Difference between revisions of "Altingiaceae"

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{{Taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Altingiaceae]]
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| image = Liquidambar styraciflua5.jpg
 
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| image_caption = ''Liquidambar styraciflua''
 
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
 
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| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
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| unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
 
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| unranked_ordo = [[Core eudicots]]
 
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| ordo = [[Saxifragales]]
 
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| familia = '''Altingiaceae'''
 
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| familia_authority = [[John Lindley|Lindl.]]
 
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| genus = ''[[Liquidambar]]'' (incl. ''Altingia'' and ''Semiliquidambar'')
 
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| subdivision = See text.
 
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| range_map = Altingiaceae Distribution.svg
 
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| range_map_caption = The range of Altingiaceae.
 
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}}
 
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'''Altingiaceae''' is a small [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[Angiosperms|flowering plant]]s in the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Saxifragales]],<ref name="altingiaceae">[[Peter F. Stevens]] (2001 onwards). "Altingiaceae". At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below)</ref> are [[Anemophily|wind-pollinated]] [[trees]] that produce hard, [[wood]]y [[fruit]]s containing numerous [[seed]]s. The fruits have been studied in considerable detail.<ref name="ickert-bond2005">Stephanie M. Ickert-Bond, Kathleen B. Pigg, and Jun Wen. 2005. "Comparative infructescence morphology in ''Liquidambar'' (Altingiaceae) and its evolutionary significance". ''American Journal of Botany'' '''92'''(8):1234-1255.</ref><ref name="ickert-bond2007">Stephanie M. Ickert-Bond, Kathleen B. Pigg, and Jun Wen. 2007. "Comparative infructescence morphology in ''Altingia'' (Altingiaceae) and discordance between morphological and molecular phylogenies". ''American Journal of Botany'' '''94'''(7):1094-1115.</ref> They [[Indigenous (ecology)|naturally occur]] in [[Central America]], [[Mexico]], eastern [[North America]], the eastern [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]], [[China]], and [[tropical]] [[Asia]].<ref name="ickert-bond2006">Stephanie M. Ickert-Bond and Jun Wen. 2006. "Phylogeny and biogeography of Altingiaceae: Evidence from combined analysis of five non-coding chloroplast regions". ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' '''39'''(2):512-528. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> They are often [[Plant cultivation|cultivated]] as [[Ornamental plant|ornamentals]] and many produce valuable [[Lumber|wood]].<ref name="endress1993">Peter K. Endress. 1993. "Hamamelidaceae". pages 322-331. In:  [[Klaus Kubitzki]] (editor); Jens G. Rohwer and Volker Bittrich (volume editors). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume II. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany.</ref>
 
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== Classification ==
 
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Altingiaceae now consists of the single genus ''[[Liquidambar]]'' with 15 known species.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W.  |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> Previously the [[genera]]: ''[[Altingia]]'' and ''[[Semiliquidambar]]'' were also recognised, but these 'genera' represent a rapid radiation and have been difficult to separate reliably. ''Semiliquidambar'' has recently been shown to be [[hybrid plant|hybrids]] of species of ''Altingia'' and ''Liquidambar''. This result had been expected for some time.<ref name="endress1993"/> ''Altingia'' and ''Liquidambar'' are known to be [[paraphyletic]] and a revision of the family is being prepared.<ref name="ickert-bond2006"/> Many of the [[species]] are closely related, and distinctions between them are likely to be [[Biological classification#Evolutionary|artificial]]. <ref name="ickert-bond2006"/>
 
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== History ==
 
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The name "Altingiaceae" has a long and complex [[History of plant systematics|taxonomic history]]. Some attribute the name to [[John Lindley]], who [[Valid name (botany)|published]] it in 1846. Others say that the authority for the name is Paul F. Horaninov, who described the group in 1841.<ref name="reveal2008on">James L. Reveal. 2008 onward. "A Checklist of Family and Suprafamilial Names for Extant Vascular Plants." At: Home page of [[James L. Reveal]] and C. Rose Broome. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the family Altingiaceae was not generally accepted. Most authors placed these genera in [[Hamamelidaceae]] and this treatment has been followed in some recent works as well.<ref name="heywood2007">Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007).</ref> In the twenty-first century, however, [[molecular phylogenetic]] studies have shown that including Altingiaceae in Hamamelidaceae makes Hamamelidaceae paraphyletic. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group recognizes four families in the lineage including Altingiaceae.  [[Cercidiphyllaceae]] and [[Daphniphyllaceae]] are sister. This clade is sister to [[Hamamelidaceae]] and these three families are sister to Altingiaceae. The clade is sister to Paeoniaceae<ref name="jian2008">Shuguang Jian, [[Pamela S. Soltis]], Matthew A. Gitzendanner, Michael J. Moore, Ruiqi Li, Tory A. Hendry, Yin-Long Qiu, Amit Dhingra, Charles D. Bell, and [[Douglas E. Soltis]]. 2008. "Resolving an Ancient, Rapid Radiation in Saxifragales". ''Systematic Biology'' '''57'''(1):38-57. (see ''External links'' below).</ref>
 
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== Evolution ==
 
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Altingiaceae have an extensive [[fossil]] record.<ref name="pigg2004">Kathleen B. Pigg, Stephanie M. Ickert-Bond, and Jun Wen. 2004. "Anatomically preserved ''Liquidambar'' (Altingiaceae) from the middle Miocene of Yakima Canyon, Washington State, USA, and its biogeographic implications". ''American Journal of Botany'' '''91'''(3):499-509.</ref><ref name="zhou2001">Zhe-Kun Zhou, William L. Crepet, and Kevin C. Nixon. 2001. "The earliest fossil evidence of the Hamamelidaceae: Late Cretaceous (Turonian) inflorescences and fruits of Altingioideae". ''American Journal of Botany'' '''88'''(5):753-766.</ref><ref name="herendeen1999">Patrick S. Herendeen, Susana Magallón-Puebla, Richard Lupia, [[Peter R. Crane]], and Jolanta Kobylinska. 1999. "A preliminary conspectus of the Allon flora from the late Cretaceous (late Santonian) of central Georgia, USA". ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' '''86'''(2):407-471.</ref> For most of the [[Paleogene]] and [[Neogene]], they were more widely [[Biogeography|distributed]] than they are today. The [[stem group]] Altingiaceae [[Evolutionary radiation|diverged]] from the [[clade]] [Hamamelidaceae + (Cercidiphyllaceae + Daphniphyllaceae)] in the [[Turonian]] [[Stage (stratigraphy)|stage]] of the [[Cretaceous]] Period, about 90 [[Mya (unit)|mya]] (million years ago). The [[crown group]] Altingiaceae is much more recent, originating in the [[Eocene]], about 40 Mya.<ref name="ickert-bond2006"/>
 
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==References==
 
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{{Reflist|30em}}
 
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==External links==
 
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* Phylogeny of Altingiaceae {{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2005.12.003}}
 
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* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/saxifragalesweb.htm#Altingiaceae Altingiaceae] At: [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html Angiosperm Phylogeny Website] At: [http://www.mobot.org Missouri Botanical Garden Website]
 
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* [http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/supgennames.html Family and Suprafamilial Names] At: [http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/ James L. Reveal]
 
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* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/altingia.htm Altingiaceae] in [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants.]
 
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[[Category:Saxifragales families]]
 
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[[Category:Altingiaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Monogeneric plant families]]
 

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