Difference between revisions of "Annonaceae"

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{{Automatic taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Annonaceae]]
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|taxon = Annonaceae
 
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|image = Annona squamosa.jpg
 
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|image_caption = [[Sugar-apple|''Annona squamosa'' fruit]]
 
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|authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]
 
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|subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
 
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|subdivision = See text
 
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|synonyms = ''Hornschuchiaceae''  <small>J. Agardh</small><br/>
 
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''Monodoraceae''  <small>J. Agardh</small><ref name="GRIN">{{cite web
 
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| url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?66
 
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| title = Family: ''Annonaceae''  Juss., nom. cons.
 
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| accessdate = 2008-04-18
 
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| author = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)
 
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| authorlink = Germplasm Resources Information Network
 
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| date = 2007-05-12
 
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| work = Taxonomy for Plants
 
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| publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
 
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}}</ref>
 
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}}
 
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The '''Annonaceae''' are a [[Family (biology)|family]], the '''custard apple family''',<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=18092 |taxon=Annonaceae |accessdate=18 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="FNA">{{cite journal
 
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  | last =Flora of North America
 
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  | authorlink =Flora of North America
 
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  | title =  2. Annonaceae Jussieu
 
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  | volume =3
 
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  | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10047
 
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  | accessdate = 2008-04-20 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080421132654/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10047| archivedate= 21 April 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> of [[flowering plant]]s consisting of [[tree]]s, [[shrub]]s, or rarely [[liana]]s.<ref name="FNA"/>
 
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With 108 accepted genera and about 2400 known species,<ref name="Chatrou et al. 2012">{{Cite journal |author1=Chatrou, L. W. |author2=M. D. Pirie |author3=R. H. J. Erkens |author4=T. L. P. Couvreur |author5=K. M. Neubig |author6=J. R. Abbott |author7=J. B. Mols |author8=P. J. M. Maas |author9=R. M. K. Saunders |author10=Mark W. Chase | year = 2012 | title =  A new subfamilial and tribal classification of the pantropical flowering plant family Annonaceae informed by molecular phylogenetics | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 169 | pages = S. 4–50. | doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01235.x}}</ref> it is the largest family in the [[Magnoliales]]. Several genera produce edible fruit, most notably ''[[Annona]]'', ''[[Anonidium]]'', ''[[Asimina]]'', ''[[Rollinia]]'', and ''[[Uvaria]]''.<!-- <ref name="Bridg"/> says 6, but overlooks anonidium mannii, definitely edible -->
 
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Its [[type genus]] is ''[[Annona]]''. The family is concentrated in the [[tropics]], with few species found in [[temperate]] regions. About 900 species are [[Neotropic]]al, 450 are [[Afrotropic]]al, and the other species [[Indomalaya]]n.
 
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==Description==
 
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[[Image:Annona muricata Blanco1.196.png|thumb|200px|''Annona muricata'']]
 
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The species are mostly tropical, some are mid-latitude, [[deciduous]] or [[evergreen]] trees and shrubs, with some lianas, with aromatic bark, leaves, and flowers.<ref name="FNA"/>
 
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; Stems, stalks and leaves: Bark is fibrous and aromatic. [[Pith]] septate (fine tangential bands<ref name="nh1">{{cite journal
 
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|last=Chatrou
 
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|first=Dr. L.W.
 
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|authorlink=National Herbarium of the Netherlands
 
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|title=Molecular Systematics of Annonaceae
 
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|journal=Annonaceae research projects
 
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|publisher=[[Nationaal Herbarium Nederland]]
 
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|date=2005-07-29
 
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|url=http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/taskforcemolecular/annonaceae.htm#Molecular%20Systematics%20of%20Annonaceae
 
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|accessdate=2008-04-20
 
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|deadurl=yes
 
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|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113150056/http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl:80/taskforcemolecular/annonaceae.htm
 
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|archivedate=2008-01-13
 
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|df=
 
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}}</ref> divided by partitions) to diaphragmed (divided by thin partitions with openings in them).<ref name="FNA"/> Branching distichous (arranged in two rows/on one plane) or spiral.<ref name="Johnson 2003"/> Leaves are [[Phyllotaxis#Pattern structure|alternate]], two-ranked,<ref name="Johnson 2003">
 
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{{cite journal
 
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| last =Johnson
 
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| first =D.M.
 
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| title =Phylogenetic significance of spiral and distichous architecture in the Annonaceae.
 
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| journal =[[Systematic Botany]]
 
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| volume =28 | issue =3 | pages =503–511
 
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| date =July–September 2003
 
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| doi = 10.1043/02-13.1
 
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}}</ref> simple, [[pinnate]]ly veined, and have [[Petiole (botany)|leaf stalks]]. [[Stipules]] absent.<ref name="FNA"/>
 
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; Flowers: [[peduncle (botany)|Flower stalks]] are axillary to (on the opposite side of shoot from) leaf scars on old wood and sometimes from leaves on new shoots.  The flowers are usually [[merosity|trimerous]]; borne singly or in compound [[inflorescence]]s; [[Sexual reproduction in plants|bisexual]] and rarely [[gonochorism|unisexual]]. The [[receptacle (botany)|receptacle]] might become enlarged, elevated or flat.  The [[perianth|outer whorls]] are [[hypogynous|inserted below the ovaries]], and have valvate (overlapping) or imbricate (nonoverlapping) segments.  Usually two to four persistent [[sepal]]s that are distinct or connate (fused) at the base.  Six petals in two unequal whorls of three with larger outer whorls and fleshier inner whorls that might share the same [[nectar]] glands, or six to fifteen petals, with impressed veins on their inner face.  Ten to twenty (or many more) stamens inserted below the ovary, spirally arranged and forming a ball or flat-topped mass with short and stout [[wiktionary:Filament|filament]]s and linear to oblong anthers which face outward and open longitudinally.  Each flower can have from one to many pistils, distinct to connate, with stigmas distinct.  Marginal placentation, each pistil bearing one [[locule]], with one to many ovules.  Style short and thick, with terminal stigma.<ref name="FNA"/>
 
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; Fruits and seeds: Fruits are single berries or coalesce from several pistils (into [[aggregate fruit]], syncarps).  Seeds are one to many per pistil; have a fleshy and usually brightly colored cover, have ruminate endosperm (nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo) and are oily.<ref name="FNA"/>
 
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==Systematics==
 
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[[Monophyly]] and inter-familial systematics have been well supported for Annonaceae by a combination of [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] and [[molecular phylogenetics|molecular evidence]].<ref name="Doyle 2004">{{Cite journal |author = Doyle, J.A. |author2=H. Sauquet |author3=T. Scharaschkin | year = 2004 | title = Phylogeny, molecular and fossil dating, and biogeographic history of Annonaceae and Myristicaceae (Magnoliales) | journal = International Journal of Plant Sciences | volume = 165 | issue = 4 | pages = 55–67 |doi = 10.1086/421068}}</ref>  The [[APG II system]] places Annonaceae as most closely related to the small Magnoliid family [[Eupomatiaceae]].
 
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[[File:Uvaria ovata II.JPG|thumb|''[[Uvaria ovata]]'' is part of the Family, Annonaceae.]]
 
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{|style="text-align:left"
 
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|{{clade| style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%
 
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|label1='''[[Magnoliids|Magnoliidae]]'''
 
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|1={{clade
 
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|1={{clade
 
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  |1=[[Canellales]]
 
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  |2=[[Piperales]]
 
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  }}
 
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|2={{clade
 
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  |1={{clade
 
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  |label1='''[[Magnoliales]]'''
 
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  |1={{clade
 
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    |1=[[Myristicaceae]]
 
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    |2={{clade
 
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    |1=[[Magnoliaceae]]
 
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    |2={{clade
 
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      |1=[[Degeneriaceae]]
 
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      |2=[[Himantandraceae]]
 
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      }}
 
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    |3={{clade
 
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      |1=[[Eupomatiaceae]]
 
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      |2='''Annonaceae'''
 
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      }}
 
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    }}
 
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    }}
 
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  }}
 
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  |2=[[Laurales]]
 
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  }}
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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|}
 
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In a [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|phylogeny-based reclassification]] of the family<ref name="Chatrou et al. 2012"/> four subfamilies are recognised: Anaxagoreoideae (including just ''[[Anaxagorea]]''), Ambavioideae, Annonoideae, and Malmeoideae. A number of the larger genera, including ''[[Guatteria]]'', with its 177 species,<ref name="MaasWestra2015">{{cite journal|last1=Maas|first1=P.J.M.|last2=Westra|first2=L.Y.T.|last3=Guerrero|first3=S. Arias|last4=Lobão|first4=A.Q.|last5=Scharf|first5=U.|last6=Zamora|first6=N.A.|last7=Erkens|first7=R.H.J.|title=Confronting a morphological nightmare: revision of the Neotropical genus ''Guatteria'' (''Annonaceae'')|journal=Blumea - Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants|volume=60|issue=1|year=2015|pages=1–219|issn=0006-5196|doi=10.3767/000651915X690341}}</ref> ''[[Annona]]'', and ''[[Xylopia]]'' belong to Annonoideae. Together, Annonoideae and Malmeoideae comprise the majority of the species and each are further subdivided into a number of tribes. The subfamilial and tribal classification is followed in [http://annonaceae.myspecies.info/ World Annonaceae] which presents an overview of all Annonaceae genera and taxonomic, distribution and photographic information for a large number of species. Keys for the identification of Annonaceae genera (separately for Neotropical, African/Madagascan, and Asian/Australian taxa) are presented in<ref name="CouvreurMaas2012">{{cite journal|last1=Couvreur|first1=Thomas L. P.|last2=Maas|first2=Paul J. M.|last3=Meinke|first3=Svenja|last4=Johnson|first4=David M.|last5=KEßLER|first5=PAUL J. A.|title=Keys to the genera of Annonaceae|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=169|issue=1|year=2012|pages=74–83|issn=0024-4074|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01230.x}}</ref>
 
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. For a concise bibliographic overview of the taxonomic literature (1900 to 2012) see.<ref name="ErkensMennega2012">{{cite journal|last1=Erkens|first1=Roy H. J.|last2=Mennega|first2=Erik A.|last3=Westra|first3=Lubbert Y. Th.|title=A concise bibliographic overview of Annonaceae|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=169|issue=1|year=2012|pages=41–73|issn=0024-4074|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01232.x}}</ref>
 
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Both [[plastid]] DNA markers and morphological characters provide evidence that ''[[Anaxagorea]]'' is the sister [[clade]] to the rest of the family. This may confirm the hypothesis that morphological traits shared between ''[[Anaxagorea]]'' and other Magnoliales species (such as 2-ranked [[phyllotaxis]], monosulcate [[pollen]], and laminate [[stamen]]s) represent ancestral characters, while derived characters observed in other genera have evolved independently multiple times.<ref name="Scharaschkin and Doyle 2005">{{cite journal |author1=Scharaschkin, T.  |author2=J.A. Doyle | year = 2005 | title = Phylogeny and historical biogeography of Anaxagorea (Annonaceae) using morphology and non-coding chloroplast sequence data.  | journal = Systematic Botany | volume = 30 | issue = 5 | pages = 712–735 |doi = 10.1600/036364405775097888}}</ref><ref name="Scharaschkin and Doyle 2006">{{Cite journal |author1=Scharaschkin, T.  |author2=J.A. Doyle | year = 2006 | title = Character evolution in Anaxagorea (Annonaceae) | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 93 | issue = 1 | pages = 36–54 | doi=10.3732/ajb.93.1.36}}</ref><ref name="DoyleLe Thomas2012">{{cite journal|last1=Doyle|first1=James A.|last2=Le Thomas|first2=Annick|title=Evolution and phylogenetic significance of pollen in Annonaceae|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=169|issue=1|year=2012|pages=190–221|issn=0024-4074|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01241.x}}</ref>
 
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The oldest fossil evidence of Annonaceae is described as the genus ''Futabanthus'', from the late Cretaceous of Japan,<ref name="TakahashiFriis2008">{{cite journal|last1=Takahashi|first1=Masamichi|last2=Friis|first2=Else Marie|last3=Uesugi|first3=Kentaro|last4=Suzuki|first4=Yoshio|last5=Crane|first5=Peter R.|title=Floral Evidence of Annonaceae from the Late [[Cretaceous]] of Japan|journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences|volume=169|issue=7|year=2008|pages=908–917|issn=1058-5893|doi=10.1086/589693}}</ref> which represents a minimum age of c. 89 Mya for the [[most recent common ancestor]] (crown group) of the family.<ref name="PirieDoyle2012">{{cite journal|last1=Pirie|first1=Michael D.|last2=Doyle|first2=James A.|title=Dating clades with fossils and molecules: the case of Annonaceae|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=169|issue=1|year=2012|pages=84–116|issn=0024-4074|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01234.x}}</ref> The ages of Annonaceae clades inferred using fossil evidence and [[molecular clock]] based dating techniques suggests that the pantropical distribution of the family originated subsequent to the break up of the [[Gondwana]]n supercontinent, as the result of a combination of geodispersal tracking the expansion of the [[boreotropical flora]] during the [[Eocene]] and more recent long distance dispersal events.<ref name="RichardsonChatrou2004">{{cite journal|last1=Richardson|first1=J. E.|last2=Chatrou|first2=L. W.|last3=Mols|first3=J. B.|last4=Erkens|first4=R. H. J.|last5=Pirie|first5=M. D.|title=Historical biogeography of two cosmopolitan families of flowering plants: Annonaceae and Rhamnaceae|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=359|issue=1450|year=2004|pages=1495–1508|issn=0962-8436|doi=10.1098/rstb.2004.1537}}</ref><ref name="CouvreurPirie2011">{{cite journal|last1=Couvreur|first1=Thomas L. P.|last2=Pirie|first2=Michael D.|last3=Chatrou|first3=Lars W.|last4=Saunders|first4=Richard M. K.|last5=Su|first5=Yvonne C. F.|last6=Richardson|first6=James E.|last7=Erkens|first7=Roy H. J.|title=Early evolutionary history of the flowering plant family Annonaceae: steady diversification and boreotropical geodispersal|journal=Journal of Biogeography|volume=38|issue=4|year=2011|pages=664–680|issn=0305-0270|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02434.x}}</ref>
 
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==Uses==
 
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[[Image:Asimina triloba red fern farm.jpg|thumb|200px|''Asimina triloba'' fruit.]]
 
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===Food===
 
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The large, edible, pulpy fruits of some members typically called ''anona'' by Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking people of the family's Neotropical range, include species of ''[[Annona]]'': [[custard apple]] (''[[Annona reticulata|A. reticulata]]''), [[cherimoya]] (''[[Annona cherimola|A. cherimola]]''), [[soursop]]/guanábana/graviola (''[[Annona muricata|A. muricata]]''), [[sweetsop]] (''[[Annona squamosa|A. squamosa]]''), [[ilama (fruit)|ilama]] (''[[Annona diversifolia|A. diversifolia]]''), [[Annona purpurea|soncoya]] (''[[Annona purpurea|A. purpurea]]''), ''[[atemoya]]'' (a cross between ''A. cherimola'' and ''A. squamosa''); and [[Rollinia deliciosa|biriba]] (''[[Rollinia deliciosa]]'', which may require reclassification under ''Annona''.<ref>{{cite web
 
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| url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?10530
 
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| title = Genus: ''Rollinia'' A. St.-Hil.
 
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| accessdate = 2008-04-16
 
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| author = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)
 
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| authorlink = Germplasm Resources Information Network
 
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| date = 2008-02-14
 
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| work = Taxonomy for Plants
 
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| publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
 
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}}</ref>).  The names of many of those fruits are sometimes used interchangeably.  Recently, consumption of the neotropical annonaceous plant ''Annona muricata'' (soursop, ''graviola, guanabana'') has been strongly associated as a causal agent in "atypical [[Parkinsonism]]".  The causative agent, [[annonacin]], is present in many of the Annonaceae.  It is thought to be responsible for up to 70% of Parkinsonian conditions in Guadeloupe.  Exposure is typically through traditional food and natural medicines.<ref name="health_parkinsons1">{{cite journal
 
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  | last =Lannuzel
 
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  | first =A
 
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  | title =The mitochondrial complex i inhibitor annonacin is toxic to mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons by impairment of energy metabolism
 
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  | journal =Neuroscience
 
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  | volume =121
 
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  | issue =2
 
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  | pages =287–296
 
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  | publisher =International Brain Research Organization
 
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  | date = 2003-10-06
 
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  | doi =10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00441-X
 
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  | pmid =14521988 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
 
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  | last =Champy
 
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  | first =Pierre
 
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  | title =Quantification of acetogenins in Annona muricata linked to atypical parkinsonism in guadeloupe
 
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  | journal =Movement Disorders
 
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  | volume =20
 
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  | issue =12
 
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  | pages =1629–1633
 
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  | publisher =
 
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  | date = 2005-08-02
 
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  | doi =10.1002/mds.20632
 
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  | pmid =16078200 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Is atypical parkinsonism in the Caribbean caused by the consumption of Annonacae? | pmid = 17017523 | journal = J Neural Transm Suppl. | year = 2006 | pages = 153–7 | issue = 70 |vauthors=Lannuzel A, Höglinger GU, Champy P, Michel PP, Hirsch EC, Ruberg M | doi = 10.1007/978-3-211-45295-0_24 | volume = 70 | series = Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementa | isbn = 978-3-211-28927-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 10440304 | date = 1999-07-24 | volume = 354 | issue = 9175 | pages = 281–6 | title = Possible relation of atypical parkinsonism in the French West Indies with consumption of tropical plants: a case-control study |vauthors=Caparros-Lefebvre D, Elbaz A | journal = Lancet | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)10166-6}}</ref>
 
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The [[American pawpaw]] (''[[Asimina triloba]]'') has an [[Eastern U.S.]] distribution, and is currently under investigation as a commercial agricultural crop.<ref name="Pomper">{{cite journal
 
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  | last =Pomper
 
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  | first =K.W.
 
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  | title =Flowering and fruiting characteristics of eight pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.)] Dunal selections in Kentucky
 
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  | journal =Journal American Pomological Society  |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=89–97
 
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  | date =July 2008|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
 
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===Folk medicine===
 
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The bark, leaves, and roots of some species are used in [[folk medicine]]s.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}
 
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==Toxicology==
 
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The compound [[annonacin]] in the seeds and leaves of many Annonaceae including soursop (''[[Annona muricata]]''), is a [[neurotoxin]] and it seems to be the cause of a neurodegenerative disease. The disorder is a so-called [[tauopathy]] associated with a pathologic accumulation of [[tau protein]] in the brain. Experimental results demonstrate that the plant neurotoxin annonacin is responsible for this accumulation.<ref>Informationsdienst Wissenschaft: ''[http://idw.tu-clausthal.de/pages/de/news207375 Tauopathie durch pflanzliches Nervengift] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613202624/http://idw.tu-clausthal.de/pages/de/news207375 |date=June 13, 2007 }}'', 4. Mai 2007</ref>
 
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==Other uses==
 
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'''Lancewood''' (''[[Oxandra lanceolata]]'')<ref name="Lincoln">{{cite book |last=Lincoln |first=William A |title=World Woods in Colour |year=1986 |publisher=Stobard Davies Ltd |location=Hertford UK |isbn=0-85442-028-2}}</ref> is a tough, elastic, and heavy wood obtained from the [[West Indies]] and [[The Guianas]]. It was often used for [[carriage]] shafts. It is brought into commerce in the form of taper poles of about 6 m in length and from 15 to 20&nbsp;cm in breadth at the butt. The black lancewood or carisiri of The Guianas is of remarkably slender form.
 
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The yellow lancewood tree [[Calycophyllum|''Calycophyllum candididissimum'']], common names '''lemonwood''' or '''degame''', is from a different family ([[Rubiaceae]]).<ref name="Lincoln" /> It is used as an alternative to lancewood and is found in tolerable abundance throughout The Guianas, and used by the Amerinds for arrow-points, as well as for spars, beams, etc.  Some bowyers use this wood for making longbows.
 
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===Other===
 
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[[Image:Ylang-Eden.jpg|thumb|200px|Ylang-ylang (''[[Cananga odorata]])'' flowers.]]
 
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* Some species of the family, such as ''Cananga odorata'' ([[ylang-ylang]]) also have [[aromatic oil]] and are used for [[perfume]]s or [[spice]]s.<ref name="nh1"/>
 
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* The strong bark is used for carrying burdens in the [[Amazon Rainforest]]<ref name="nh1"/> and for wooden implements, such as tool handles and pegs.<ref name="icuc">{{cite web
 
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|url=http://www.icuc-iwmi.org/files/News/Resources/Factsheets/annona.pdf
 
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|title=Factsheet No. 5. ''Annona''
 
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|accessdate=2008-04-20
 
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|author=University of Southampton
 
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|authorlink=University of Southampton
 
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|date=March 2002
 
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|format=PDF
 
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|work=Fruits for the Future
 
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|publisher=[[Department for International Development]], [[International Centre for Underutilised Crops]]
 
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|deadurl=yes
 
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|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720053635/http://www.icuc-iwmi.org/files/News/Resources/Factsheets/annona.pdf
 
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|archivedate=2011-07-20
 
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|df=
 
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}}</ref> The wood is valued as [[firewood]].<ref name="nh1"/>
 
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* Yellow and brown [[dyes]]<ref name="icuc"/>
 
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* Some species are also grown as [[ornamental plant]]s, especially the Indian species ''[[Polyalthia longifolia]] pendula''.
 
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* The fruit and leaves of ''[[Uvariopsis tripetala]]'' (pepperfruit) are used as a spice for [[meats]] in some parts of [[Nigeria]], due to its "hot" peppery flavor.
 
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==Chemical constituents==
 
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A large number of chemical compounds, including [[flavonoid]]s, [[alkaloid]]s, and [[acetogenin]]s, have been extracted from the seeds and many other parts of these plants. Flavonoids and alkaloids contained in the leaves and bark of several species of the family have shown insecticidal properties.<ref name="icuc"/>
 
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==Genera==
 
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{{Div col|3}}
 
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* ''{{Interlanguage link multi|Afroguatteria|pl}}''
 
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* ''[[Alphonsea]]''
 
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* ''[[Ambavia]]''
 
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* ''[[Anaxagorea]]''
 
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* ''[[Ancana]]''
 
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* ''[[Annickia]]''
 
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* ''[[Annona]]''
 
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* ''[[Anomianthus]]''
 
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*{{extinct}}''[[Anonaspermum]]''<ref name="Manchester1994">{{Cite journal |last1=Manchester |first1=S.R. |title=Fruits and Seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon |year=1994 |journal=[[Palaeontographica Americana]] |volume=58 |pages=30–31}}</ref>
 
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* ''[[Anonidium]]''
 
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* ''[[Artabotrys]]''—[[trail-grape]]
 
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* ''[[Asimina]]''
 
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* ''[[Asteranthe]]''
 
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* ''[[Balonga]]''
 
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* ''[[Bocagea]]''
 
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* ''[[Bocageopsis]]''
 
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* ''[[Boutiquea]]''
 
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* ''[[Cananga]]''—[[Ylang-ylang]]
 
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* ''[[Cardiopetalum]]''
 
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* ''[[Cleistochlamys]]''
 
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* ''[[Cleistopholis]]''
 
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* ''[[Craibella]]''
 
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* ''[[Cremastosperma]]''
 
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* ''[[Cyathocalyx]]''
 
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* ''[[Cyathostemma]]''
 
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* ''[[Cymbopetalum]]''<!-- Bird Conservation International (2007) 17:45–61. doi: 10.1017/S0959270906000554 -->
 
−
* ''[[Dasoclema]]''
 
−
* ''[[Dasymaschalon]]''
 
−
* ''[[Deeringothamnus]]''—[[false pawpaw]]
 
−
* ''[[Dendrokingstonia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Dennettia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Desmopsis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Desmos]]''
 
−
* ''[[Diclinanona]]''
 
−
* ''[[Dielsiothamnus]]''
 
−
* ''[[Disepalum]]''
 
−
* ''[[Duckeanthus]]''
 
−
* ''[[Duguetia]]''<!-- AnnMOBotGard78:273. RevBrasOrnitol14:285. -->
 
−
* ''[[Ellipeia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ellipeiopsis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Enicosanthum]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ephedranthus]]''
 
−
* ''[[Exellia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Fissistigma]]''
 
−
* ''[[Fitzalania]]''
 
−
* ''[[Friesodielsia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Froesiodendron]]''
 
−
* ''[[Fusaea]]''
 
−
* ''[[Gilbertiella]]''
 
−
* ''[[Goniothalamus]]''
 
−
* ''[[Greenwayodendron]]''
 
−
* ''[[Guamia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Guatteria]]''—[[haya minga]], [[haya blanca]]
 
−
* ''[[Guatteriella]]''
 
−
* ''[[Guatteriopsis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Haplostichanthus]]''
 
−
* ''[[Heteropetalum]]''
 
−
* ''[[Hexalobus]]''
 
−
* ''[[Hornschuchia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Huberantha]]''
 
−
* ''[[Isolona]]''
 
−
* ''[[Letestudoxa]]''
 
−
* ''[[Lettowianthus]]''
 
−
* ''[[Malmea]]''
 
−
* ''[[Marsypopetalum]]''
 
−
* ''[[Meiocarpidium]]''
 
−
* ''[[Meiogyne]]''
 
−
* ''[[Melodorum]]''
 
−
* ''[[Mezzettia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Mezzettiopsis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Miliusa]]''
 
−
* ''[[Mischogyne]]''
 
−
* ''[[Mitrella (plant)|Mitrella]]''
 
−
* ''[[Mitrephora]]''
 
−
* ''[[Mkilua]]''
 
−
* ''[[Monanthotaxis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Monocarpia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Monocyclanthus]]''
 
−
* ''[[Monodora]]''
 
−
* ''[[Mosannona]]''
 
−
* ''[[Neostenanthera]]''
 
−
* ''[[Neo-uvaria]]''
 
−
* ''[[Onychopetalum]]''
 
−
* ''[[Ophrypetalum]]''
 
−
* ''[[Oreomitra]]''
 
−
* ''[[Orophea]]''
 
−
* ''[[Oxandra]]''—[[blacklancewood]], vernacular name: haya
 
−
* ''[[Pachypodanthium]]''
 
−
* ''[[Papualthia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Petalolophus]]''
 
−
* ''[[Phaeanthus]]''
 
−
* ''[[Phoenicanthus]]''
 
−
* ''[[Piptostigma]]''
 
−
* ''[[Platymitra]]''
 
−
* ''[[Polyalthia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Polyceratocarpus]]''
 
−
* ''[[Popowia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Porcelia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Pseudartabotrys]]''
 
−
* ''[[Pseudephedranthus]]''
 
−
* ''[[Pseudoxandra]]''
 
−
* ''[[Pseuduvaria]]''
 
−
* ''[[Pyramidanthe]]''
 
−
* ''[[Raimondia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Reedrollinsia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Richella]]''
 
−
* ''[[Rollinia]]''—[[wild sugar-apple]]
 
−
* ''[[Ruizodendron]]''
 
−
* ''[[Sageraea]]''
 
−
* ''[[Sanrafaelia]]''
 
−
* ''[[Sapranthus]]''
 
−
* ''[[Schefferomitra]]''
 
−
* ''[[Sirdavidia]]''
 
−
* ''{{Interlanguage link multi|Sphaerocoryne|es}}''
 
−
* ''[[Stelechocarpus]]''—[[kepel]]
 
−
* ''[[Stenanona]]''
 
−
* ''[[Tetrameranthus]]''
 
−
* ''[[Toussaintia]]''
 
−
* ''{{Interlanguage link multi|Tridimeris|es}}''
 
−
* ''[[Trigynaea]]''
 
−
* ''[[Trivalvaria]]''
 
−
* ''[[Unonopsis]]''
 
−
* ''[[Uvaria]]''
 
−
* ''[[Uvariastrum]]''
 
−
* ''[[Uvariodendron]]''
 
−
* ''[[Uvariopsis]]''
 
−
* ''{{Interlanguage link multi|Woodiellantha|es}}''
 
−
* ''[[Xylopia]]''
 
−
{{Div col end}}
 
−
 
 
−
==References==
 
−
{{reflist|2}}
 
−
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Custard Apple|volume=7|page=667}}
 
−
 
 
−
==External links==
 
−
{{Commons category|Annonaceae}}
 
−
{{wikispecies}}
 
−
* {{ITIS |id=18092 |taxon=Annonaceae |accessdate=18 March 2008}}
 
−
* [http://www.annonaceae.org AnnonBase]—online database for Annonaceae
 
−
* [http://annonaceae.myspecies.info/ World Annonaceae - a scratchpad for data on species of Annonaceae]
 
−
 
 
−
{{taxonbar}}
 
−
 
 
−
[[Category:Annonaceae| ]]
 
−
[[Category:Magnoliid families]]
 
−
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
 
−
[[Category:Edible fruits]]
 

Latest revision as of 09:49, 13 July 2017

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