Difference between revisions of "Geraniales"

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{{Automatic taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Geraniales]]
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| taxon = Geraniales
 
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| image = GeraniumPalustre2.JPG
 
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| image_caption = ''[[Geranium palustre]]''
 
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| authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]] ''ex'' [[Friedrich von Berchtold|Bercht.]] & [[Jan Svatopluk Presl|J.Presl]]{{sfn|APG III|2009}}
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Families ([[APG IV]])
 
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| subdivision =
 
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*[[Geraniaceae]]
 
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*[[Francoaceae]]
 
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}}
 
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'''Geraniales''' are a small [[order (biology)|order]] of [[flowering plant]]s, included within the [[rosid]] [[subclade]] of [[eudicots]]. The largest [[family (biology)|family]] in the order is [[Geraniaceae]] with over 800 species. In addition, the order includes the smaller [[Francoaceae]] with about 40 species. Most Geraniales are [[herbaceous]], but there are also [[shrubs]] and small [[trees]].
 
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The economic importance of Geraniales is low. Some species of the genus ''[[Pelargonium]]'' (Geraniaceae) are cultivated for their [[aromatic oil]] used in the [[perfume]] industry. Some other species, also mostly within Geraniaceae, have [[horticultural]] or medicinal uses. A [[Paleobotanic]] record is missing.
 
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==Taxonomy ==
 
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=== Origins ===
 
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The [[botanical authority]] for Geraniales is given to [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Jussieu]],<ref name=Jussieu/> but since the original description did not fulfill all the rules for a [[valid publication]] and was subsequently validly published, attribution is given to both Jussieu and the subsequent publication, hence the designation Geraniales [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]] ''ex'' [[Friedrich von Berchtold|Bercht.]] & [[Jan Svatopluk Presl|J.Presl]] Jussieu, who developed the concept of botanical families, described the Gerania, as a grouping of five genera, including ''[[Geranium]]''. Although Jussieu used the term ''Ordo'' this did not corrrespond to current understandings of the term Order.<ref name=18.2/><ref name=Candolle/> The subsequent attribution occurred in 1820, in the Czech text ''[[O Prirozenosti Rostlin]]'', by [[Friedrich von Berchtold]] and [[Jan Svatopluk Presl]], hence ''ex Bercht. & J.Presl''.<ref name=tropicos/> However, Berchtold and Presl also only described a ''rad'' (ordo) of five genera, which they called Geraniae.<ref name=Berchtold/> Other authorities have given the authority to [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumortier]] who described the Geraniaceae family, consisting of two tribes, Pelargonieae and Geranieae, each with three genera.<ref name=Dumortier/>
 
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===Circumscription ===
 
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Geraniales contain two [[family (biology)|families]], 11 [[genera]] and about 830 [[species]].{{sfn|Christenhusz|Byng|2016}} For a historical account of the [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of the order, see Price and Palmer (1993) Table 1.{{sfn|Price|Palmer|1993}}
 
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Under the [[Cronquist system]] (1988),{{sfn|Cronquist|1988}} the Geraniales comprised the following five families:
 
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*:::: family ''[[Geraniaceae]]''
 
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*:::: family ''[[Oxalidaceae]]''
 
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*:::: family ''[[Limnanthaceae]]''
 
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*:::: family ''[[Tropaeolaceae]]''
 
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*:::: family ''[[Balsaminaceae]]''
 
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While the [[Dahlgren system]] (1980) was much larger in circumscription with 16 families, only two of which were in Cronquist's construction, and placed the order in the [[superorder]] [[Rutiflorae]]:{{sfn|Dahlgren|1980}}
 
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*:::: family ''[[Zygophyllaceae]]''
 
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*:::: family ''[[Nitrariaceae]]''
 
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*:::: family ''[[Peganaceae]]''
 
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*:::: family ''[[Balanitaceae]]''
 
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*:::: family ''[[Erythroxylaceae]]''
 
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*:::: family ''[[Humiriaceae]]''
 
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*:::: family ''[[Linaceae]]''
 
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*:::: family ''[[Ctenolophonaceae]]''
 
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*:::: family ''[[Ixonanthaceae]]''
 
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*:::: family ''[[Lepidobotryaceae]]''
 
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*:::: family ''[[Oxalidaceae]]'' (including Averrhoaceae)
 
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*:::: family ''[[Geraniaceae]]''
 
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*:::: family ''[[Dirachmaceae]]''
 
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*:::: family ''[[Ledocarpaceae]]''
 
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*:::: family ''[[Vivianiaceae]]''
 
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*:::: family ''[[Biebersteiniaceae]]''
 
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Other modern [[list of systems of plant taxonomy|systems]] include those of [[Takhtajan system|Takhtajan]] (1987) with nine families, and [[Thorne system|Thorne]] (1992). Thorne's system was the same as Cronquist's except that Biebersteiniaceae, Dirachmaceae, Ledocarpaceae, and Vivianiaceae were reduced to [[subfamilies]] of Geraniaceae.
 
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=== Molecular phylogenetics: Angiosperm Phylogeny Group ===
 
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The elucidation of the relationships within the order by [[plant morphology|morphological]] or [[cytological]] methods alone had proven difficult as demonstrated by the widely different treatment by various authorities. For instance Cronquist and [[Thorne system|Thorne]] immersed the families Biebersteiniaceae, Dirachmaceae, Ledocarpaceae, Rhynchothecaceae and Vivianiaceae within Geraniaceae (Geraniaceae ''[[sensu lato]]''), whereas Dahlgren and others maintained them as separate taxa, maintaining a "core" Geraniaceae (Geraniaceae ''sensu stricto'').{{sfn|Price|Palmer|1993}} Price and Palmer (1993) were among the first investigators to apply [[molecular phylogenetics]] to this order, using the [[chloroplast]] [[gene]] [[rubisco|''rbc''L]].{{sfn|Price|Palmer|1993}}{{sfn|Chase et al|1993}}{{efn|Part of a much larger multi-institutional study of the [[phylogeny]] of [[seed plants]] {{harv|Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.|1993}}}} This dissambled the traditional morphologicallly defined grouping of [[dicotyledons]], replacing it with a series of nested [[clades]]. The Geraniales [[segregation (taxonomy)|segregated]] in the [[eudicot]] [[clade]], specifically in the [[rosid]] [[subclade]].
 
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The family [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] (APG) of 1998 placed Geraniales Dumort. amongst the [[rosids]] with the following six families:{{sfn|APG I|1998}}
 
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Geraniales <small>[[Dumort.]]</small> 1829{{sfn|Dumortier|1829}}
 
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*  [[Francoaceae]] <small>[[A.Juss.]]</small>, 1832
 
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*  Geraniaceae <small>[[Juss.]]</small>, 1789 [ + Hypseocharitaceae <small>[[Wedd.]]</small>, 1861]
 
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*  [[Greyiaceae]] <small>[[Hutch.]]</small>, 1926
 
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*  [[Ledocarpaceae]] <small>[[Franz Julius Ferdinand Meyen|Meyen]]</small>, 1834
 
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*  [[Melianthaceae]] <small>[[Bercht.]] & [[J.Presl]]</small>, 1820
 
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*  [[Vivianiaceae]] <small>[[Klotzsch]]</small>, 1836
 
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Hypseocharitaceae  were a small family of eight species of the genus [[Hypseocharis]] found in the tropical mountainous regions of the [[Andes]].<ref name=Hypseocharitaceae/> The APG provided the option of considering them as a separate family or subsumed into Geraniaceae. By 2003, when the APG was published, it was apparent that the small families Francoaceae, Greyiaceae and Melianthaceae were closely related and were collapsed into one family as Melanthiaceae with Francoaceae as an optional synonym. Thus the number of families was reduced to four.{{sfn|APG II|2003}}
 
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The [[APG III]] classification (2009) was typical of newer arrangements. In this definition, [[Hypseocharitaceae]] was included within [[Geraniaceae]], [[Francoaceae]] and [[Greyiaceae]] were included within [[Melianthaceae]], and [[Ledocarpaceae]] was included within the [[Vivianiaceae]].{{sfn|APG III|2009}}
 
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However, Considerable rearrangements took place in the 2016 [[APG IV system]]. [[Francoaceae]] was substituted for [[Melianthaceae]],
 
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due to [[nomenclatural priority]]. The latter subsumed [[Vivianiaceae]] based on the work of Sytsma, Spalink & Berger (2014). However, there remains substantial uncertainty regarding the relationships within Francoaceae ''[[sensu stricto]]'' (''s.s.''), Melianthaceae (Bersama
 
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Fresen. and Melianthus L.) and Ledocarpaceae. Here, Vivianiaceae is used as a later [[synonym]] for Ledocarpaceae. This due to conflicting evidence (see Palazzesi ''et al.'', 2012). The APG chose to follow the broader circumscription for the time being till these differences are resolved.
 
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This leaves the order Geraniales with only two families: [[Geraniaceae]] and [[Francoaceae]] (including [[Bersamaceae]], [[Greyiaceae]], [[Ledocarpaceae]], [[Melianthaceae]], [[Rhynchothecaceae]] and [[Vivianiaceae]]).{{sfn|APG IV|2016}}
 
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The Vivianiaceae and Ledocarpaceae were included within the Geraniaceae, and the Hypseocharitaceae within the Oxalidaceae, which are now treated in the order [[Oxalidales]]. The Melianthaceae were placed within the [[Sapindales]], the Greyiaceae and Francoaceae within the [[Rosales]], the latter subsumed within the [[Saxifragaceae]].
 
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== Notes ==
 
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{{notelist}}
 
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== References ==
 
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{{Reflist|20em|refs=
 
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<ref name=Berchtold>{{harvnb|Berchtold|Presl|1820|loc=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=M3oQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA221 Geraniae p.&nbsp;221]}}</ref>
 
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<ref name=Candolle>{{harvnb|Candolle|1813|loc=[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88297#page/204/mode/1up Des familles et des tribus pp.&nbsp;192–195]}}</ref>
 
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<ref name=Dumortier>{{harvnb|Dumortier|1829|loc=[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32871#page/46/mode/1up Geraniaceae Juss. p.&nbsp;46]}}</ref>
 
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<ref name=Hypseocharitaceae>{{harvnb|Watson|Dallwitz|2016|loc=[http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/hypseoch.htm Hypseocharitaceae Weddell]}}</ref>
 
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<ref name=18.2>{{harvnb|ICN|2012|loc=[http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=art18 18.2 Names of families and subfamilies, tribes and subtribes.]}}</ref>
 
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<ref name=Jussieu>{{harvnb|Jussieu|1789|loc=[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7125#page/363/mode/1up Ordo XIII Gerainia, Les Geraines p.&nbsp;268]}}</ref>
 
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<ref name=tropicos>{{harvnb|Tropicos|2015|loc=[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/43000069 Geraniales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl]}}</ref>
 
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}}
 
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== Bibliography ==
 
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{{refbegin|30em}}
 
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* {{cite journal|title= rbcL Sequence Data and Phylogenetic Reconstruction in Seed Plants|journal=[[Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden]]|date=Summer 1993|volume=80|issue=3|pages=523–786|jstor=i317486|ref={{harvid|Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.|1993}}}} (also at [[Biodiversity Heritage Library]]: [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/89029#page/533/mode/1up here])
 
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** {{cite journal|last1=Chase|first1=Mark W.|last2=Soltis|first2=Douglas E.|authorlink2=Douglas Soltis|last3=Olmstead|first3=Richard G.|last4=Morgan|first4=David|last5=Les|first5=Donald H.|last6=Mishler|first6=Brent D.|last7=Duvall|first7=Melvin R.|last8=Price|first8=Robert A.|last9=Hills|first9=Harold G.|last10=Qiu|first10=Yin-Long|last11=Kron|first11=Kathleen A.|last12=Rettig|first12=Jeffrey H.|last13=Conti|first13=Elena|last14=Palmer|first14=Jeffrey D.|last15=Manhart|first15=James R.|last16=Sytsma|first16=Kenneth J.|last17=Michaels|first17=Helen J.|last18=Kress|first18=W. John|last19=Karol|first19=Kenneth G.|last20=Clark|first20=W. Dennis|last21=Hedren|first21=Mikael|last22=Gaut|first22=Brandon S.|last23=Jansen|first23=Robert K.|last24=Kim|first24=Ki-Joong|last25=Wimpee|first25=Charles F.|last26=Smith|first26=James F.|last27=Furnier|first27=Glenn R.|last28=Strauss|first28=Steven H.|last29=Xiang|first29=Qui-Yun|last30=Plunkett|first30=Gregory M.|last31=Soltis|first31=Pamela S.|authorlink31 = Pamela S. Soltis|last32=Swensen|first32=Susan M.|last33=Williams|first33=Stephen E.|last34=Gadek|first34=Paul A.|last35=Quinn|first35=Christopher J.|last36=Eguiarte|first36=Luis E.|last37=Golenberg|first37=Edward|last38=Learn|first38=Gerald H.|last39=Graham|first39=Sean W.|last40=Barrett|first40=Spencer C. H.|last41=Dayanandan|first41=Selvadurai|last42=Albert|first42=Victor A.|authorlink1=Mark W Chase|title=Phylogenetics of Seed Plants: An Analysis of Nucleotide Sequences from the Plastid Gene ''rbc''L|journal=[[Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden]]|date=1993|volume=80|issue=3|pages=528|doi=10.2307/2399846|ref={{harvid|Chase et al|1993}}}}
 
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** {{cite journal|last1=Price|first1=Robert A.|last2=Palmer|first2=Jeffrey D.|title=Phylogenetic Relationships of the Geraniaceae and Geraniales from rbcL Sequence Comparisons|journal=[[Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden]]|date=1993|volume=80|issue=3|pages=661–671|doi=10.2307/2399852|ref=harv}}
 
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* {{cite journal|last1=Bakker|first1=Freek T|title=Geraniales (Geranium)|journal=[[Encyclopedia of Life Sciences]] (eLS)|date=26 March 2003|doi=10.1038/npg.els.0003716|publisher=Wiley}}
 
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* {{cite book|last1= Berchtold|first1=Friedrich von|last2=Presl|first2=Jan Svatopluk|authorlink1=Friedrich von Berchtold|authorlink2=Jan Svatopluk Presl|title=O Prirozenosti Rostlin|date=1820|publisher=Krala Wiljma Endersa|location=Prague|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=M3oQAQAAMAAJ|ref=harv}}
 
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* {{cite book|last1 =  Candolle|first1=A. P. de|year = 1813|authorlink=A. P. de Candolle|title = Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux|url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/39705#/summary|accessdate=5 February 2014|language=french|ref=harv}}
 
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* {{cite journal |last1=Christenhusz|first1=Maarten JM|last2=Byng|first2= J. W.  |authorlink1=Maarten Christenhusz|authorlink2=James W. Byng|lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = [[Phytotaxa]] | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press |ref=harv}}
 
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* {{cite book|last1=Cronquist|first1=A|authorlink=Arthur Cronquist|title=The evolution and classification of flowering plants|date=1988|origyear=1968|publisher=New York Botanical Garden|location=Bronx, NY|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=t4XwAAAAMAAJ|ref=harv}}
 
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* {{cite journal |last1=Dahlgren |first1=R. M. T. |title=A revised system of classification of the angiosperms |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |date=February 1980 |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=91–124 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1980.tb01661.x |ref=harv}}
 
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* {{cite book|last1=Dumortier|first1=Barthélemy-Charles|authorlink=Barthélemy-Charles Du Mortier|title=Analyse des familles des plantes: avec l'indication des principaux genres qui s'y rattachent|date=1829|publisher=J Casterman|location=Tournay|url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/443#/summary|language=french|accessdate=16 January 2016|ref=harv}}
 
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*  {{cite book |last=Jussieu |first=Antoine Laurent de |authorlink=Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|title=Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam |year=1789 |location=Paris |oclc=5161409 |url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/284#/summary |accessdate=9 January 2014|language=latin|ref=harv}}
 
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* {{cite book|last1=Pelletier|first1=Bernard|title=Empire Biota: Taxonomy and Evolution|date=2016|origyear=2012|publisher=Lulu|isbn=978-1-329-87400-8|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=B8DoCwAAQBAJ}}
 
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* {{cite web|last=Watson |first=L. |last2=Dallwitz |first2=M.J. |title=The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval |url=http://delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm |accessdate=1 July 2016 |date=2016 |publisher=DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515050311/http://delta-intkey.com/angio//index.htm |archivedate=15 May 2016 |df= }}
 
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* {{cite web|last=ICN|authorlink=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants|title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants|url=http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title|publisher=[[International Association for Plant Taxonomy]]|accessdate=2 February 2014|location=[[Bratislava]]|year=2012|ref=harv}}
 
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* {{cite web|title=Tropicos|url=http://www.tropicos.org/Home.aspx|publisher=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]]|accessdate=30 December 2015|date=2015|ref={{harvid|Tropicos|2015}}}}
 
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* {{cite web|last1=IPNI|authorlink=The International Plant Names Index|title=The International Plant Names Index|url=http://www.ipni.org/index.html|date=2015}}
 
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=== APG ===
 
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* {{cite journal |last=APG I|authorlink=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|title=An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants |journal=[[Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden]] |year=1998 |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=531–553. |jstor=2992015 |ref=harv |doi=10.2307/2992015}}
 
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* {{cite journal |last=APG II |title=An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |year=2003 |volume=141 |issue=4 |pages=399–436 |doi=10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x |ref=harv}}
 
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* {{cite journal |last = APG III |title=An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |year = 2009 |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract |accessdate=3 January 2014 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x|ref=harv}}
 
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* {{cite journal |last = APG IV |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |year=2016 |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/abstract |accessdate=13 June 2016 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385 |ref=harv}}
 
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{{refend}}
 
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{{Commons category|Geraniales}}
 
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{{wikispecies}}
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Geraniales| ]]
 
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[[Category:Rosid orders]]
 
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[[Category:Angiosperm orders]]
 

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