Difference between revisions of "Apiales"

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#redirect [[:Category:Apiales]]
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{{Automatic taxobox
 
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| taxon = Apiales
 
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| image = Umbella.jpg
 
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| image_width =
 
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| image_caption = Inflorescence of a wild carrot, ''[[Daucus carota]]'', in the [[Apiaceae]] family.
 
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| authority = [[Takenoshin Nakai|Nakai]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Families<ref name=APGIII2009/>
 
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| subdivision =
 
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* [[Apiaceae]] ([[carrot]] family)
 
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* [[Araliaceae]] ([[ginseng]] family)
 
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* [[Griseliniaceae]]
 
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* [[Myodocarpaceae]]
 
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* [[Pennantiaceae]]
 
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* [[Pittosporaceae]]
 
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* [[Torricelliaceae]]
 
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}}
 
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The '''Apiales''' are an [[Order (biology)|order]] of [[flowering plant]]s. The [[Family (biology)|families]] are those recognized in the [[APG III system]].<ref name=APGIII2009/> This is typical of the newer [[Biological classification|classifications]], though there is some slight variation, and in particular the Torriceliaceae may be divided.<ref name="plunkett2004">Gregory M. Plunkett, Gregory T. Chandler, Porter P. Lowry, Steven M. Pinney, and Taylor S. Sprenkle (2004). "Recent advances in understanding Apiales and a revised classification". ''South African Journal of Botany'' '''70'''(3):371-381.</ref>
 
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Under this definition, well-known members include [[carrot]]s, [[celery]], [[parsley]], and [[Hedera|ivy]].
 
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The order Apiales is placed within the [[asterid]] group of [[eudicots]] as circumscribed by the APG III system.<ref name=APGIII2009/> Within the asterids, Apiales belongs to an [[Taxonomic rank|unranked]] group called the [[campanulids]],<ref name="winkworth2008">Richard C. Winkworth, Johannes Lundberg, and Michael J. Donoghue (2008). "Toward a resolution of Campanulid phylogeny, with special reference to the placement of Dipsacales". ''Taxon'' '''57'''(1):53-65.</ref> and within the campanulids, it belongs to a [[clade]] known in [[phylogenetic nomenclature]] as [[Apiidae]].<ref name="cantino2007">{{citation |author1=Philip D. Cantino |author2=James A. Doyle |author3=Sean W. Graham |author4=Walter S. Judd |author5=Richard G. Olmstead |author6=Douglas E. Soltis |authorlink6=Douglas E. Soltis |author7=Pamela S. Soltis |authorlink7 = Pamela S. Soltis|author8=Michael J. Donoghue | year = 2007 | title = Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of ''Tracheophyta'' | journal = Taxon | volume = 56 | issue = 3 | pages = 822–846 | url = http://www.phylodiversity.net/donoghue/publications/MJD_papers/2007/164_Cantino_Taxon07.pdf | doi = 10.2307/25065865}}</ref> In 2010, a [[subclade]] of Apiidae named [[Dipsapiidae]] was defined to consist of the three orders: Apiales, [[Paracryphiales]], and [[Dipsacales]].<ref name="tank2010">{{Cite journal
 
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| last1 = Tank | first1 = D. C.
 
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| last2 = Donoghue | first2 = M. J.
 
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| title = Phylogeny and Phylogenetic Nomenclature of the Campanulidae based on an Expanded Sample of Genes and Taxa
 
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| journal = Systematic Botany
 
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| volume = 35
 
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| issue = 2
 
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| pages = 425
 
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| year = 2010
 
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| doi = 10.1600/036364410791638306
 
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}}</ref>
 
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==Taxonomy==
 
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Under the [[Cronquist system]], only the Apiaceae and Araliaceae were included here, and the restricted order was placed among the rosids rather than the asterids. The [[Pittosporaceae]] were placed within the [[Rosales]], and many of the other forms within the family [[Cornaceae]]. ''[[Pennantia]]'' was in the family [[Icacinaceae]]. In the classification system of [[Rolf Dahlgren|Dahlgren]] the Apiaceae and Araliaceae families were placed in the order Ariales, in the [[superorder]] Araliiflorae (also called Aralianae).
 
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The present understanding of the Apiales is fairly recent and is based upon comparison of [[DNA sequences]] by [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] methods.<ref name="gregory2004">{{Cite journal| last1 = Chandler | first1 = G. T.| last2 = Plunkett | first2 = G. M.| title = Evolution in Apiales: nuclear and chloroplast markers together in (almost) perfect harmony| journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society| volume = 144| issue = 2| pages = 123| year = 2004| doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2003.00247.x}}</ref> The [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscriptions]] of some of the families have changed. In 2009, one of the subfamilies of Araliaceae was shown to be [[polyphyletic]].<ref name="nicolas2009">{{Cite journal | last1 = Nicolas | first1 = A. N. | last2 = Plunkett | first2 = G. M. | title = The demise of subfamily Hydrocotyloideae (Apiaceae) and the re-alignment of its genera across the entire order Apiales | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 53 | issue = 1 | pages = 134–151 | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.06.010 | pmid=19549570}}</ref>
 
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==Gynoecia==
 
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The largest and obviously closely related families of Apiales are [[Araliaceae]], [[Myodocarpaceae]] and
 
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[[Apiaceae]], which resemble each other in the structure of their [[gynoecium|gynoecia]]. In this respect however, the [[Pittosporaceae]] is notably distinct from them.<ref name="osk">{{cite journal|last1=Oskolski |first1=Alexei A. |last2=Sokoloff |first2=Dmitry D. |last3=Van Wyk |first3=Ben-Erik |title=False paracarpy in Seemannaralia (Araliaceae): from bilocular ovary to unilocular fruit |journal=Annals of Botany |date=2010 |issue=106 |pages=29 –36 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcq084|url=http://ben-erikvanwyk.com/239%20-%202010,%20Oskolski,%20Sokoloff,%20Van%20Wyk,%20False%20paracarpy%20in%20Seemannaralia.pdf |accessdate=28 April 2017}}</ref>
 
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Typical syncarpous gynoecia exhibit four vertical zones, determined by the extent of fusion of the carpels. In most plants the  synascidiate (i.e. "united bottle-shaped") and symplicate zones are fertile and bear the ovules.<ref name="pan">{{cite book |last1=Pankhurst |first1=R. J. |title=Morphology of flowers and inflorescences |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=9780521438322 |pages=153-155 |edition=1st pbk. ed.}}</ref> Each of the first three families possess mainly bi- or multilocular ovaries in a gynoecium with a long synascidiate, but very short symplicate zone, where the ovules are inserted at their transition, the so-called cross-zone (or "Querzone").<ref name="osk"/>
 
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In gynoecia of the Pittosporaceae, the symplicate is much longer than the synascidiate zone, and the ovules are arranged along the first. Members of the latter family consequently have unilocular ovaries with a single cavity between adjacent carpels.<ref name="osk"/>
 
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==References==
 
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{{Reflist|30em}}
 
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{{commons}}
 
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{{wikispecies}}
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Apiales| ]]
 
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[[Category:Angiosperm orders]]
 
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[[Category:Taxa named by Takenoshin Nakai]]
 

Latest revision as of 09:59, 13 July 2017

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