Difference between revisions of "Rosaceae"

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Category:Rosaceae

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-{{distinguish|Rosacea (disambiguation){{!}}Rosacea}}
+#redirect [[Category:Rosaceae]]
-{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
-{{Automatic taxobox
-| fossil_range = [[Cretaceous]]-Recent{{cn|date=April 2017}}
-| image = Rosa pouzinii FlowerCloseup SierraMadrona.jpg
-| image_caption = Flower of ''[[Rosa pouzinii]]''
-| taxon = Rosaceae
-| authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]
-| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
-| subdivision =
-| range_map = Map-Rosaceae.PNG
-| range_map_caption = Global distribution of Rosaceae
-}}
-'''Rosaceae''', the rose family, is a medium-sized [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s, including  4,828 known species in 91 genera.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Rosaceae/ |title=The Plant List: Rosaceae|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanic Garden |accessdate=20 November 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W.  |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref><ref name="Stevens">{{cite web|url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/welcome.html|title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website|work=mobot.org}}</ref>
-The name is derived from the [[type genus]] ''[[Rose|Rosa]]''. Among the most species-rich genera are ''[[Alchemilla]]'' (270), ''[[Sorbus]]'' (260), ''[[Crataegus]]'' (260), ''[[Cotoneaster]]'' (260), ''[[Rubus]]'' (250),<ref name="Stevens"/> and ''[[Prunus]]'' (plums, cherries, peaches, apricots, and almonds) with about 200 species.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Bortiri, E. |author2=Oh, S.-H. |author3=Jiang, J. |author4=Baggett, S. |author5=Granger, A. |author6=Weeks, C. |author7=Buckingham, M. |author8=Potter, D. |author9=Parfitt, D.E. |year=2001 |title=Phylogeny and Systematics of ''Prunus'' (Rosaceae) as Determined by Sequence Analysis of ITS and the Chloroplast trnL-trnF Spacer DNA |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=797–807 |jstor=3093861 |doi=10.2307/3093861}}</ref> However, all of these numbers should be seen as estimates – much taxonomic work remains.
-The Rosaceae family includes herbs, shrubs, and trees. Most species are deciduous, but some are evergreen.<ref name="Watson and Dallwitz">{{cite book|last1=Watson|first1= L.|last2=Dallwitz|first2= M.J.|year=1992 <!-- (onwards) --> |title=The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 21 March 2010|url= http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/rosaceae.htm|work=delta-intkey.com}}</ref> They have a worldwide range, but are most diverse in the Northern Hemisphere.
-Several economically important products come from the Rosaceae, including many edible fruits (such as [[apple]]s, [[pear]]s, [[quince]]s, [[apricot]]s, [[plum]]s, [[cherry|cherries]], [[peach]]es, [[raspberry|raspberries]], [[loquat]]s, and [[strawberry|strawberries]]), [[almond]]s, and ornamental trees and shrubs (such as [[rose]]s, [[meadowsweet]]s, [[photinia]]s, [[firethorn]]s, [[rowan]]s, and [[Crataegus|hawthorns]]).<ref name="Watson and Dallwitz"/>
-==Distribution==
-The Rosaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution (found nearly everywhere except for Antarctica), but are primarily concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere in regions that are not desert or tropical rainforest.<ref name="Stevens"/>
-==Taxonomy==
-The family was traditionally divided into six subfamilies: [[Rosoideae]], [[Spiraeoideae]], [[Maloideae]] (Pomoideae), [[Amygdaloideae]] (Prunoideae), Neuradoideae, and Chrysobalanoideae, and most of these were treated as families by various authors.<ref>Caratini, Roger. La Vie de plantes. 1971. Encyclopédie Bordas.</ref><ref>Lawrence, G.H.M. 1960. ''Taxonomy of Vascular Plants''. Macmillan.</ref> More recently (1971),  Chrysobalanoideae is placed in Malpighiales in molecular analyses. Neuradoideae has been assigned to Malvales. Schulze-Menz, in Engler's Syllabus edited by Melchior (1964) recognized Rosoideae, Dryadoideae, Lyonothamnoideae, Spireoideae, Amygdaloideae, and Maloideae.<ref name=Potter>Potter, D., et al. (2007). Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae. ''Plant Systematics and Evolution''. 266(1–2): 5–43.</ref> They were primarily diagnosed by the structure of the fruits. More recent work has identified that not all of these groups were [[monophyletic]]. Hutchinson (1964) and Kalkmann (2004) recognized only tribes (17 and 21, respectively). Takhtajan (1997) delimited 10 subfamilies: Filipenduloideae, Rosoideae, Ruboideae, Potentilloideae, Coleogynoideae, Kerroideae, Amygdaloideae (Prunoideae), Spireoideae, Maloideae (Pyroideae), Dichotomanthoideae, and 21 tribes. A more modern model comprises three subfamilies, one of which (Rosoideae) has largely remained the same. A [[cladogram]] of the family<ref name=Potter/> is:
-{{clade|1={{clade|style=font-size:80%;line-height:100%|label1=&nbsp;'''[[Rosoideae]]'''&nbsp;
-|1=:{{clade|label2=&nbsp;'''Rosodae''' nom. illeg.;
-|1=''[[Filipendula]]''
-|2={{clade
-|1=''[[Rubus]]''
-|2={{clade
-|1='''[[Sanguisorbeae]]'''
-|2={{clade
-|1=''[[Rose|Rosa]]''
-|2='''[[Potentilleae]]''' (including ''[[Fragaria]]'')
-}}
-|3='''[[Colurieae]]'''
-}}}}}}
-|2={{clade|label2=&nbsp;'''[[Amygdaloideae]]'''<br>(incorrectly Spiraeoideae)
-|1='''[[Dryadoideae]]'''
-|2={{clade|label5=&nbsp;'''Kerriodae''' nom. illeg.|label6=&nbsp;'''Pyrodae''' nom. illeg.
-|1=''[[Lyonothamnus]]''
-|2='''[[Amygdaleae]]'''<br>(previously Amygdaloideae ''sensu stricto'')
-|3='''[[Sorbarieae]]'''
-|4='''[[Spiraeeae]]'''
-|5={{clade
-|1='''[[Kerrieae]]'''
-|2='''[[Exochordeae]]''' (syn.: Osmaronieae, nom. illeg.)}}
-|6={{clade|label2=&nbsp;'''[[Maleae]]'''<br>(previously [[Maloideae]] ''sensu lato'')
-|1=''[[Gillenia]]''
-|2={{clade
-|1=''[[Kageneckia]]''
-|2=''[[Vauquelinia]]''
-|3=''[[Lindleya]]''
-|4='''[[Malinae]]'''<br>(previously [[Maloideae]] (or Pomoideae) ''sensu stricto'')
-}}}}}}}}}}}}
-Three cladistic analyses were done in 1999 by Rodger Evans, one based on the phenotype, one on molecules, and the third combined.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://labs.eeb.utoronto.ca/dickinson/rosaceaeevolution/Rodger.html|title=Rosaceae Phylogeny and Evolution|work=utoronto.ca}}</ref> The only major difference in the results with the above cladogram is the position of ''Kerria'', which is basal in Evans and embedded in Spireoideae in Potter et al.
-While the boundaries of the Rosaceae are not disputed, there is not general agreement as to how many genera it contains. Areas of divergent opinion include the treatment of ''[[Potentilla]] s.l.'' and ''[[Sorbus]] s.l.''. Compounding the problem is that [[apomixis]] is common in several genera. This results in an uncertainty in the number of species contained in each of these genera, due to the difficulty of dividing apomictic complexes into species. For example, ''[[Cotoneaster]]'' contains between 70 and 300 species, ''[[Rose|Rosa]]'' around 100 (including the taxonomically complex [[dog rose]]s), ''[[Sorbus]]'' 100 to 200 species, ''[[Crataegus]]'' between 200 and 1,000, ''[[Alchemilla]]'' around 300 species, ''[[Potentilla]]'' roughly 500, and ''[[Rubus]]'' hundreds, or possibly even thousands of species.
-==Characteristics==
-Rosaceae can be trees, shrubs, or herbaceous plants. The herbs are mostly perennials, but some annuals also exist.<ref name="Watson">{{cite web|url=http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/22834|title=Rosaceae Juss.: FloraBase: Flora of Western Australia|work=calm.wa.gov.au}}</ref>
-===Leaves===
-The [[leaves]] are generally arranged [[phyllotaxis|spirally]], but have an opposite arrangement in some species. They can be simple or pinnately compound (either odd- or even-pinnate). Compound leaves appear in around 30 genera. The leaf margin is most often serrate. Paired [[stipule]]s are generally present, and are a primitive feature within the family, independently lost in many groups of Amygdaloideae (previously called Spiraeoideae).<ref name=Potter/> The stipules are sometimes adnate (attached surface to surface)<ref name=Beentje>{{cite book|last=Beentje|first=H.|year=2010|title=The Kew plant glossary, an illustrated dictionary of plant terms|publisher=Kew publishing|location=Kew, London, U.K.|isbn=9781842464229}}</ref> to the [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]]. Glands or [[extrafloral nectaries]] may be present on leaf margins or petioles. Spines may be present on the midrib of leaflets and the rachis of compound leaves.
-===Flowers===
-Flowers of plants in the rose family are generally described as "showy".<ref name=Folta>{{cite book|last=Folta|first=edited by Kevin M.|authorlink=Kevin Folta|title=Genetics and genomics of rosaceae|year=2008|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-77490-9|pages=2|edition=1.}}</ref> They are actinomorphic (i.e. radially symmetrical) and almost always hermaphroditic. Rosaceae generally have five [[sepal]]s, five [[petal]]s, and many spirally arranged [[stamen]]s. The bases of the sepals, petals, and stamens are fused together to form a characteristic cup-like structure called a [[hypanthium]]. They can be arranged in [[raceme]]s, [[raceme|spikes]], or [[head (botany)|heads]]; solitary flowers are rare.
-===Fruits and seeds===
-The [[fruit]]s occur in many varieties and were once considered the main characters for the definition of subfamilies amongst Rosaceae, giving rise to a fundamentally artificial subdivision. They can be [[follicle (fruit)|follicles]], [[Capsule (fruit)|capsules]], [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]], [[achene]]s, [[drupe]]s (''[[Prunus]]''), and [[accessory fruit]]s, like the [[pome]] of an apple, or the [[rose hip|hip]] of a [[rose]]. Many fruits of the family are edible, but their seeds often contain [[amygdalin]], which can be converted to cyanide during digestion.<ref name=foc>TOXNET: [http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+3559 ''CASRN: 29883-15-6'']</ref>
-==Genera==
-{{main article|List of Rosaceae genera}}
-Identified clades include:
-* Subfamily Rosoideae: Traditionally composed of those genera bearing [[fruit#Aggregate fruit|aggregate fruits]] that are made up of small achenes or [[drupelet]]s, and often the fleshy part of the fruit (e.g. [[strawberry]]) is the [[Receptacle (botany)|receptacle]] or the stalk bearing the carpels. The circumscription is now narrowed (excluding, for example, the Dryadoideae), but it still remains a diverse group containing five or six tribes and 20 or more genera, including rose, ''[[Rubus]]'' (blackberry, raspberry), ''[[Fragaria]]'' (strawberry), ''[[Potentilla]]'', and ''[[Geum]]''.
-* Subfamily Amygdaloideae: Within this group remains an identified clade with a pome fruit, traditionally known as subfamily Maloideae (or Pyroideae) which included genera such as apple, ''[[Cotoneaster]]'', and ''[[Crataegus]]'' (hawthorn). To separate it at the subfamily level would leave the remaining genera as a [[paraphyletic]] group, so it has been expanded to include the former Spiraeoideae and Amygdaloideae.<ref name=Potter/> The subfamily has sometimes been referred to by the name "Spiraeoideae", but this is not permitted by the [[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants]].
-* Subfamily [[Dryadoideae]]: Fruits are achenes with hairy styles, and includes five genera (''[[Dryas (plant)|Dryas]], [[Cercocarpus]], [[Chamaebatia]], [[Cowania (plant)|Cowania]]'', and ''[[Purshia]]''), most species of which form [[root nodule]]s which host the nitrogen-fixing bacteria ''[[Frankia]]'' spp.
-==Economic importance==
-The rose family is arguably one of the six most economically important crop plant families,<ref>B.C. Bennett (undated). ''Economic Botany: Twenty-Five Economically Important Plant Families''. [http://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C09/E6-118-03.pdf Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) e-book]</ref>
-and includes apples, pears, quinces, [[medlar]]s, loquats, almonds, peaches, apricots, plums, cherries, strawberries, raspberries, [[Prunus spinosa|sloes]], and roses among the crop plants belonging to the family.
-Many genera are also highly valued ornamental shrubs; these include ''Cotoneaster'', ''[[Crataegus]]'', ''[[Kerria (plant)|Kerria]]'', ''[[Photinia]]'', ''Potentilla'', ''Prunus'', ''[[Pyracantha]]'', ''[[Rhodotypos]]'', ''Rosa'', ''Sorbus'', ''[[Spiraea]]'', and others.<ref name="Watson and Dallwitz"/>
-However, several genera are also introduced noxious weeds in some parts of the world, costing money to be controlled. These [[invasive plant]]s can have negative impacts on the diversity of local ecosystems once established. Such naturalised pests include ''[[Acaena]]'', ''Cotoneaster'', ''Crataegus'', ''Pyracantha'', and ''Rosa''.<ref name="Watson and Dallwitz"/>
-==References==
-{{Reflist|30em}}
-==External links==
-{{commons category|Rosaceae}}
-* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/rosaceae.htm Rosaceae at the DELTA Online Families of Flowering Plants]
-{{taxonbar}}
-[[Category:Rosaceae| ]]
-[[Category:Rosid families]]
-[[Category:Extant Cretaceous first appearances]]

Difference between revisions of "Rosaceae"

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