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| | | range_map_caption = The range of Altingiaceae. | | | range_map_caption = The range of Altingiaceae. |
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| − | '''Altingiaceae''' is a small [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[Angiosperms|flowering plant]]s in the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Saxifragales]],<ref name="altingiaceae">[[Peter F. Stevens]] (2001 onwards). "Altingiaceae". At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below)</ref> are [[Anemophily|wind-pollinated]] [[trees]] that produce hard, [[wood]]y [[fruit]]s containing numerous [[seed]]s. The fruits have been studied in considerable detail.<ref name="ickert-bond2005">Stephanie M. Ickert-Bond, Kathleen B. Pigg, and Jun Wen. 2005. "Comparative infructescence morphology in ''Liquidambar'' (Altingiaceae) and its evolutionary significance". ''American Journal of Botany'' '''92'''(8):1234-1255.</ref><ref name="ickert-bond2007">Stephanie M. Ickert-Bond, Kathleen B. Pigg, and Jun Wen. 2007. "Comparative infructescence morphology in ''Altingia'' (Altingiaceae) and discordance between morphological and molecular phylogenies". ''American Journal of Botany'' '''94'''(7):1094-1115.</ref> They [[Indigenous (ecology)|naturally occur]] in [[Central America]], [[Mexico]], eastern [[North America]], the eastern [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]], [[China]], and [[tropical]] [[Asia]].<ref name="ickert-bond2006">Stephanie M. Ickert-Bond and Jun Wen. 2006. "Phylogeny and biogeography of Altingiaceae: Evidence from combined analysis of five non-coding chloroplast regions". ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' '''39'''(2):512-528. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> They are often [[Plant cultivation|cultivated]] as [[Ornamental plant|ornamentals]] and many produce valuable [[Lumber|wood]].<ref name="endress1993">Peter K. Endress. 1993. "Hamamelidaceae". pages 322-331. In: [[Klaus Kubitzki]] (editor); Jens G. Rohwer and Volker Bittrich (volume editors). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume II. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany.</ref>
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| − | == Classification ==
| + | '''''Altingiaceae''''', the sweet gum family, contains no plants known to have food value ''per se'', but the hardened sap or resin of these trees can be chewed like chewing gum. |
| − | Altingiaceae now consists of the single genus ''[[Liquidambar]]'' with 15 known species.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> Previously the [[genera]]: ''[[Altingia]]'' and ''[[Semiliquidambar]]'' were also recognised, but these 'genera' represent a rapid radiation and have been difficult to separate reliably. ''Semiliquidambar'' has recently been shown to be [[hybrid plant|hybrids]] of species of ''Altingia'' and ''Liquidambar''. This result had been expected for some time.<ref name="endress1993"/> ''Altingia'' and ''Liquidambar'' are known to be [[paraphyletic]] and a revision of the family is being prepared.<ref name="ickert-bond2006"/> Many of the [[species]] are closely related, and distinctions between them are likely to be [[Biological classification#Evolutionary|artificial]]. <ref name="ickert-bond2006"/>
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| − | == History ==
| + | It now consists of the single genus ''[[Liquidambar]]'' with 15 known species.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> |
| − | The name "Altingiaceae" has a long and complex [[History of plant systematics|taxonomic history]]. Some attribute the name to [[John Lindley]], who [[Valid name (botany)|published]] it in 1846. Others say that the authority for the name is Paul F. Horaninov, who described the group in 1841.<ref name="reveal2008on">James L. Reveal. 2008 onward. "A Checklist of Family and Suprafamilial Names for Extant Vascular Plants." At: Home page of [[James L. Reveal]] and C. Rose Broome. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the family Altingiaceae was not generally accepted. Most authors placed these genera in [[Hamamelidaceae]] and this treatment has been followed in some recent works as well.<ref name="heywood2007">Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007).</ref> In the twenty-first century, however, [[molecular phylogenetic]] studies have shown that including Altingiaceae in Hamamelidaceae makes Hamamelidaceae paraphyletic. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group recognizes four families in the lineage including Altingiaceae. [[Cercidiphyllaceae]] and [[Daphniphyllaceae]] are sister. This clade is sister to [[Hamamelidaceae]] and these three families are sister to Altingiaceae. The clade is sister to Paeoniaceae<ref name="jian2008">Shuguang Jian, [[Pamela S. Soltis]], Matthew A. Gitzendanner, Michael J. Moore, Ruiqi Li, Tory A. Hendry, Yin-Long Qiu, Amit Dhingra, Charles D. Bell, and [[Douglas E. Soltis]]. 2008. "Resolving an Ancient, Rapid Radiation in Saxifragales". ''Systematic Biology'' '''57'''(1):38-57. (see ''External links'' below).</ref>
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| − | == Evolution == | |
| − | Altingiaceae have an extensive [[fossil]] record.<ref name="pigg2004">Kathleen B. Pigg, Stephanie M. Ickert-Bond, and Jun Wen. 2004. "Anatomically preserved ''Liquidambar'' (Altingiaceae) from the middle Miocene of Yakima Canyon, Washington State, USA, and its biogeographic implications". ''American Journal of Botany'' '''91'''(3):499-509.</ref><ref name="zhou2001">Zhe-Kun Zhou, William L. Crepet, and Kevin C. Nixon. 2001. "The earliest fossil evidence of the Hamamelidaceae: Late Cretaceous (Turonian) inflorescences and fruits of Altingioideae". ''American Journal of Botany'' '''88'''(5):753-766.</ref><ref name="herendeen1999">Patrick S. Herendeen, Susana Magallón-Puebla, Richard Lupia, [[Peter R. Crane]], and Jolanta Kobylinska. 1999. "A preliminary conspectus of the Allon flora from the late Cretaceous (late Santonian) of central Georgia, USA". ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' '''86'''(2):407-471.</ref> For most of the [[Paleogene]] and [[Neogene]], they were more widely [[Biogeography|distributed]] than they are today. The [[stem group]] Altingiaceae [[Evolutionary radiation|diverged]] from the [[clade]] [Hamamelidaceae + (Cercidiphyllaceae + Daphniphyllaceae)] in the [[Turonian]] [[Stage (stratigraphy)|stage]] of the [[Cretaceous]] Period, about 90 [[Mya (unit)|mya]] (million years ago). The [[crown group]] Altingiaceae is much more recent, originating in the [[Eocene]], about 40 Mya.<ref name="ickert-bond2006"/>
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| | {{Reflist|30em}} | | {{Reflist|30em}} |
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| − | ==External links==
| + | {{Ack-Wikipedia}} |
| − | * Phylogeny of Altingiaceae {{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2005.12.003}}
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| − | * [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/saxifragalesweb.htm#Altingiaceae Altingiaceae] At: [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html Angiosperm Phylogeny Website] At: [http://www.mobot.org Missouri Botanical Garden Website]
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| − | * [http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/supgennames.html Family and Suprafamilial Names] At: [http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/ James L. Reveal]
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| − | * [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/altingia.htm Altingiaceae] in [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants.]
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| | [[Category:Saxifragales families]] | | [[Category:Saxifragales families]] |
| | [[Category:Altingiaceae| ]] | | [[Category:Altingiaceae| ]] |
| − | [[Category:Monogeneric plant families]]
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