Difference between revisions of "Caryophyllales"

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{{Automatic taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Caryophyllales]]
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| taxon = Caryophyllales
 
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| image = Dianthus caryophyllus L (Clove pink).JPG
 
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| image_caption = ''[[Dianthus caryophyllus]]''
 
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| authority =  [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]] ex [[Friedrich von Berchtold|Bercht.]] & [[Jan Svatopluk Presl|J.Presl]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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| subdivision_ranks = [[Suborders]]
 
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| subdivision =
 
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[[Caryophyllineae]]<br />
 
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[[Polygonineae]]
 
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| synonyms =
 
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[[Centrospermae]]
 
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}}
 
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'''Caryophyllales''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|æ|r|i|oʊ|f|i|ˈ|l|eɪ|l|iː|z}} {{respell|kair-ee-uu-fil|LAY|leez}})<ref name="ClarkeLee2003">{{cite book|author1=Ian Clarke|author2=Helen Lee|title=Name that Flower: The Identification of Flowering Plants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YfBWdgKj7wUC&pg=PA56|year=2003|publisher=Melbourne Univ. Publishing|isbn=978-0-522-85060-4|page=56}}</ref> is an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[flowering plant]]s that includes the [[cactus|cacti]], [[Dianthus|carnation]]s, [[amaranth]]s, [[Aizoaceae|ice plant]]s, [[Beta (plant)|beet]]s, and many [[carnivorous plant]]s. Many members are [[succulent plant|succulent]], having fleshy [[plant stem|stems]] or [[leaf|leaves]].
 
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==Description==
 
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The members of Caryophyllales include about 6% of [[eudicot]] [[species]].<ref>[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/caryophyllalesweb.htm Caryophyllales<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> This order is part of the [[Core eudicots|core eudicot]]s.<ref>Judd. W., Campbell, C., Kellog, E., Stevens, P. & M. Donoghue. (2008). Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, Third Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, MA</ref> Currently, the Caryophyllales contains 33 families, 692 genera and 11,155 species.<ref>Stephens, P.F. (2001). [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]]. Version 8, June 2007.http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/</ref> The monophyly of the Caryophyllales has been supported by [[DNA sequences]], cytochrome c sequence data and heritable characters such as anther wall development and vessel-elements with simple perforations.<ref name="multiple">Juan et al. (2007). Electrophoretic characterization of ''Amaranthus'' L. seed proteins and its systematic implication. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 155: 57-63.</ref>
 
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==Circumscription==
 
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As with all [[taxon|taxa]], the circumscription of Caryophyllales has changed within various classification systems.  All systems recognize a core of families with centrospermous ovules and seeds.  More recent treatments have expanded the Caryophyllales to include many [[carnivorous plant]]s.
 
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Although the monophyly of the order has been strongly supported, their placement is still uncertain.  Systematists are undecided on whether Caryophyllales should be placed within the rosid complex or sister to the asterid [[clade]].<ref name = "multiple"/> The possible connection between sympetalous angiosperms and Caryophyllales was presaged by Bessey, Hutchinson, and others; as Lawrence relates: "The evidence is reasonably conclusive that the Primulaceae and the Caryophyllaceae have fundamentally the same type of gynecia, and as concluded by Douglas (1936)(and essentially Dickson, 1936) '...the vascular pattern and the presence of locules at the base of the ovary point to the fact that the present much reduced flower of the Primulaceae has descended from an ancestor which was characterized by a plurilocular ovary and axial placentation. This primitive flower might well be found in centrospermal stock as Wernham, Bessy, and Hutchinson have suggested.' "<ref>Lawernce, George. 1960.Taxonomy of Vascular Plants, p. 660. Macmillan, NY.</ref>
 
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Caryophyllales is separated into two suborders: Caryophyllineae and Polygonineae.<ref name = "multiple"/> These two suborders were formerly (and sometimes still are) recognized as two orders, [[Polygonales]] and Caryophyllales.<ref name = "multiple"/>
 
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[[File:Wigginsia Pauciareolata.JPG|thumb|Cactaceae native to the middle region of South America, at Marsh Botanical Garden. Cactaceae are a plant family, under the order Caryophyllales.]]
 
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===APG III===
 
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As circumscribed by the [[APG III system]] (2009), this order includes the same families as the APG II system (see below) plus the new families, Limeaceae, Lophiocarpaceae, Montiaceae, Talinaceae, and Anacampserotaceae.<ref name=APGIII2009/> Kewaceae, Limeaceae, Macarthuriaceae, Microteaceae, and Petiveriaceae were added in APG IV.
 
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<ref name=APG4>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/abstract |doi=10.1111/boj.12385 }}</ref>
 
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* family [[Achatocarpaceae]]
 
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* family [[Aizoaceae]]
 
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* family [[Amaranthaceae]]
 
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* family [[Anacampserotaceae]]
 
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* family [[Ancistrocladaceae]]
 
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* family [[Asteropeiaceae]]
 
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* family [[Barbeuiaceae]]
 
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* family [[Basellaceae]]
 
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* family [[Cactaceae]]
 
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* family [[Caryophyllaceae]]
 
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* family [[Didiereaceae]]
 
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* family [[Dioncophyllaceae]]
 
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* family [[Droseraceae]]
 
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* family [[Drosophyllaceae]]
 
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* family [[Frankeniaceae]]
 
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* family [[Gisekiaceae]]
 
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* family [[Halophytaceae]]
 
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* family [[Kewaceae]]
 
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* family [[Limeaceae]]
 
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* family [[Lophiocarpaceae]]
 
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* family [[Macarthuriaceae]]
 
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* family [[Microteaceae]]
 
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* family [[Molluginaceae]]
 
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* family [[Montiaceae]]
 
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* family [[Nepenthaceae]]
 
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* family [[Nyctaginaceae]]
 
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* family [[Petiveriaceae]]
 
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* family [[Physenaceae]]
 
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* family [[Phytolaccaceae]]
 
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* family [[Plumbaginaceae]]
 
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* family [[Polygonaceae]]
 
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* family [[Portulacaceae]]
 
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* family [[Rhabdodendraceae]]
 
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* family [[Sarcobataceae]]
 
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* family [[Simmondsiaceae]]
 
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* family [[Stegnospermataceae]]
 
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* family [[Talinaceae]]
 
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* family [[Tamaricaceae]]
 
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===APG II===
 
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As circumscribed by the [[APG II system]] (2003), this order includes well-known plants like [[cactus|cacti]], [[Dianthus|carnation]]s, [[spinach]], [[beet]], [[rhubarb]], [[sundew]]s, [[venus fly trap]]s, and [[bougainvillea]].  Recent molecular and biochemical evidence has resolved additional well-supported [[Cladistics|clades]] within the Caryophyllales.
 
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* order Caryophyllales
 
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** family [[Achatocarpaceae]]
 
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** family [[Aizoaceae]]
 
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** family [[Amaranthaceae]] [[File:Pupalia lappacea (Forest Burr) W IMG 1562.jpg|thumb|''[[Pupalia lappacea]]'' Forest Burr  from family [[Amaranthaceae]] ]]
 
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** family [[Anacampserotaceae]] (added in APG III)<ref name=APGIII2009/>
 
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** family [[Ancistrocladaceae]]
 
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** family [[Asteropeiaceae]]
 
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** family [[Barbeuiaceae]]
 
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** family [[Basellaceae]]
 
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** family [[Cactaceae]]
 
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** family [[Caryophyllaceae]]
 
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** family [[Didiereaceae]]
 
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** family [[Dioncophyllaceae]]
 
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** family [[Droseraceae]]
 
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** family [[Drosophyllaceae]]
 
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** family [[Frankeniaceae]]
 
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** family [[Gisekiaceae]]
 
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** family [[Halophytaceae]]
 
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** family [[Limeaceae]] (added in APG III)<ref name=APGIII2009/>
 
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** family [[Lophiocarpaceae]] (added in APG III)<ref name=APGIII2009/>
 
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** family [[Molluginaceae]] [[File:Glinus oppositifolius (Bitter cumin) W2 IMG 0462.jpg|thumb|''[[Glinus oppositifolius]]'' from family [[Molluginaceae]] ]]
 
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** family [[Montiaceae]] (added in APG III)<ref name=APGIII2009/>
 
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** family [[Nepenthaceae]]
 
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** family [[Nyctaginaceae]]
 
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** family [[Physenaceae]]
 
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** family [[Phytolaccaceae]]
 
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** family [[Plumbaginaceae]]
 
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** family [[Polygonaceae]]
 
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** family [[Portulacaceae]]
 
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** family [[Rhabdodendraceae]]
 
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** family [[Sarcobataceae]]
 
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** family [[Simmondsiaceae]]
 
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** family [[Stegnospermataceae]]
 
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** family [[Talinaceae]] (added in APG III)<ref name=APGIII2009/>
 
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** family [[Tamaricaceae]]
 
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[[File:Cactaceaeː Gymnocalycium Matoensea.JPG|thumb|Cactaceaeː Gymnocalycium Matoensea at Yale's Marsh Botanical Garden.]]
 
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===APG===
 
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[[Image:Carnegiea gigantea top.jpg|thumb|''Carnegiea gigantea'']]
 
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[[Image:Spring Flowers.JPG|thumb|Sweet William Dwarf from the family Caryophyllaceae]]
 
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[[Image:Flower dianthus.JPG|thumb|''A flower of Dianthus'']]
 
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This represents a slight change from the [[APG system]], of 1998
 
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* order Caryophyllales
 
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*: family Achatocarpaceae
 
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*: family Aizoaceae
 
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*: family Amaranthaceae
 
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*: family Ancistrocladaceae
 
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*: family Asteropeiaceae
 
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*: family Basellaceae
 
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*: family Cactaceae
 
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*: family Caryophyllaceae
 
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*: family Didiereaceae
 
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*: family Dioncophyllaceae
 
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*: family Droseraceae
 
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*: family Drosophyllaceae
 
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*: family Frankeniaceae
 
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*: family Molluginaceae
 
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*: family Nepenthaceae
 
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*: family Nyctaginaceae
 
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*: family Physenaceae
 
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*: family Phytolaccaceae
 
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*: family Plumbaginaceae
 
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*: family Polygonaceae
 
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*: family Portulacaceae
 
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*: family Rhabdodendraceae
 
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*: family Sarcobataceae
 
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*: family Simmondsiaceae
 
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*: family Stegnospermataceae
 
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*: family Tamaricaceae
 
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===Cronquist===
 
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[[Image:Melganzenvoet bloeiwijze Chenopodium album.jpg|thumb|''Chenopodium album'']]
 
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The [[Cronquist system]] (1981) also recognised the order, with this circumscription:
 
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* order Caryophyllales
 
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*: family Achatocarpaceae
 
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*: family Aizoaceae
 
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*: family Amaranthaceae
 
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*: family Basellaceae
 
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*: family Cactaceae
 
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*: family Caryophyllaceae
 
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*: family Chenopodiaceae
 
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*: family Didiereaceae
 
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*: family Nyctaginaceae
 
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*: family Phytolaccaceae
 
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*: family Portulacaceae
 
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*: family Molluginaceae
 
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The difference with the order as recognized by APG lies in the first place in the concept of "order".  The APG favours much larger orders and families, and the order Caryophyllales ''sensu'' APG should rather be compared to subclass [[Caryophyllidae]] ''sensu'' Cronquist.
 
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A part of the difference lies with what families are recognized. The plants in the Stegnospermataceae and Barbeuiaceae were included in Cronquist's Phytolaccaceae. The Chenopodiaceae (still recognized by Cronquist) are included in Amaranthaceae by APG.
 
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New to the order (''sensu ''APG) are the Asteropeiaceae and Physenaceae, each containing a single genus, and two genera from Cronquist's order [[Nepenthales]].
 
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===Earlier circumscriptions===
 
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Earlier systems, such as the [[Wettstein system]], last edition in 1935, and the [[Engler system]], updated in 1964, had a similar order under the name [[Centrospermae]].
 
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==References==
 
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{{Reflist|2}}
 
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==External links==
 
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{{commons category}}
 
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{{wikispecies}}
 
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*[http://tolweb.org/Amaranthaceae Tree of Life] Characteristics and Phylogenetic Relationships
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Caryophyllales| ]]
 
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[[Category:Angiosperm orders]]
 

Latest revision as of 18:32, 6 September 2017

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