[[Indomelothria]]''
 
−
                                    |2=''[[Melothria]]''
 
−
                                    }}
 
−
                                  }}
 
−
                                |2={{clade
 
−
                                  |1={{clade
 
−
                                    |1={{clade
 
−
                                      |1=''[[Coccinia]]''
 
−
                                      |2=''[[Diplocyclos]]''
 
−
                                      }}
 
−
                                    |2={{clade
 
−
                                      |1=''[[Papuasicyos]]''
 
−
                                      |2=''[[Scopellaria]]''
 
−
                                      }}
 
−
                                    }}
 
−
                                  |2={{clade
 
−
                                    |1=''[[Muellerargia]]''
 
−
                                    |2=''[[Cucumis]]''
 
−
                                    }}
 
−
                                  }}
 
−
                                }}
 
−
                              }}
 
−
                            }}
 
−
                          }}
 
−
                        }}
 
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== Images of cucurbits in Byzantine mosaics from Israel ==
 
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[[File:Kursi-S-15.jpg|thumb|Round melons and elongated adzhur melons in [[Kursi, Golan Heights|Kursi church]] mosaic, Israel, near the Sea of Galilee]]
 
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Six cucurbit crops are represented in 23 Byzantine-era mosaics from [[Israel]], these being round melons (''[[Cucumis melo]]''), watermelons (''[[Citrullus lanatus]]''), sponge gourds (''[[Luffa aegyptiaca]]''), snake melons (''faqqous'', ''Cucumis melo'' flexuosus group), ''adzhur'' melons (''C. melo'' adzhur group), and bottle gourds (''[[Lagenaria siceraria]]''). Cucurbits are represented in 23 of the 134 mosaics containing images of crop plants, a surprisingly high frequency of 17%. Several of the cucurbit images have not been found elsewhere, suggesting a diverse and highly developed local horticulture of cucurbits in Israel during the Byzantine era. Representations of mature sponge gourds are found in widespread localities, suggestive of the high value accorded to cleanliness and hygiene.{{cn|date=August 2016}}
 
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==Etymology and pronunciation==
 
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The name "Cucurbitaceae" ({{IPAc-en|lang|k|juː|ˌ|k|ɜːr|b|ᵻ|ˈ|t|eɪ|s|i|,_|-|s|i|ˌ|aɪ|,_|-|s|i|ˌ|eɪ|,_|-|s|i|ˌ|i}}) comes to [[international scientific vocabulary]] from [[New Latin]], from ''[[Cucurbita]]'', the [[type genus]], + ''[[wikt:-aceae#Suffix|-aceae]]'',<ref name="MWU">{{Citation |author=Merriam-Webster |authorlink=Merriam-Webster |title=Merriam-Webster's Unabridged Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-Webster |url=http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/unabridged/ |postscript=.}}</ref> a standardized [[suffix]] for plant family names in modern taxonomy. The genus name comes from the [[Classical Latin]] word ''[[wikt:cucurbita#Latin|cucurbita]]'', "gourd".
 
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== References ==
 
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{{reflist|30em}}
 
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== Additional Reading ==
 
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* {{cite book | editor = Bates D, Robinson R, Jeffrey C | year = 1990 | title = Biology and Utilization of the Cucurbitaceae | publisher = Cornell University Press | isbn = 0-8014-1670-1}}
 
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* {{cite journal | author = Jeffrey C. | year = 2005 | title = A new system of Cucurbitaceae | journal = Bot. Zhurn. | volume = 90 | pages = 332–335}}
 
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== External links ==
 
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{{Commons category}}
 
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{{Wikispecies}}
 
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* [http://www.cucurbit.org/family.html Cucurbitaceae] in [http://www.cucurbit.org/family.html T.C. Andres (1995 onwards)].
 
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* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/cucurbit.htm Cucurbitaceae] in [https://web.archive.org/web/20101213041459/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.] https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com:80/
 
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* [http://anattour.co.il/?page=article&article=209 Anat Avital and Harry S. Paris, 2014, 'Cucurbits depicted in Byzantine mosaics from Israel, 350–600 CE', Annals of Botany 114: pp. 203-22.]
 
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[[Category:Cucurbitaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Rosid families]]
 
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[[Category:Extant Paleocene first appearances]]
 

Latest revision as of 18:44, 8 September 2017

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