Difference between revisions of "Lamiaceae"

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{{Automatic taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Lamiaceae]]
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|name = Mint family
 
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|image =Lamium purpureum jamestown1.jpg
 
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|image_caption = ''[[Lamium purpureum]]'' [[L.]]
 
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|taxon = Lamiaceae
 
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|authority = [[Ivan Ivanovich Martynov|Martinov]]<ref name=MOBOT>{{cite web |last=Stevens |first=P. F. |title=Lamiales (Lamiaceae Family) |publisher=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/lamialesweb.htm#Lamiaceae |issue= Version 12 |date=July 2012 |accessdate=25 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-06-26 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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|type_genus = ''[[Lamium]]''
 
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|type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
 
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|subdivision_ranks = [[Genera]]
 
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|subdivision = See text
 
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}}
 
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[[File:Lamium purpureum Closeup.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Lamium purpureum]]'', showing the bilaterally symmetrical flower]]
 
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'''Lamiaceae''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|l|eɪ|m|i|ˈ|eɪ|s|i|ˌ|aɪ}}<ref name=howjsay>{{cite web
 
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| url=http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=lamiaceae
 
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| title=Pronunciation of lamiaceae
 
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| accessdate=2014-11-25
 
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}}</ref> or {{IPAc-en|ˌ|l|eɪ|m|i|ˈ|eɪ|s|i|ee}}<ref name=howjsay/>)
 
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or '''Labiatae''' is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s commonly known as the '''mint''' or '''deadnettle''' family. Many of the plants are [[aromatic]] in all parts and include widely used culinary [[herb]]s, such as [[basil (herb)|basil]], [[Mentha|mint]], [[rosemary]], [[Salvia officinalis|sage]], [[savory (herb)|savory]], [[marjoram]], [[oregano]], [[Hyssopus officinalis|hyssop]], [[thyme]], [[lavender]], and [[perilla]]. Some species are [[shrub]]s, [[tree]]s (such as [[teak]]), or, rarely, [[vine]]s.  Many members of the family are widely cultivated, not only for their aromatic qualities but also their ease of cultivation, since they are readily propagated by stem cuttings.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} Besides those grown for their edible leaves, some are grown for decorative foliage, such as ''[[Coleus]]''. Others are grown for seed, such as ''[[Salvia hispanica]]'' (chia), or for their edible tubers, such as ''[[Plectranthus edulis]]'', ''[[Plectranthus esculentus]]'', ''[[Plectranthus rotundifolius]]'', and ''[[Stachys affinis]]'' (Chinese artichoke).
 
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The family has a [[cosmopolitan distribution]].<ref name="heywood2007">{{cite book| first1= Vernon H. |last1= Heywood |first2= Richard K. |last2= Brummitt| first3= Ole |last3= Seberg |first4= Alastair |last4= Culham |title= Flowering Plant Families of the World |publisher= Firefly Books |location= Ontario, Canada | isbn= 978-1-55407-206-4}}</ref> The enlarged Lamiaceae contains about 236 [[genera]]<ref name="harley2004"/> and has been stated to contain 6,900<ref name="heywood2007"/> to 7,200<ref name="harley2004"/> [[species]], but the World Checklist lists 7,534.<ref>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/incfamilies.do World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref> The largest genera are ''Salvia'' (900), ''Scutellaria'' (360), ''Stachys'' (300), ''Plectranthus'' (300), ''Hyptis'' (280), ''Teucrium'' (250), ''Vitex'' (250), ''Thymus'' (220), and ''Nepeta'' (200).<ref name="harley2004"/> ''Clerodendrum'' was once a genus of over 400 species,<ref name="harley2004"/> but by 2010, it had been narrowed to about 150.<ref name="yuan2010">{{cite journal|first1=Yao-Wu |last1= Yuan| first2= David J. |last2=Mabberley|first3= Dorothy A. |last3=Steane|first4= Richard G. |last4=Olmstead |year=  2010 |title= Further disintegration and redefinition of ''Clerodendrum'' (Lamiaceae): Implications for the understanding of the evolution of an intriguing breeding strategy |journal=Taxon |volume= 59 |issue= 1 |pages=125–133}}</ref>
 
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The family has traditionally been considered closely related to the [[Verbenaceae]];<ref name="harley2004">Raymond M. Harley, Sandy Atkins, Andrey L. Budantsev, Philip D. Cantino, Barry J. Conn, Renée J. Grayer, Madeline M. Harley, Rogier P.J. de Kok, Tatyana V. Krestovskaja, Ramón Morales, Alan J. Paton, and P. Olof Ryding. 2004. "Labiatae" pages 167-275. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor) and Joachim W. Kadereit (volume editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. {{ISBN|978-3-540-40593-1}}</ref>  in the 1990s, [[phylogenetic]] [[Research|studies]] suggested that many [[genera]] [[Biological classification|classified]] in the Verbenaceae should be classified in the Lamiaceae <ref name=Cantino>Cantino, P.D., Harley, R.M. & Wagstaff, S.J. 1992. Genera of Labiatae: status and classification. Pp. 511-522. In: Raymond M. Harley and Tom Reynolds (editors). ''Advances in Labiate Science.'' Richmond, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</ref><ref name="wagstaff1998">{{cite journal |first1= Steven J. |last1= Wagstaff |first2= Laura |last2= Hickerson |first3= Russ |last3= Spangler |first4= Patrick A. |last4= Reeves |first5= Richard G. |last5= Olmstead |year= 1998 |title=Phylogeny in Labiatae s.l., inferred from cpDNA sequences |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume= 209 |issue=3–4 |pages= 265–274 |doi=10.1007/bf00985232}}</ref> or to other families in the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Lamiales]].<ref name=MOBOT />
 
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The family name change from Labiatae to Lamiaceae results from the influential work of the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]], which is leading a major reorganisation of flowering plant classification based on [[phylogenetics]]. The original family name Labiatae refers to the fact that the flowers typically have petals fused into an upper lip and a lower lip (''{{lang|la|labia}}'' in Latin). The [[flower]]s are bilaterally symmetrical with five united [[petal]]s and five united [[sepal]]s. They are usually [[Plant sexuality|bisexual]] and verticillastrate (a flower cluster that looks like a whorl of flowers, but actually consists of two crowded clusters). Although this is still considered an acceptable alternative name, most botanists now use the name Lamiaceae in referring to this family. The [[Leaf|leaves]] emerge oppositely, each pair at right angles to the previous one (decussate) or whorled. The stems are frequently square in cross section,<ref>Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012. ''Webb's An Irish Flora''. Cork University Press {{ISBN|978-185918-4783}}</ref> but this is not found in all members of the family, and is sometimes found in other plant families.
 
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==Genera==
 
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The last revision of the entire family was published in 2004.<ref name="harley2004"/> It described and provided [[Identification key|keys]] to 236 genera. These are marked with an asterisk in the list below. A few genera have been established or resurrected since 2004. These are marked with a plus sign (+). The remaining genera in the list are mostly of historical interest only and are from a source that includes such genera without explanation.<ref name="grin">"List of genera in Lamiaceae". In: "Lamiaceae". In: "List of families". In: "Families and genera in GRIN. (see ''External links'' below)</ref> Few of these are recognized in modern treatments of the family.
 
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[[Kew Gardens]] provides a list of genera that includes additional information.<ref name="kewlamiaceaelist">List of Genera in Lamiaceae.  At: Vascular Plant Families and Genera.  At: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.  At: Electronic Plant Information Center.  At: Website of ''Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew''. (see ''External Links'' below).</ref> A list at the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]] is frequently updated.<ref>[http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/genera/lamiaceaegen.html APG list of Lamiaceae genera]</ref>
 
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{{col-begin}}
 
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{{col-break}}
 
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<nowiki>*</nowiki>''[[Acanthomintha]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Achyrospermum]]''
 
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<br />''[[Acinos]]''
 
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<br />''[[Acrocephalus (plant)|Acrocephalus]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Acrotome]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Acrymia]]''
 
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<br />''[[Adelosa]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Aegiphila]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Aeollanthus]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Agastache]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Ajuga]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Ajugoides]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Alajja]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Alvesia]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Amasonia]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Amethystea]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Anisochilus]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Anisomeles]]''
 
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<br />''[[Archboldia]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Asterohyptis]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Ballota]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Basilicum]]''
 
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<br />''[[Becium]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Benguellia]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Blephilia]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Bostrychanthera]]''
 
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<br />''[[Bovonia]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Brachysola]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Brazoria (plant)|Brazoria]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Bystropogon]]''
 
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<br />''[[Calamintha]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Callicarpa]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Capitanopsis]]''
 
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<br />''[[Capitanya]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Caryopteris]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Catoferia]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Cedronella]]''
 
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<br />''[[Ceratanthus]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Chaiturus]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Chamaesphacos]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Chaunostoma]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Chelonopsis]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Chloanthes]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Cleonia]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Clerodendrum]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Clinopodium]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Colebrookea]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Collinsonia]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Colquhounia]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Comanthosphace]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Congea]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Conradina]]''
 
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<br />''[[Coridothymus]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Cornutia]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Craniotome (plant)|Craniotome]]''
 
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{{col-break}}
 
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<nowiki>*</nowiki>''[[Cryphia (plant)|Cryphia]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Cuminia]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Cunila]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Cyanostegia]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Cyclotrichium]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Cymaria]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Dauphinea]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Dicerandra]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Dicrastylis]]''
 
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<br />''[[Discretitheca]]''
 
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<br />''[[Dorystoechas]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Dracocephalum]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Drepanocaryum]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Elsholtzia]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Endostemon]]''
 
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<br />''[[Englerastrum]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Eremostachys]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Eriope]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Eriophyton]]''
 
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<br />''[[Eriopidion]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Eriothymus]]''
 
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<br />''[[Erythrochlamys]]''
 
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<br />''[[Euhesperida]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Eurysolen]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Faradaya]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Fuerstia]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Galeopsis]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Garrettia]]''
 
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<br />''[[Geniosporum]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Glechoma]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Glechon]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Glossocarya]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Gmelina]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Gomphostemma]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Gontscharovia]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Hanceola]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Haplostachys]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Haumaniastrum]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Hedeoma]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Hemiandra]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Hemigenia]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Hemiphora]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Hemizygia]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Hesperozygis]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Heterolamium]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Hoehnea]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Holmskioldia]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Holocheila]]''
 
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<br />''[[Holostylon]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Horminum]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Hosea (plant)|Hosea]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Hoslundia]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Huxleya]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Hymenocrater]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Hymenopyramis]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Hypenia]]''
 
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{{col-break}}
 
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<nowiki>*</nowiki>''[[Hypogomphia]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Hyptidendron]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Hyptis]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Hyssopus (plant)|Hyssopus]]''
 
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<br />''[[Isodictyophorus]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Isodon]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Isoleucas]]''
 
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<br />+''[[Kalaharia (plant)|Kalaharia]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Karomia]]''
 
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<br />''[[Keiskea]]''
 
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<br />''[[Killickia]]''
 
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<br />''[[Kudrjaschevia]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Kurzamra]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Lachnostachys]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Lagochilus]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Lagopsis (plant)|Lagopsis]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Lallemantia]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Lamiophlomis]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Lamium]]''
 
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<br />*''[[lavender|Lavandula]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Leocus]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Leonotis]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Leonurus]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Lepechinia]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Leucas (plant)|Leucas]]''
 
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<br />''[[Leucophae]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Leucosceptrum]]''
 
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<br />''[[Limniboza]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Lophanthus]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Loxocalyx]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Lycopus]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Macbridea]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Madlabium]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Mallophora]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Marmoritis]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Marrubium]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Marsypianthes]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Matsumurella]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Meehania]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Melissa (plant)|Melissa]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Melittis]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Mentha]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Meriandra]]''
 
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<br />''[[Mesona]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Metastachydium]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Microcorys]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Micromeria]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Microtoena]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Minthostachys]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Moluccella]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Monarda]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Monardella]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Monochilus]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Mosla]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Neoeplingia]]''
 
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<br />''[[Neohyptis]]''
 
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<br />''[[Neorapinia]]''
 
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{{col-break}}
 
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<nowiki>*</nowiki>''[[Nepeta]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Newcastelia]]''
 
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<br />''[[Nosema (plant)|Nosema]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Notochaete]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Obtegomeria]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Ocimum]]''
 
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<br />''[[Octomeron]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Ombrocharis]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Oncinocalyx]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Origanum]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Orthosiphon]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Otostegia]]''
 
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<br />+''[[Ovieda]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Oxera]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Panzerina]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Paralamium]]''
 
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<br />*''[[Paraphlomis]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Paravitex]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Peltodon]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Pentapleura]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Perilla]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Perillula]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Peronema]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Perovskia]]''
 
−
<br />''[[Perrierastrum]]''
 
−
<br />''[[Petitia]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Petraeovitex]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Phlomidoschema]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Phlomis]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Phlomoides]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Phyllostegia]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Physopsis]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Physostegia]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Piloblephis]]''
 
−
<br />''[[Pitardia]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Pityrodia]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Platostoma]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Plectranthus]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Pogogyne]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Pogostemon]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Poliomintha]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Prasium]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Premna]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Prostanthera]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Prunella (plant)|Prunella]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Pseuderemostachys]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Pseudocarpidium]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Pseudocaryopteris]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Pseudomarrubium]]''
 
−
<br />''[[Puntia]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Pycnanthemum]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Pycnostachys]]''
 
−
<br />''[[Rabdosiella]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Renschia]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Rhabdocaulon]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Rhaphiodon (plant)|Rhaphiodon]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Rhododon]]''
 
−
{{col-break}}
 
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<nowiki>*</nowiki>''[[Rosmarinus]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Rostrinucula]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Rotheca]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Roylea]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Rubiteucris]]''
 
−
<br />+''[[Rydingia]]''
 
−
<br />''[[Sabaudia (plant)|Sabaudia]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Saccocalyx (plant)|Saccocalyx]]''
 
−
<br />''[[Salazaria (plant)|Salazaria]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Salvia]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Savory (herb)|Satureja]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Schizonepeta]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Schnabelia]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Scutellaria]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Sideritis]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Siphocranion]]''
 
−
<br />''[[Solenostemon]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Spartothamnella]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Sphenodesme]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Stachydeoma]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Stachyopsis]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Stachys]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Stenogyne]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Sulaimania (plant)|Sulaimania]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Suzukia]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Symphorema]]''
 
−
<br />''[[Symphostemon]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Synandra]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Syncolostemon]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Tectona]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Teijsmanniodendron]]''
 
−
<br />+''[[Tetraclea]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Tetradenia]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Teucridium]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Teucrium]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Thorncroftia]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Thuspeinanta]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Thymbra (plant)|Thymbra]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Thymus (plant)|Thymus]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Tinnea]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Trichostema]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Tripora]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Tsoongia]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Vitex]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Viticipremna]]''
 
−
<br />+''[[Volkameria]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Warnockia]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Wenchengia]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Westringia]]''
 
−
<br />''[[Wiedemannia]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Wrixonia]]''
 
−
<br />''Xenopoma''
 
−
<br />*''[[Zataria]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Zhumeria]]''
 
−
<br />*''[[Ziziphora]]''
 
−
{{col-break}}
 
−
[[File:Leucas aspera at Gandipet, Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9054.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''[[Leucas aspera]]'' in [[Hyderabad, India]].]]
 
−
[[File:Orthosiphon pallidus (Jyoti) in Talakona forest, AP W IMG 8284.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''[[Orthosiphon thymiflorus]]'' flower.]]
 
−
[[File:Origanum vulgare - harilik pune.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Oregano]]]]
 
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{{col-end}}
 
−
 
 
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==Recent changes==
 
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The [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of several genera has changed since 2004. ''Tsoongia'', ''Paravitex'', and ''Viticipremna'' have been sunk into [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonymy]] with ''Vitex''.<ref name="bramley2009">{{cite journal | last1 = Bramley | first1 = Gemma L.C. | last2 = Forest | first2 = Félix | last3 = Rogier | first3 =  | year = 2009 | title = Troublesome tropical mints: re-examining generic limits of ''Vitex'' and relations (Lamiaceae) in South East Asia | url = | journal = Taxon | volume = 58 | issue = 2| pages = 500–510 }}</ref> ''Huxleya'' has been sunk into ''Volkameria''.<ref name="yuan2010"/> ''Kalaharia'', ''Volkameria'', ''Ovieda'', and ''Tetraclea'' have been [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregated]] from a formerly [[polyphyletic]] ''Clerodendrum''.<ref name="yuan2010"/> ''Rydingia'' has been separated from ''Leucas''.<ref name="scheen2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Scheen | first1 = Anne-Cathrine | last2 = Albert | first2 = Victor A. | year = 2007 | title = Nomenclatural and taxonomic changes within the ''Leucas'' clade (Lamioideae; Lamiaceae)". | url = | journal = Systematics and Geography of Plants | volume = 77 | issue = 2| pages = 229–238 }}</ref> The remaining ''Leucas'' is [[paraphyletic]] over four other genera.<ref name="scheen2009">{{cite journal | last1 = Scheen | first1 = Anne-Cathrine | last2 = Albert | first2 = Victor A. | year = 2009 | title = Molecular Phylogenetics of the ''Leucas'' Group (Lamioideae; Lamiaceae)". | url = | journal = Systematic Botany | volume = 34 | issue = 1| pages = 173–181 | doi=10.1600/036364409787602366}}</ref>
 
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==Subfamilies and tribes==
 
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In 2004, the Lamiaceae were divided into seven [[subfamilies]] with 10 genera not placed in any of the subfamilies.<ref name="harley2004"/> The [[Incertae sedis|unplaced]] genera are: ''Tectona, Callicarpa, Hymenopyramis, Petraeovitex, Peronema, Garrettia, Cymaria, Acrymia, Holocheila'', and ''Ombrocharis''. The subfamilies are the [[Symphorematoideae]], [[Viticoideae]], [[Ajugoideae]], [[Prostantheroideae]], [[Nepetoideae]], [[Scutellarioideae]], and [[Lamioideae]]. The subfamily Viticoideae is probably not [[monophyletic]].<ref name="bramley2009"/> The Prostantheroideae and Nepetoideae are divided into [[Tribe (biology)|tribes]]. These are shown in the [[phylogenetic tree]] below.
 
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==Phylogeny==
 
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Most of the genera of Lamiaceae have never been [[Sample (material)|sampled]] for [[DNA]] for [[molecular phylogenetic]] studies. Most of those that have been are included in the following [[phylogenetic tree]]. The [[phylogeny]] depicted below is based on seven different sources.<ref name="harley2004"/><ref name="wagstaff1998"/><ref name="yuan2010"/><ref name="bramley2009"/><ref name="zhong2010">{{cite journal | last1 = Zhong | first1 = Jin-Shun | last2 = Li | first2 = Jie | last3 = Li | first3 = Lang | last4 = Conran | first4 = John G. | last5 = Hsi-wen | first5 = Li | year = 2010 | title = Phylogeny of ''Isodon'' (Schrad. ex Benth.) Spach (Lamiaceae) and Related Genera Inferred from Nuclear Ribosomal ITS, trnL-trnF Region, and rps16 Intron Sequences and Morphology | url = | journal = Systematic Botany | volume = 35 | issue = 1| pages = 207–219 | doi=10.1600/036364410790862614}}</ref><ref name="walker2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Walker | first1 = Jay B. | last2 = Sytsma | first2 = Kenneth J. | year = 2007 | title = Staminal Evolution in the Genus ''Salvia'' (Lamiaceae): Molecular Phylogenetic Evidence for Multiple Origins of the Staminal Lever | url = | journal = Annals of Botany | volume = 100 | issue = 2| pages = 375–391 | doi = 10.1093/aob/mcl176 | pmid=16926227 | pmc=2735309}}</ref><ref name="ryding2010">{{cite journal | last1 = Ryding | first1 = P. Olof | year = 2010 | title = Pericarp structure and phylogeny of tribe Mentheae (Lamiaceae)". | url = | journal = Plant Systematics and Evolution | volume = 285 | issue = 3-4| pages = 165–175 | doi = 10.1007/s00606-010-0270-9 }}</ref>
 
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{{clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:120%
 
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|label1='''Lamiaceae'''&nbsp;
 
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|1={{clade
 
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  |1=''[[Callicarpa]]''
 
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  |2=''[[Tectona]]''
 
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  |label3=Viticoideae&nbsp;(pro&nbsp;parte)&nbsp;
 
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  |3={{clade
 
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      |1=''[[Gmelina]]''
 
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      |2=''[[Premna]]''
 
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      }}
 
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  |label4=Viticoideae&nbsp;(pro&nbsp;parte)&nbsp;
 
−
  |4=''[[Vitex]]''
 
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  |label5=Symphorematoideae&nbsp;
 
−
  |5={{clade
 
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      |1=''[[Congea]]''
 
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      |2=''[[Symphorema]]''
 
−
      }}
 
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  |label6=Ajugoideae&nbsp;
 
−
  |6={{clade
 
−
      |1=''[[Rotheca]]''
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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        |1=''[[Teucrium]]''
 
−
        |2={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Ajuga]]''
 
−
            |2={{clade
 
−
              |1={{clade
 
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                  |1=''[[Oxera]]''
 
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                  |2=''[[Faradaya]]''
 
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                  }}
 
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              |2={{clade
 
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                  |1=''[[Kalaharia (plant)|Kalaharia]]''
 
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                  |2={{clade
 
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                    |1=''[[Clerodendrum]]''
 
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                    |2={{clade
 
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                        |1=''[[Volkameria]]''
 
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                        |2={{clade
 
−
                          |1=''[[Ovieda]]''
 
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                          |2=''[[Aegiphila]]''
 
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                          |3=''[[Tetraclea]]''
 
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                          |4=''[[Amasonia]]''
 
−
                          }}
 
−
                        }}
 
−
                    }}
 
−
                  }}
 
−
              }}
 
−
            }}
 
−
        }}
 
−
      }}
 
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  |label7=Prostantheroideae&nbsp;
 
−
  |7={{clade
 
−
      |label1=Chloantheae&nbsp;
 
−
      |1=''[[Chloanthes]]''
 
−
      |label2=Westringieae
 
−
      |2={{clade
 
−
        |1=''[[Prostanthera]]''
 
−
        |2=''[[Westringia]]''
 
−
        }}
 
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      }}
 
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  |label8=Nepetoideae&nbsp;
 
−
  |8={{clade
 
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      |label1=Ocimeae&nbsp;
 
−
      |1={{clade
 
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        |1=''[[Lavandula]]''
 
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        |2=''[[Siphocranion]]''
 
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        |3={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Isodon]]''
 
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            |2=''[[Hanceola]]''
 
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            |3=''[[Hyptis]]''
 
−
            |4=''{{clade
 
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                |1={{clade
 
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                    |1=''[[Orthosiphon]]''
 
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                    |2=''[[Ocimum]]''
 
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                    }}
 
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                |2={{clade
 
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                    |1=''[[Plectranthus]]''
 
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                    |2=''[[Solenostemon]]''
 
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                    }}
 
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                }}
 
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            }}
 
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        }}
 
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      |label2=Elsholtzieae&nbsp;
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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        |1=''[[Elsholtzia]]''
 
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        |2=''[[Perilla]]''
 
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        }}
 
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      |label3=Mentheae&nbsp;
 
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      |3={{clade
 
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        |1={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Lepechinia]]''
 
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            |2=''[[Salvia]]''
 
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            |3=''[[Rosmarinus]]''
 
−
            }}
 
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        |2={{clade
 
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            |1={{clade
 
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              |1=''[[Prunella (plant)|Prunella]]''
 
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              |2={{clade
 
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                  |1=''[[Nepeta]]''
 
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                  |2=''[[Dracocephalum]]''
 
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                  |3=''[[Agastache]]''
 
−
                  }}
 
−
              }}
 
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            |2={{clade
 
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              |1={{clade
 
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                  |1=''[[Origanum]]''
 
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                  |2=''[[Thymus (plant)|Thymus]]''
 
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                  }}
 
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              |2={{clade
 
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                  |1=''[[Mentha]]''
 
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                  |2={{clade
 
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                    |1=''[[Satureja]]''
 
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                    |2={{clade
 
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                        |1=''[[Clinopodium]]''
 
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                        |2=''[[Bystropogon]]''
 
−
                        }}
 
−
                    |3={{clade
 
−
                        |1=''[[Pycnanthemum]]''
 
−
                        |2=''[[Monarda]]''
 
−
                        }}
 
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                    |4={{clade
 
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                        |1=''[[Dicerandra]]''
 
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                        |2=''[[Conradina]]''
 
−
                        }}
 
−
                    }}
 
−
                  }}
 
−
              }}
 
−
            }}
 
−
        }}
 
−
      }}
 
−
  |9={{clade
 
−
      |label1=Scutellarioideae&nbsp;
 
−
      |1={{clade
 
−
        |1=''[[Holmskioldia]]''
 
−
        |2=''[[Scutellaria]]''
 
−
        }}
 
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      |label2=Lamioideae&nbsp;
 
−
      |2={{clade
 
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        |1=''[[Pogostemon]]''
 
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        |2={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Phlomis]]''
 
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            |2=''[[Lamium]]''
 
−
            |3={{clade
 
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              |1=''[[Stachys]]''
 
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              |2=''[[Sideritis]]''
 
−
              |3={{clade
 
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                  |1=''[[Haplostachys]]''
 
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                  |2={{clade
 
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                    |1=''[[Stenogyne]]''
 
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                    |2=''[[Phyllostegia]]''
 
−
                    }}
 
−
                  }}
 
−
              }}
 
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            |4=''[[Leonurus]]''
 
−
            |5=''[[Marrubium]]''
 
−
            |6=''[[Moluccella]]''
 
−
            |7={{clade
 
−
              |1=''[[Rydingia]]''
 
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              |2={{clade
 
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                  |1=''[[Leucas]]''
 
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                  |2=''[[Leonotis]]''
 
−
                  }}
 
−
              }}
 
−
            }}
 
−
        }}
 
−
      }}
 
−
  }}
 
−
}}
 
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==References==
 
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{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
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== External links ==
 
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{{Commons category}}
 
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{{Wikispecies}}
 
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* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/labiatae.htm Lamiaceae] in [https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.] http://delta-intkey.com
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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{{Authority control}}
 
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[[Category:Lamiaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Lamiales families]]
 

Latest revision as of 16:35, 6 September 2017

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