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| − | '''''Magnolia grandiflora''''', commonly known as the '''southern magnolia''' or '''bull bay''', is a tree of the family [[Magnoliaceae]] native to the [[Southeastern United States|southeastern]] United States, from coastal [[North Carolina]] to central [[Florida]], and west to [[East Texas]]. Reaching {{convert|27.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} in height, it is a large, striking evergreen tree, with large dark green leaves up to {{convert|20|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|12|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} wide, and large, white, fragrant flowers up to {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter.
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| − | Although endemic to the lowland [[subtropical]] forests on the Gulf and south Atlantic coastal plain, magnolia grandiflora is widely cultivated in warmer areas around the world. The timber is hard and heavy, and has been used commercially to make furniture, pallets, and veneer.
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| − | ==Description==
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| − | [[File:Magnolia flower Duke campus.jpg|thumb|Flower and foliage of ''M. grandiflora'']]
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| − | ''Magnolia grandiflora'' is a medium to large [[evergreen]] tree which may grow {{convert|120|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall.<ref name=Gardiner144>Gardiner, p. 144</ref> It typically has a single stem (or trunk) and a [[Pyramid (geometry)|pyramidal]] shape.<ref name="trees_for_architecture_and_landscape_a01">{{Cite book | last1 = Zion | first1 = Robert L. | title = Trees for architecture and landscape | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aaKTWJG4-iQC&pg=PA224&| year = 1995 | publisher = Van Nostrand Reinhold | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-471-28524-3 | page = 224}}</ref>
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| − | The [[leaf|leaves]] are simple and broadly ovate, {{convert|12|–|20|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|6|–|12|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} broad,<ref name="trees_for_architecture_and_landscape_a01"/> with smooth margins. They are dark green, stiff and leathery, and often scurfy underneath with yellow-brown [[Leaf#Surface of the leaf|pubescence]].
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| − | The large, showy, [[lemon]] [[citronella oil|citronella]]-scented [[flower]]s are white, up to {{convert|30|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} across and fragrant, with six to 12 petals with a waxy texture, emerging from the tips of twigs on mature trees in late spring.
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| − | Flowering is followed by the rose-coloured fruit, ovoid [[Follicle (fruit)|polyfollicle]], {{convert|7.5|–|10|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} long, and {{convert|3|–|5|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name="Maisenhelder70"/>
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| − | Exceptionally large trees have been reported in the far [[southern United States]]. The national champion is a specimen in [[Smith County, Mississippi]], that stands an incredible {{convert|37|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Another record includes a 35-m-high specimen from the Chickasawhay District, [[De Soto National Forest]], in [[Mississippi]], which measured 17.75 ft in circumference at breast height, from 1961, and a 30-m-tall tree from [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]], which reached 18 ft in circumference at breast height.<ref name="Maisenhelder70">{{cite web|url=http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/usda/amwood/245magno.pdf|title=Magnolia|last=Maisenhelder|first=Louis C.|year=1970|work=American Woods FS-245|publisher=US Dept. of Agriculture|accessdate=2009-11-05}}</ref>
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| − | ==Taxonomy==
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| − | ''Magnolia grandiflora'' was one of the many species first described by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' in 1759,<ref>{{cite book |last= Linnaeus |first=Carl |authorlink= Carl Linnaeus |title= Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis |publisher= (Laurentii Salvii) |location= [[Stockholm|Holmiae]] |volume= Vol. 2 |edition= 10th revised |language= Latin |year= 1758 |page= 1082 |url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/587001}}</ref> basing his description on the earlier notes of Miller. He did not select a type specimen. Its specific epithet is derived from the [[Latin]] words ''grandis'' "big", and ''flor-'' "flower".<ref name=Call99>Callaway, p. 99</ref><!-- cites para -->
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| − | ''M. grandiflora'' is most commonly known as southern magnolia, a name derived from its range in the Southern United States. Many broadleaved evergreen trees are known as bays for their resemblance to the leaves of the red bay (''[[Persea borbonia]]''), with this species known as the bull bay for its huge size or alternatively because cattle have been reported eating its leaves. Laurel magnolia,<ref name=Call99/><!-- cites previous two and a half sentences --> evergreen magnolia,<ref name="Maisenhelder70"/> large-flower magnolia or big laurel are alternative names.<ref name="coladonato">{{cite web|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/maggra/all.html|title=Magnolia grandiflora|last=Coladonato|first=Milo|year=1991|work=Fire Effects Information System, [Online]|publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service|accessdate=12 January 2010|location=Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). }}</ref> The timber is known simply as magnolia.<ref name="Maisenhelder70"/>
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| − | [[File:Magnolia grandiflora2.jpg|upright|thumb|right|''M. grandiflora'' fruit]]
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| − | ==Distribution and habitat==
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| − | Southern magnolias are native to the [[Southeastern United States]], from coastal [[North Carolina]] south to central [[Florida]], and then west to East [[Texas]]. It is found on the edges of bodies of water and swamps, in association with sweetgum (''[[Liquidambar styraciflua]]''), water oak (''[[Quercus nigra]]''), and black tupelo (''[[Nyssa sylvatica]]''). In more sheltered habitats, it grows as a large tree, but can be a low shrub when found on coastal dunes.<ref name=Gardiner143>Gardiner, p. 143</ref><!-- ref covers whole section currently --> It is killed by summer fires, and is missing from [[habitat]]s that undergo regular burning.<ref name="priceless_florida_a01">{{Cite book | last1 = Whitney | first1 = Eleanor Noss | last2 = Rudloe | first2 = Anne | last3 = Jadaszewski | first3 = Erick | title = Priceless Florida: Natural Ecosystems and Native Species | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NXrygt0m50oC&pg=PA36&| date = | publisher = Pineapple Press (FL) | location = | isbn = 978-1-56164-308-0 | pages = 36 }}</ref>
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| − | In [[Florida]], it is found in a number of different ecological areas that are typically shady and have well-draining soils; it is also found in hummocks, along ravines, on slopes, and in wooded floodplains.<ref name="the_trees_of_florida_a_reference_and_field_guide">{{Cite book | last1 = Nelson | first1 = Gil | last2 = Marvin | first2 = Jr Cook | title = The Trees of Florida: A Reference and Field Guide (Reference and Field Guides (Paperback)) | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Wzmo7cHvhZkC&pg=PA17& | date = | publisher = Pineapple Press (FL) | location = | isbn = 978-1-56164-055-3 | pages = 17 }}</ref> Despite preferring sites with increased moisture, it does not tolerate inundation.<ref name="Maisenhelder70"/> It grows on sand-hills in maritime forests, where it is found growing with [[live oak]]s and [[saw palmetto]].<ref name="priceless_florida_a01"/> In the eastern United States, it has become an escape, and has become naturalized in the [[Tidewater region of Virginia|tidewater area]] of Virginia, the [[Washington metropolitan area|Washington, D.C. metropolitan area]] and locally in other areas outside of its historically natural range.<ref>http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200008470</ref><ref>http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Magnolia%20grandiflora.png
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| − | Kartesz, J.T., The Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2015. ''North American Plant Atlas.'' (<nowiki>http://bonap.net/napa</nowiki>). Chapel Hill, N.C. [maps generated from Kartesz, J.T. 2015. Floristic Synthesis of North America, Version 1.0. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). (in press)].
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| − | </ref>
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| − | ==Ecology==
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| − | [[File:Magnolia grandiflora seeds.jpg|thumb|Individual seeds]]
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| − | ''Magnolia grandiflora'' can produce seed by 10 years of age, although peak seed production is achieved closer to 25 years of age. Around 50% of seeds can germinate, and they are spread by birds and mammals.<ref name="Maisenhelder70"/> Squirrels, opossums, quail, and turkey are known to eat the seeds.<ref>Halls, L. K. 1977. Southern magnolia/Magnolia grandiflora L. In Southern fruit-producing woody plants used by wildlife. p. 196-197. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report SO-16. Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA.</ref>
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| − | ==Cultivation and uses==
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| − | The plant collector [[Mark Catesby]], the first in North America, brought ''M. grandiflora'' to Britain in 1726, where it entered cultivation and overshadowed ''[[Magnolia virginiana|M. virginiana]]'', which had been collected a few years earlier. It had also come to France, the French having collected it in the vicinity of the [[Mississippi River]] in [[Louisiana]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Aitken|first=Richard|title=Botanical Riches: Stories of Botanical Exploration|publisher=Miegunyah Press: State Library of Victoria|location=Melbourne, Victoria|year=2008|pages=112|isbn=0-522-85505-9}}</ref> It was glowingly described by Philip Miller in his 1731 work ''The Gardeners' Dictionary''.<ref name=Gardiner18>Gardiner, p. 18</ref> One of the earliest people to cultivate it in Europe was Sir John Colliton of [[Exeter]] in Devon; scaffolding and tubs surrounded his tree, where gardeners propagated its branches by [[layering]], the daughter plants initially selling for five guineas each (but later falling to half a guinea).<ref name=Gardiner18/>
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| − | [[File:Jardin des plantes Nantes-Magnolia Hectot.jpg|thumb|Tree planted 1807 at Jardin des plantes in [[Jardin des plantes de Nantes|Nantes]]]]
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| − | [[File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - L.0939500 - Ehret, G.D. - Magnolia altissima - Artwork.jpeg|thumb|Catesby's ''Laurel tree of Carolina'' by G.D. Ehret]]
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| − | It is often planted in university campuses and allowed to grow into a large tree, either with dependent branches, or with the lower branches removed to display the bare trunks. It is also [[espalier]]ed against walls, which improves its frost-hardiness.<ref name=Call99/>
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| − | ==United States cultivation==
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| − | ''Magnolia grandiflora'' is a very popular ornamental tree throughout its native range in the coastal plain of the Gulf/South Atlantic states. Grown for its attractive, shiny green leaves and fragrant flowers, it has a long history in the southern United States. Many large and very old specimens can be found in the subtropical port cities such as [[Houston]], TX; [[New Orleans]], LA; [[Mobile, Alabama]]; [[Jacksonville]], FL; [[Savannah, GA]]; [[Charleston, SC]]; and [[Wilmington, NC]]. ''M. grandiflora'' is the state tree of Mississippi and the state flower of Louisiana.
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| − | Until early 2018, an iconic Southern Magnolia planted by President [[Andrew Jackson]] nearly 200 years ago grew near the South Portico of the [[White House]].<ref>{{cite article| url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/12/26/politics/white-house-jackson-magnolia-south-facade/index.html| title=Exclusive: Iconic White House tree to be cut down| author=Kate Bennett| publisher=CNN| date=2017-12-27| access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> It was reputedly planted as a seedling taken from Jackson's plantation, [[The Hermitage (Nashville, Tennessee)| The Hermitage]] in Tennessee. It was the oldest tree on the White House grounds and was so famous that it was for decades pictured on the back of the [[United States twenty-dollar bill|$20 bill]] as part of a view of the South Front.<ref>{{cite article| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2017/12/26/white-house-to-cut-down-magnolia-tree-planted-by-andrew-jackson/| title=White House to cut back magnolia tree planted by Andrew Jackson| author=Sarah Kaplan| publisher=Washington Post| date=2017-12-26| access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> There was a tradition of gifting cuttings or seedlings grown from the tree: [[Ronald Reagan| Reagan]] gifted a cutting to his [[White House Chief of Staff| Chief of Staff]] [[Howard Baker]] upon his retirement, and [[Michelle Obama]] donated a seedling to the "people's garden" of the [[U.S. Department of Agriculture]].<ref>{{cite article| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2017/12/26/white-house-to-cut-down-magnolia-tree-planted-by-andrew-jackson/| title=White House to cut back magnolia tree planted by Andrew Jackson| author=Sarah Kaplan| publisher=Washington Post| date=2017-12-26| access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> Since the 1940's, when the tree suffered a gash that caused a large section of its trunk to rot, the tree had been supported by metal poles and cables. In 2017 it was decided on the advice of the [[United States National Arboretum|National Arboretum]] to cut down and remove the Magnolia because the trunk was in an extremely fragile condition and the supports had been compromised.<ref>{{cite article| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2017/12/26/white-house-to-cut-down-magnolia-tree-planted-by-andrew-jackson/| title=White House to cut back magnolia tree planted by Andrew Jackson| author=Sarah Kaplan| publisher=Washington Post| date=2017-12-26| access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref>
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| − | The species is also cultivated in the warmer parts of the United States; on the East Coast, a small number of specimens can be found growing as far north as coastal areas of [[New Jersey]], [[Connecticut]], and [[Long Island, NY]]. Farther south, it is grown more widely in [[Delaware]], much of the [[Chesapeake Bay]] region in [[Maryland]], and much of eastern [[Virginia]]. On the West Coast, it can be grown as far north as the [[Seattle]] area, though cooler summers on the West Coast slow growth compared to the East Coast.<ref name=Call99/>
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| − | In the interior of the US, some of the cold-hardy [[cultivars]] have survived north to the southern [[Ohio Valley]] (Ohio, Kentucky, southern Indiana). Farther north, few known long term specimens are found due to the severe winters, very cold temperatures, and/or lack of sufficient summer heat.
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| − | ''Magnolia grandiflora'' is also grown in parts of [[Mexico]], [[Central America]], and [[South America]] as well as parts of Asia.<ref name=Call99/>
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| − | It is recommended for seashore plantings in areas that are windy but have little salt spray.<ref name="Americas_garden_book_a01">{{Cite book | last1 = Bush-Brown | first1 = Louise Carter | last2 = Bush-Brown | first2 = James | last3 = Irwin | first3 = Howard S. | title = America's garden book | year = 1996 | publisher = Macmillan USA | location = New York | isbn = 0-02-860995-6 | pages = 537 }}</ref> The foliage will bronze, blotch, and burn in severe winters at the northern limits of cultivation, especially when grown in full winter sun,<ref name="native_trees_for_north_american_landscapes"/> but most leaves remain until they are replaced by new [[foliage]] in the spring. In climates where the ground freezes, winter sun appears to do more damage than the cold. In the Northern Hemisphere, the south side of the tree will experience more leaf damage than the north side. Two extremes are known, with leaves white underneath and with leaves brown underneath. The brown varieties are claimed to be more cold-hardy than the white varieties, but this does not appear to be proven as yet. Once established, the plants are drought tolerant, and the most drought tolerant of all the ''Magnolia'' species.<ref name="native_trees_for_north_american_landscapes"/>
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| − | The leaves are heavy and tend to fall year round from the interior of the crown and form a dense cover over the soil surface,<ref name="native_trees_for_north_american_landscapes">{{Cite book | last1 = Sternberg | first1 = Guy | last2 = Wilson | first2 = James | last3 = Wilson | first3 = Jim | title = Native trees for North American landscapes: from the Atlantic to the Rockies |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qOq5v4fd1kcC&pg=PA268& |year = 2004 | publisher = Timber Press | location = Portland | isbn = 978-0-88192-607-1 | pages = 268 }}</ref> and they have been used in decorative floral arrangements.<ref>Callaway, p. 13</ref> The leaves have a waxy coating that makes them resistant to damage from salt and air pollution.<ref name="native_trees_for_north_american_landscapes"/>
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| − | In the United States, southern magnolia, along with sweetbay (''[[Magnolia virginiana]]'') and cucumbertree (''[[Magnolia acuminata]]''), is commercially harvested. [[Lumber]] from all three species is simply called magnolia, which is used in the construction of furniture, boxes, pallets, venetian blinds, sashes, and doors and used as veneers. Southern magnolia has yellowish-white [[sapwood (wood)|sapwood]] and light to dark brown [[heartwood]] tinted yellow or green. The usually straight-grained wood has uniform texture with closely spaced rings. The wood is ranked moderate in heaviness, hardness, and stiffness, and moderately low in shrinkage, bending, and compression strength; it is ranked moderately high in shock resistance.<ref name="the_encyclopedia_of_wood_a04">{{Cite book | title = The Encyclopedia of Wood | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mUGSaiTsBAIC&pg=PT8&# | date = | publisher = Skyhorse Publishing | location = | isbn = 978-1-60239-057-7 | pages = 1–7 }}</ref> Its use in the Southeastern United States has been supplanted by the availability of harder woods.<ref>Callaway, p. 14</ref>
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| − | ===Cultivars===
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| − | Over 50 cultivars have been developed and named in North America and Europe. Most plants in nurseries are propagated by cuttings, resulting in more consistent form in the various varieties available.<ref name=Gardiner145>Gardiner, p. 145</ref> Many older cultivars have been superseded by newer ones and are no longer available.<ref name=Call100>Callaway, p. 100</ref> Some cultivars have been found to be more cold hardy, they include:
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| − | *'Bracken's Brown Beauty', developed by Ray Bracken of Easley, South Carolina, in the late 1960s, is a popular cultivar which has survived long-term in southern Ohio, West Virginia, New Jersey, and Long Island, NY. This cultivar grows in a dense and compact pattern, with narrow, medium-sized, glossy leaves. Flowers measure {{convert|5|-|6|in|cm|abbr=on}}.
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| − | *'Edith Bogue' was brought to the coastal plain of New Jersey from Florida in the 1920s. The original tree sent to Edith A. Bogue from Florida helped to establish cold-hardy specimens in the Middle Atlantic states from Delaware to coastal Connecticut, as well as the lower [[Midwest]]. Once established, 'Edith Bogue' has been known to have only minor spotting and margin burn on the leaf in temperatures as low as {{convert|-5|°F|°C|abbr=on}}. With a vigorous classic pyramidal shape, this cultivar grows to 35 ft with a 15-ft spread. The leaves are large and deep green, but lack the brown [[indumentum]] on their undersides which make other cultivars so distinctive.
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| − | *'Angustifolia', developed in France in 1825, has narrow, spear-shaped leaves {{convert|20|cm|in|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|11|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide, as its name suggests.<ref name=Gardiner145/>
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| − | *'Exmouth' was developed in the early 18th century by John Colliton in Devon. It is notable for its huge flowers, with up to 20 tepals, and vigorous growth. Erect in habit, it is often planted against walls. The leaves are green above and brownish underneath.<ref name=Gardiner147>Gardiner, p. 147</ref> The flowers are very fragrant and the leaves are narrow and leathery.<ref name="the_american_horticultural">{{Cite book | last1 = Brickell | first1 = Christopher | title = The American Horticultural Society encyclopedia of garden plants | year = 1989 | publisher = Macmillan | location = New York | isbn = 0-02-557920-7 | pages = 51 }}</ref>
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| − | *'Goliath' was developed by Caledonia Nurseries of Guernsey, and has a bushier habit and globular flowers of up to {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} diameter. Long-flowering, it has oval leaves which lack the brownish hair underneath.<ref name=Gardiner147/>
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| − | *'Little Gem', a dwarf cultivar, is grown in more moderate climates, roughly from Maryland and the Virginias southward. Originally developed in 1952 by Steed's Nursery in [[Candor, North Carolina]], it is a slower-growing form with a columnar shape which reaches around {{convert|4.25|m|ft|abbr=on}} high and {{convert|1.2|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide. Flowering heavily over an extended period in warmer climate, it bears medium-sized, cup-shaped flowers, and has elliptic leaves {{convert|12.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|5|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name=Gardiner147/>
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| − | Other commonly grown cultivars include:
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| − | *'Ferruginea' has dark-green leaves with rust-brown undersides.<ref name="the_american_horticultural"/>
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| − | *'Southern Charm' has large oval leaves, bushy habit, and smaller growth. It is also known as 'Teddy Bear'.
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| − | == Chemistry ==
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| − | ''M. grandiflora'' contains phenolic constituents shown to possess significant antimicrobial activity. [[Magnolol]], [[honokiol]], and [[3,5′-diallyl-2′-hydroxy-4-methoxybiphenyl]] exhibited significant activity against Gram-positive and acid-fast bacteria and fungi.<ref>Antimicrobial activity of phenolic constituents of magnolia grandiflora L. Alice M. Clark, Arouk S. El-Feraly, Wen-Shyong Li, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, August 1981, Volume 70, Issue 8, pages 951–952, {{doi|10.1002/jps.2600700833}}</ref> The leaves contain [[coumarins]] and [[sesquiterpene lactones]].<ref>Coumarins and sesquiterpene lactones from Magnolia grandiflora leaves. Yang MH, Blunden G, Patel AV, O'Neill MJ and Lewis JA, Planta medica, 1994, vol. 60, no 4, pages 390-390, {{INIST|11250251}}</ref> The sesquiterpenes are known to be [[costunolide]], [[parthenolide]], [[costunolide diepoxide]], [[santamarine]], and [[reynosin]].<ref>Isolation and characterization of the sesquiterpene lactones costunolide, parthenolide, costunolide diepoxide, santamarine, and reynosin from Magnolia grandiflora L. Farouk S. El-Feraly and Yee-Ming Chan, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, March 1978, Volume 67, Issue 3, pages 347–350, {{doi|10.1002/jps.2600670319}}</ref>
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| − | == Gallery ==
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| − | <gallery>
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| − | Image:Magnolia grandiflora 2004.jpg|''Magnolia grandiflora'' (southern magnolia) – a large tree at [[Hemingway, South Carolina]]
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| − | Image:Magnolia grandiflora4.jpg|Bark on trunk
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| − | Image:Magnolia grandiflora3.jpg|Southern magnolia foliage and flower
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| − | Image:Southern_Magnolia_Leaf_Cluster_3008px.jpg|A cluster of leaves
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| − | Image:2007_06_29_magnolia40.jpg|Before the opening act
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| − | Image:2007_06_29_magnolia25.jpg|Inside the flower
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| − | Image:Magnoliatree.jpg|Seed cluster of ''M. grandiflora''
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| − | File:Magnolia tree mid-afternoon.JPG|From below
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| − | Image:Martin Johnson Heade - Magnolia.jpg|[[Martin Johnson Heade]]: Magnolia
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| − | </gallery>
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| − | ==References==
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| − | {{Reflist}}
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| − | ===Cited texts===
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| − | *{{cite book|last=Callaway|first=Dorothy Johnson|title=The world of magnolias |publisher=Timber Press|location=Portland, Oregon|year=1994|isbn=0-88192-236-6}}
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| − | *{{cite book|last=Gardiner|first=Jim|title=Magnolias: A Gardener's Guide|publisher=Timber Press|location=Portland, Oregon|year=2000|isbn=0-88192-446-6}}
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| | ==External links== | | ==External links== |
| − | {{Commons|Magnolia grandiflora|Southern magnolia}}
| + | * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdSj2hxcPcs Fruit edible (usually cooked)] |
| − | * [http://www.plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=MAGR4 United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile for ''Magnolia grandiflora'' (southern magnolia)] | + | * [http://www.eattheweeds.com/edible-flowers-part-six Pickled blossoms edible] |
| − | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100401120701/http://www.restoredprints.com/AUD014.htm Magnolia grandiflora] ''Magnolia Grandiflora'' from Audubon's Birds of America | |
| − | * [http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/magr4.htm ''Magnolia grandiflora'' images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu]
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| − | {{Taxonbar|from=Q161116}}
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| − | [[Category:Magnolia|grandiflora]] | + | [[Category:Magnoliaceae]] |
| − | [[Category:Trees of the Southeastern United States]]
| + | [[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]] |
| − | [[Category:Trees of the South-Central United States]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of Texas]]
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| − | [[Category:Plants described in 1759]] | |
| − | [[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
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| − | [[Category:Medicinal plants of North America]]
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| − | [[Category:Garden plants of North America]]
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| − | [[Category:Ornamental trees]]
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