Difference between revisions of "Cistaceae"

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{{Taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Cistaceae]]
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| name = Cistaceae
 
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| image = Cistus incanus 2004.jpg
 
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| image_caption = ''Cistus incanus''
 
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|regnum = [[Plantae]]
 
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
 
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|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
 
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|ordo = [[Malvales]]
 
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| familia = '''Cistaceae'''
 
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| familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Genera
 
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| subdivision =
 
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''[[Cistus]]'' (rock roses)<br/>
 
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''[[Fumana]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Halimiocistus|X Halimiocistus]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Halimium]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Helianthemum]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Hudsonia]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Lechea]]'' L.<br/>
 
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''[[Pakaraimaea]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Tuberaria]]''
 
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}}
 
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The '''Cistaceae'''  are a small family of plants ('''rock-rose''' or  '''rock rose family''') known for their beautiful shrubs, which are profusely covered by [[flower]]s at the time of [[blossom]]. This family consists of about 170(-200) species in nine genera<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W.  |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> that are not very distinct, distributed primarily in the temperate areas of [[Europe]] and the [[Mediterranean]] basin, but also found in [[North America]]; a limited number of species are found in [[South America]]. Most Cistaceae are [[subshrub]]s and low [[shrub]]s, and some are [[herbaceous plant|herbaceous]]. They prefer dry and sunny habitats. Cistaceae grow well on poor [[soil]]s, and many of them are cultivated in [[garden]]s.
 
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They often have showy yellow, pink or white flowers, which are generally short-lived. The flowers are bisexual, regular, solitary or borne in cymes; they usually have five, sometimes three, petals (''[[Lechea]]''). The petals are free, usually crumpled in the bud, and sometimes in the open flower (e. g. ''[[Cistus incanus]]''). It has five sepals, the inner three of which are distinctly wider, and the outer two are narrow and sometimes regarded as bracteoles. The [[sepal]] arrangement is a characteristic property of the family.
 
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The [[stamen]]s are numerous, of variable length, and sit on a disc; filaments are free. The [[ovary (plants)|ovary]] is superior, usually with three carpels; placentation is parietal, with two or more ovules on each placenta. The [[fruit]] is a [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]], usually with five or ten valves (three in ''Helianthemum''). The seeds are small, with a hard, water-impermeable coating, weighing around 1&nbsp;mg.<ref name="Thanos">Thanos, C. A., K. Georghiou, C. Kadis, C. Pantazi (1992). Cistaceae: a plant family with hard seeds. ''Israel Journal of Botany'' 41 (4-6): 251-263. (Available online: [http://www.biology.uoa.gr/~cthanos/Papers/Abstracts/Cistaceae.htm Abstract] | [http://www.biology.uoa.gr/~cthanos/Papers/Cistaceae.pdf Full text (PDF)])</ref><ref>Heywood, V. H. (ed.) (1993).  ''Flowering plants of the world'', pp.&nbsp;108–109.  London: Batsford. {{ISBN|0-19-521037-9}}</ref><ref>Hutchinson, J. (1973). ''The families of flowering plants: arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny'' (3rd ed.), pp.&nbsp;254–255. Oxford: Clarendon. {{ISBN|0-19-854377-8}}.
 
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</ref><ref>Judd W. S., C. S. Campbell, E. A. Kellogg, P. F. Stevens, M. J. Donoghue (2002). ''Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach'', 2nd edition, pp.&nbsp;409–410 (Cistaceae). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates. {{ISBN|0-87893-403-0}}.
 
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* [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de]] (1789). ''Genera Plantarum'': 294. Parisiis.
 
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</ref><ref>Mabberley, D. J. (1997). ''The plant-book: a portable dictionary of the vascular plants'' (2nd ed.), p.&nbsp;160. New York: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-41421-0}}.
 
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</ref>
 
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Recently the [[neotropical]] [[tree]] ''[[Pakaraimaea dipterocarpacea]]'' is placed here, following [[APG IV system|APG IV (2016)]]<ref name="apgiv">{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–20 | url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/abstract |accessdate=2016-05-20 |doi= 10.1111/boj.12385}}</ref>
 
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==Ecology==
 
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[[Image:Cistus purpureus.jpg|thumb|180px|left|''[[Cistus × purpureus]]'' orchid rock rose]]
 
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The ability of Cistaceae to thrive in many Mediterranean habitats follows from two important ecological properties: mycorrhizal ability and fast renewal after wildfire.
 
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Most Cistaceae have the ability to create symbiotic relationship with root [[fungi]] of the genus ''[[Tuber (fungus)|Tuber]]''.<ref>Chevalier, G., D. Mousain, Y. Couteaudier (1975). Associations ectomycorhiziennes entre Tubéracées et Cistacées. ''Annales de Phytopathologie'' '''7'''(4), 355-356</ref><ref name="giovanetti">Giovannetti, G., A. Fontana (1982). Mycorrhizal synthesis between Cistaceae and Tuberaceae. ''New Phytologist'' '''92''', 533-537</ref> In this relationship, the fungus complements the root system in its task of absorbing water and minerals from the soil, and thus allows the host plant to dwell on particularly poor soils. In addition, an interesting quality of ''T. melanosporum'' is its ability to kill all vegetation except the host plant within the reach of its mycelium, and thus to give its host some sort of "exclusiveness" for the adjacent land area.<ref name="giovanetti"/>
 
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Cistaceae have also optimally adapted to the wildfires that frequently eradicate large areas of forest. The plants cast their seeds in the soil during the growth period, but they do not germinate in the next season. Their hard coating is impermeable to the water, and thus the seeds remain dormant for a long period of time. This coating together with their small size allows these plants to establish a large seed bank rather deep in the soil. Once the fire comes and kills the vegetation in the area, the seed coating softens or cracks as a result of the heating, and the surviving seeds [[germinate]] shortly after the fire. This mechanism allows the Cistaceae to produce a large number of young shoots simultaneously and at the right time, and thus to obtain an important advantage over other plants in the process of repopulating the area.<ref name="Thanos"/><ref>Ferrandis, P., J. M. Herrantz, J. J. Martínez-Sánchez (1999). Effect of fire on hard-coated Cistaceae seed banks and its influence on techniques for quantifying seed banks. ''Plant Ecology'' 144 (1): 103-114. (Available online: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009816309061 DOI])
 
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</ref>
 
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==Systematics==
 
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Molecular analyses of [[angiosperms]] have placed Cistaceae within the [[Malvales]], forming a clade with two families of tropical trees, [[Dipterocarpaceae]] and [[Sarcolaenaceae]].<ref name="Salvolainen et al. 2000">Savolainen, V., M. W. Chase, S. B. Hoot, C. M. Morton, D. E. Soltis, C. Bayer, M. F. Fay, A. Y. De Bruijn, S. Sullivan, and Y.-L. Qiu. 2000. Phylogenetics of Flowering Plants Based on Combined Analysis of Plastid atpB and rbcL Gene Sequences. Syst Biol 49:306-362.</ref><ref name="Soltis et al. 2000">Soltis, D. E., [[P. S. Soltis]], M. W. Chase, M. E. Mort, D. C. Albach, M. Zanis, V. Savolainen, W. H. Hahn, S. B. Hoop, M. F. Fay, M. Axtell, S. M. Swensen, L. M. Prince, W. J. Kress, K. C. Nison, and J. S. Farris. 2000. Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from 18S rDNA, vbcL, and atpB sequences. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 133:381-461.</ref>  Recent [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] studies confirm the [[monophyly]] of Cistaceae on the basis of [[plastid]] sequences and morphological [[synapomorphy|synapomorphies]].<ref name="Guzmán and Vargas 2009">Guzmán, B. and P. Vargas. 2009. Historical biogeography and character evolution of Cistaceae (Malvales) based on analysis of plastid rbcL and trnL-trnF sequences. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 9:83-99.</ref>
 
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Within Cistaceae, eight genera are recognized, including five in the [[Mediterranean]] (''[[Cistus]]'', ''[[Fumana]]'', ''[[Halimium]]'', ''[[Helianthemum]]'', ''[[Tuberaria]]'') and three in the temperate regions of [[North America]] (''[[Crocanthemum]]'', ''[[Hudsonia]]'', ''[[Lechea]]'').  These eight genera can be grouped into five major lineages within Cistaceae:
 
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*a basal clade of the genus ''[[Fumana]]''
 
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*the New World clade of ''[[Lechea]]''
 
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*the ''[[Helianthemum]]'' [[sensu (taxonomy)|s. l.]] clade, consisting of the sister groups ''[[Crocanthemum]]'' and ''[[Hudsonia]]'' from the [[New World]], and ''[[Helianthemum]]'' [[sensu (taxonomy)|s. s.]] from the [[Old World]]
 
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*the ''[[Tuberaria]]'' clade
 
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*a cohesive complex of ''[[Halimium]]'' and ''[[Cistus]]'' species
 
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==Cultivation and uses==
 
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{{Refimprove section|date=September 2013}}
 
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[[File:Anthrax sp. over Cistus sp. 01 by-dpc.jpg|thumb|right|220px|An [[Anthrax (fly)|Anthrax]] fly on rock-rose near [[Sotosalbos]], Spain]]
 
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''Cistus'', ''Halimium'' and ''Helianthemum'' are widely cultivated [[ornamental plant]]s. Their soil requirements are modest, and their hardiness allows them to survive well even the snowy winters of Northern Europe.
 
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Some ''Cistus'' species, mostly ''C. ladanifer'', are used to produce an aromatic resin, used in the [[perfume]] industry.
 
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The ability of Cistaceae to create mycorrhizal relation with [[truffle]] mushroom (''Tuber'') prompted several studies about using them as host plants for truffle cultivation. The small size of ''Cistus'' shrubs could prove favorable, as they take up less space than traditional hosts, such as [[oak]] (''Quercus'') or [[pine]] (''Pinus''), and could thus lead to larger yield per field unit.
 
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Cistaceae has been [[List of Bach flower remedies|listed]] as one of the 38 plants used to prepare [[Bach flower remedies]],<ref name="Vohra2004">{{cite book|author=D. S. Vohra|title=Bach Flower Remedies: A Comprehensive Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=icG8onA0ys8C&pg=PR3|accessdate=2 September 2013|date=1 June 2004|publisher=B. Jain Publishers|isbn=978-81-7021-271-3|page=3}}</ref> a kind of [[alternative medicine]] promoted for its effect on health. However, according to [[Cancer Research UK]], "there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer".<ref>{{cite web
 
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|url=http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-help/about-cancer/treatment/complementary-alternative/therapies/flower-remedies
 
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|title=Flower remedies
 
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|publisher=[[Cancer Research UK]]
 
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|accessdate=September 2013
 
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}}</ref>
 
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==Symbolism==
 
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In the Victorian [[language of flowers]], the [[Gum Cistus|gum cistus]] of the Cistaceae plant family symbolized imminent death. <!-- what is literal, the name? Literally, "I shall die tomorrow."-->
 
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==Synonymous genera==
 
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These generic names inside '''Cistaceae''' were defined in various publications,<ref>IPNI (2004). The International Plant Names Index - [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/plantsearch?find_family=Cistaceae&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=on&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query Record on Cistaceae]. Retrieved Nov. 15, 2004.</ref><ref>Kew (2004). [http://www.kew.org/cgi-bin/web.dbs/genlist.pl?CISTACEAE List of genera in Cistaceae], in [http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/data/genlist.html Vascular Plant Families and Genera Database], Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved Nov. 15, 2004.
 
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</ref> but their members were [[synonymy|synonymised]] with the eight accepted genera by later research.<br/>
 
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''Anthelis -- Aphananthemum -- Atlanthemum -- Crocanthemum -- Fumanopsis -- Helianthemon -- Hemiptelea -- Heteromeris -- Horanthes -- Horanthus -- Ladanium -- Ladanum -- Lecheoides -- Lechidium  -- Ledonia -- Libanotis -- Planera -- Platonia -- Pomelina -- Psistina -- Psistus -- Rhodax -- Rhodocistus -- Stegitris -- Stephanocarpus -- Strobon -- Taeniostema -- Therocistus -- Trichasterophyllum -- Xolantha -- Xolanthes''
 
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==References==
 
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{{reflist}}
 
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== External links ==
 
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{{Commonscat}}
 
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* Page R. G. [http://www.cistuspage.org.uk/ The Cistus & Halimium Website] - the [http://www.cistuspage.org.uk/BIBLIOG-Alphabetical.htm bibliography] contains many references to Cistaceae.
 
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* Stevens P.F. (2001 onwards). [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ Angiosperm Phylogeny Website] ([http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/malvalesweb.htm#Cistaceae Cistaceae]). Version 5, May 2004.
 
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[[Category:Cistaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Malvales families]]
 

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