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-{{italic title}}<!-- Necessary, as the taxobox name does not match the article's title. -->
+#redirect [[:Category:Crataegus]]
-{{taxobox
-| name = Hawthorns
-| image = Crataegus, various species, fruit.jpg
-| image_caption = Fruit of four different species of ''Crataegus'' (clockwise from top left: ''[[Crataegus coccinea|C. coccinea]]'', ''[[Crataegus punctata|C. punctata]]'', ''[[Crataegus ambigua|C. ambigua]]'' and ''[[Crataegus douglasii|C. douglasii]]'')
-| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
-| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
-| unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
-| unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
-| ordo = [[Rosales]]
-| familia = [[Rosaceae]]
-| subfamilia = [[Maloideae]]<ref>{{citation |author=McNeill, J. |author2=Barrie, F. R. |author3=Buck, W.R. |author4=Demoulin, V. |author5=Greuter, W. |author6=Hawksworth, D. L. |author7=Herendeen, P. S. |author8=Knapp, S. |author9=Marhold, K. |author10=Prado, J. |author11=Prud'homme Van Reine, W. F. |author12=Smith, G. F. |author13=Wiersema, J. H. |author14=Turland, N. J. |year=2012 |volume=Regnum Vegetabile 154 |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011 |publisher=A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG  |isbn=978-3-87429-425-6 |chapter-url=http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=art19 |chapter=Article 19.5}}</ref>
-| tribus = [[Maleae]]
-| subtribus = [[Malinae]]
-| genus = '''''Crataegus'''''
-| genus_authority = [[Joseph Pitton de Tournefort|Tourn.]] ''ex'' [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
-| type_species = ''[[Crataegus rhipidophylla]]''&nbsp;<ref>{{cite book |author=J. B. Phipps |year=1997 |title=Monograph of northern Mexican ''Crataegus'' (Rosaceae, subfam. Maloideae) |volume=15 |series=Sida, Botanical Miscellany |publisher=[[Botanical Research Institute of Texas]] |isbn=9781889878294 |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXbTWqqkYJsC&pg=PA12}}</ref>
-| type_species_authority = [[Michel Gandoger|Gand.]]
-}}
-'''''Crataegus''''' ({{IPAc-en|k|r|ə|ˈ|t|iː|ɡ|ə|s}};<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book'', 1995:606–607</ref> from the Greek ''kratos'' "strength" and ''akis'' "sharp", referring to the thorns of some species<ref>{{citation |author=Phipps, J. B. |year=2015 |title=Flora of North America North of Mexico |chapter=''Crataegus'' |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York; Oxford |editor1=L. Brouillet |editor2=K. Gandhi |editor3=C. L. Howard |editor4=H. Jeude |editor5=R. W. Kiger |editor6=J. B. Phipps |editor7=A. C. Pryor |editor8=H. H. Schmidt |editor9=J. L. Strother |editor10=J. L. Zarucchi |pages=491–643 |volume=Volume 9: Magnoliophyta: Picramniaceae to Rosaceae |isbn=978-0-19-534029-7 |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=108272}}  p. 491</ref>) commonly called '''hawthorn''', '''thornapple''',<ref name=Voss>[[Edward Groesbeck Voss|Voss, E. G.]] 1985. ''Michigan Flora: A guide to the identification and occurrence of the native and naturalized seed-plants of the state. Part II: Dicots (Saururaceae–Cornaceae)''. Cranbrook Institute of Science and [[University of Michigan Herbarium]], Ann Arbor, Michigan.</ref> '''May-tree''',<ref name=RGraves>Graves, Robert. ''The White Goddess: A Historical Grammar of Poetic Myth'', 1948, amended and enlarged 1966, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.</ref> '''whitethorn''',<ref name=RGraves/> or '''hawberry''', is a large [[genus]] of [[shrub]]s and [[tree]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Rosaceae]], [[native plant|native]] to [[temperateness|temperate]] regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia and North America. The name "hawthorn" was originally applied to the species native to northern Europe, especially the [[common hawthorn]] ''C.&nbsp;monogyna'', and the unmodified name is often so used in Britain and Ireland. The name is now also applied to the entire genus and to the related Asian genus ''[[Rhaphiolepis]]''. The name '''haw''', originally an [[Old English]] term for hedge, applies to the fruit.<ref name=Phipps/>
-==Description==
-[[Image:Common hawthorn.jpg|thumb|left|Plant of ''[[Crataegus monogyna]]'']]
-[[Image:Common hawthorn flowers.jpg|thumb|upright|Close-up of the flowers of ''[[Crataegus monogyna|C. monogyna]]'']]
-''Crataegus'' species are [[shrub]]s or small [[tree]]s, mostly growing to {{convert|5|–|15|m|abbr=on}} tall,<ref name=Phipps>Phipps, J.B., O'Kennon, R.J., Lance, R.W. (2003). ''Hawthorns and medlars''. Royal Horticultural Society, Cambridge, U.K.</ref> with small [[pome]] [[fruit]] and (usually) thorny branches. The most common type of bark is smooth grey in young individuals, developing shallow longitudinal fissures with narrow ridges in older trees.  The [[Thorn (botany)|thorn]]s are small sharp-tipped branches that arise either from other branches or from the trunk, and are typically 1–3&nbsp;cm long (recorded as up to {{convert|11.5|cm|abbr=on}} in one case<ref name=Phipps/>). The leaves grow spirally arranged on [[long shoot]]s, and in clusters on [[spur shoot]]s on the branches or twigs. The leaves of most species have lobed or serrated margins and are somewhat variable in shape. The fruit, sometimes known as a "haw", is [[Berry (botany)|berry]]-like but structurally a [[pome]] containing from one to five [[pyrena|pyrenes]] that resemble the "stones" of [[plum]]s, [[peach]]es, etc., which are [[drupe|drupaceous]] fruit in the same [[family (biology)|subfamily]].
-==Ecology==
-Hawthorns provide food and shelter for many species of [[bird]]s and [[mammal]]s, and the [[flower]]s are important for many nectar-feeding [[insect]]s. Hawthorns are also used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of a [[large number]] of [[Lepidoptera]]  [[List of Lepidoptera that feed on hawthorns|species]], such as the small eggar moth, ''[[Eriogaster lanestris|E. lanestris]]''. Haws are important for [[wildlife]] in winter, particularly [[thrush (bird)|thrushes]] and [[waxwing]]s; these birds eat the haws and disperse the [[seed]]s in their droppings.
-==Uses==
-===Culinary use===
-The "haws" or fruits of the common hawthorn, ''C. monogyna'', are edible, but the flavour has been compared to over-ripe apples. In the United Kingdom, they are sometimes used to make a [[Fruit preserves|jelly]] or [[Winemaking|homemade wine]].<ref name ="Wright">Wright, John (2010), [https://books.google.com/books?id=_E026S_SW_kC&pg=PA73&dq=%22Hawthorn+%22bread+and+cheese%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_NMRVOv8GtSO7QbSuoCADA&ved=0CFEQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=%22Hawthorn%20%22bread%20and%20cheese%22&f=false ''Hedgerow: River Cottage Handbook''] Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, {{ISBN|978-1-4088-0185-7}} (pp. 73–74)</ref>  The leaves are edible, and if picked in spring when still young, are tender enough to be used in salads.<ref>Richard Mabey, ''Food for Free'', Collins, October 2001.</ref> The young leaves and flower buds, which are also edible, are known as "bread and cheese" in rural England.<ref name ="Wright"/>
-The fruits of the species ''[[Crataegus pinnatifida]]'' (Chinese hawthorn) are tart, bright red, and resemble small [[Malus|crabapple]] fruits. They are used to make many kinds of Chinese snacks, including [[haw flakes]] and ''[[tanghulu]]'' (糖葫芦). The fruits, which are called ''shānzhā'' ([[wiktionary:山|山]][[wiktionary:楂|楂]]) in Chinese, are also used to produce jams, jellies, juices, alcoholic beverages, and other drinks [http://www.itmonline.org/arts/crataegus.htm]. In [[South Korea]], a liquor called ''sansachun'' (산사춘) is made from the fruits.[https://web.archive.org/web/20060306194635/http://www.soolsool.co.kr/English/product.htm]
-The fruits of ''[[Crataegus mexicana]]'' are known in [[Mexico]] as ''tejocotes'' and are eaten raw, cooked, or in jam during the winter. They are stuffed in the ''[[piñata]]s'' broken during the traditional pre-Christmas celebration known as ''[[Las Posadas]]''. They are also cooked with other fruits to prepare a Christmas punch. The mixture of ''tejocote'' paste, sugar, and chili powder produces a popular Mexican candy called ''rielitos'', which is manufactured by several brands.
-In the southern United States, fruits of three native species are collectively known as [[mayhaw]]s and are made into jellies which are considered a great delicacy. The Kutenai people of northwestern North America used red and black hawthorn fruit for food.<ref name="firstvoices.ca">{{Cite web
-| title = FirstVoices- Ktunaxa. Plants: food plants: words.
-| accessdate = 2012-07-07
-| url = http://www.firstvoices.ca/en/Ktunaxa/word-category/e599527968bd1f59/--Plants---food-plants
-}}</ref>
-On [[Manitoulin Island]] in Canada, some red-fruited species are called hawberries. They are common there due to the island's [[alkaline]] soil. During the pioneer days, white settlers ate these fruits during the winter as the only remaining food supply. People born on the island are now called "[[haweater]]s".
-In [[Iran]], the fruits of ''Crataegus'' (including ''[[Crataegus azarolus]]'' var. ''aronia'', as well as other species) are known as ''zalzalak'' and are eaten raw as a snack, or made into a jam known by the same name.
-[[File:2013-05-23 07 24 06 Crataegus monogyna 'Crimson Cloud' blossoms in Elko, Nevada.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''Crataegus monogyna'' 'Crimson Cloud' in Elko, Nevada]]
-===Research===
-A 2008 [[Cochrane Collaboration]] [[meta-analysis]] of previous studies concluded that evidence exists of "a significant benefit in symptom control and physiologic outcomes" for an [[extract]] of hawthorn in treating [[chronic heart failure]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pittler MH, Guo R, Ernst E |title=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=Jan 23 |issue=1 |pages=CD005312 |year=2008 |pmid=18254076 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005312.pub2 |chapter=Hawthorn extract for treating chronic heart failure |editor1-last=Guo |editor1-first=Ruoling}}</ref> A 2010 review<ref name=Tassell>[http://www.phcogrev.com/article.asp?issn=0973-7847;year=2010;volume=4;issue=7;spage=32;epage=41;aulast=Tassell Tassell, M.; Kingston, R.; Gilroy, D.; Lehane, M.; Furey, A. (2010). Hawthorn (''Crataegus'' spp.) in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. ''Pharmacognosy Review''. 4(7): 32–41.]</ref> concluded that "Crataegus [hawthorn] preparations hold significant potential as a useful remedy in the treatment of [[cardiovascular disease]]". The review indicated the need for further study of the best dosages and concluded that although "many different theoretical interactions between ''Crataegus'' and orthodox medications have been postulated ... none have [yet] been substantiated.<ref name=Tassell/>
-Several earlier pilot studies assessed the ability of hawthorn to help improve exercise tolerance in people with [[NYHA]] class II [[cardiac insufficiency]] compared to placebo. One experiment, at (300&nbsp;mg/day) for 4 to 8 weeks, found no difference from placebo. The second study, including 78 subjects (600&nbsp;mg/day) for 8 weeks, found "significant improvement in exercise tolerance" and lower blood pressure and heart rate during exercise. The third, including 32 subjects (900&nbsp;mg/day) for 8 weeks, found improved exercise tolerance, as well as a reduction in the "incidence and severity of symptoms such as [[dyspnea]]" and fatigue decreased by about 50%.<ref name=Fong>[http://www.jcnjournal.com/pt/re/jcn/abstract.00005082-200207000-00002.htm;jsessionid=LQzV6JtjG8dpHpTcc3HxYpVXsyCkqNBJpWnv6yL7Bj5DHGfb48JK!553210824!181195629!8091!-1 Harry Fong & Jerry Bauman 2002. Alternative Medicines for Cardiovascular Diseases—Hawthorn], ''[[Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing]]'' 16(4):1–8.</ref>
-In the 2004 Hawthorn Extract Randomized Blinded Chronic HF Study  clinical study, 120 patients took 450&nbsp;mg of hawthorn extract twice daily for six months in combination with standard therapy and a standardized exercise program. "No effects of hawthorn were seen on either quality-of-life endpoint, or when adjusted for [[LVEF]]".<ref>Aaronson K: HERB-CHF: Hawthorn Extract Randomized Blinded Chronic Heart Failure Trial. In, 2004</ref>
-One research program, consisting of 1,011 patients taking one tablet (standardized to 84.3&nbsp;mg [[proanthocyanidin|procyanidin]]) twice daily for 24 weeks, found "improvements in clinical symptoms (such as fatigue, palpitations, and exercise dyspnea), performance and exercise tolerance test, and [[ejection fraction]]".<ref>{{cite journal | author = Sweet Jmrbv | year = 2002 | title = Hawthorn: Pharmacology and therapeutic uses | url = | journal = American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy | volume = 59 | issue = | pages = 417–422 }}</ref>
-[[Phytochemical]]s found in hawthorn include [[tannin]]s, [[flavonoid]]s,  [[oligomeric proanthocyanidins]], and [[phenolic acid]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/h/hawtho09.html|title=A Modern Herbal – Hawthorn|work=botanical.com|accessdate=12 September 2015}}</ref>
-===Traditional medicine===
-Several species of hawthorn have been used in [[traditional medicine]]. The products used are often derived from ''C.&nbsp;monogyna'', ''C.&nbsp;laevigata'', or related ''Crataegus'' species, "collectively known as hawthorn",<ref name=Fong/> not necessarily distinguishing between these species.<ref name=Phipps/> The [[dried fruit]]s of ''Crataegus pinnatifida'' (called ''shān zhā'' in Chinese) are used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]], primarily as a digestive aid. A closely related species, ''Crataegus cuneata'' (Japanese hawthorn, called ''sanzashi'' in Japanese) is used in a similar manner. Other species (especially ''Crataegus laevigata'') are used in [[herbal medicine]] where the plant is believed to strengthen cardiovascular function.<ref name=itmonline>{{cite journal |author=Dharmananda S. |title=Hawthorn (''Crataegus''). Food and Medicine in China |publisher=Institute of Traditional Medicine Online |volume=January |issue= |pages= |year=2004 |url=http://www.itmonline.org/arts/crataegus.htm |doi=}}</ref>
-The [[Kutenai people]] of northwestern North America used [[List of hawthorn species with black fruit#North American species|black hawthorn fruit]] ([[Kutenai language]]: kaǂa; approximate pronunciation: ''kasha'') for food,<ref name="firstvoices.ca"/> and red hawthorn fruit (Kutenai language: ǂupǂi; approximate pronunciation: ''shupshi'') in traditional medicine.<ref>{{Cite web
-| title = FirstVoices- Ktunaxa. Plants: medicine plants: words.
-| accessdate = 2012-07-11
-|url = http://www.firstvoices.ca/en/Ktunaxa/word-category/d2ad144298c3bbdb/--Plants---medicine-plants
-}}</ref>
-====Side effects====
-Overdose can cause cardiac arrhythmia and dangerously low blood pressure. Milder side effects include nausea and sedation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/69252.cfm#SideEffects|title=Hawthorn|work=mskcc.org|accessdate=12 September 2015}}</ref> Patients taking [[digoxin]] should avoid taking hawthorn.<ref name=Dasgupta>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dasgupta A, Kidd L, Poindexter BJ, Bick RJ | date = August 2010 | title = Interference of hawthorn on serum digoxin measurements by immunoassays and pharmacodynamic interaction with digoxin | journal = Arch Pathol Lab Med | volume = 134 | issue = 8| pages = 1188–92 | pmid=20670141 | doi=10.1043/2009-0404-OA.1}}</ref><ref name=DigoxinStudy>{{cite journal |author1=Tankenow Roberta |author2=Tamer Helen R. |author3=Streetman Daniel S. |author4=Smith Scott G. |author5=Welton Janice L. |author6=Annesley Thomas |author7=Aaronson Keith D. |author8=Bleske Barry E. | year = 2003 | title = Interaction Study between Digoxin and a Preparation of Hawthorn (''Crataegus oxyacantha'') | url = http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/97293/0091270003253417.pdf?sequence=1 | journal = J Clin Pharmacol | volume = 43 | issue = | pages = 637–642 }}</ref>
-===Landscaping===
-Many species and hybrids are used as [[ornamental plant|ornamental]] and street trees. The common hawthorn is extensively used in Europe as a [[hedge (barrier)|hedge]] plant. During the [[British Agricultural Revolution]] in the 18th and 19th centuries, hawthorn saplings were mass propagated in nurseries to create the new field boundaries required by the [[Inclosure Acts]].<ref>Williamson, Tom (2013), [https://books.google.com/books?id=r9JBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA104&dq=hawthorn+enclosures&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3NoRVPrOGc6h7AaB5YDIBQ&ved=0CE0Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=hawthorn%20enclosures&f=false ''An Environmental History of Wildlife in England 1650 – 1950''] Bloomsbury Academic, {{ISBN|978-1-4411-0863-0}} (p. 104)</ref> Several [[cultivar]]s of the Midland hawthorn ''C.&nbsp;laevigata'' have been selected for their pink or red flowers. Hawthorns are among the trees most recommended for water conservation landscapes.{{Citation needed|reason=in what part of the world? Not in dry parts of the US, where they grow only near water|date=May 2009}}
-===Grafting===
-[[File:Medlar rootstock.jpg|thumb|upright|Hawthorn [[rootstock]] on a [[Mespilus germanica|medlar]] tree in [[Totnes]], [[United Kingdom]].]]
-Hawthorn can be used as a [[rootstock]] in the practice of [[grafting]]. It is graft-compatible with ''[[Mespilus]]'' (medlar), and with [[pear]], and makes a hardier rootstock than [[quince]], but the thorny [[Sucker (botany)|suckering]] habit of the hawthorn can be problematic.<ref name=Phipps/>
-[[Seedling]]s of ''[[Crataegus monogyna]]'' have been used to graft multiple species on the same trunk, such as [[Crataegus × media|pink hawthorn]], pear tree, and medlar, the result being trees which give pink and white flowers in May and fruits during the summer. "Chip [[budding]]" has also been performed on hawthorn trunks to have branches of several varieties on the same tree. Such trees can be seen in [[Vigo]], [[Spain]], and in the northwest of [[France]] (mainly in [[Brittany]]).{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}
-===Bonsai===
-Many species of Hawthorn make excellent [[bonsai]] trees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonsaiempire.com/basics/progressions/hawthorn|title=Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) progression|publisher=Bonsai Empire|date=2014|accessdate=2 October 2014}}</ref> They are grown and enjoyed for their display of flowers.
-===Other uses===
-The wood of some hawthorn species is very hard and resistant to rot. In rural North America, it was prized for use as tool handles and fence posts.  The wood being hard it is described by Johns as the best substitute for [[Buxus|boxwood]] for [[wood engraving]].
-==Folklore==
-The [[Scots language|Scots]] saying "Ne'er cast a cloot til Mey's oot" conveys a warning not to shed any [[Clootie|cloots]] (clothes) before the summer has fully arrived and the Mayflowers ([[Crataegus laevigata|hawthorn]] blossoms) are in full bloom.<ref name=ScuilWab>{{cite web |url=http://www.scuilwab.org.uk/WirdOTheMonth/May2004.htm |title=Scuil Wab: Wird O The Month – Mey |year=2003 |publisher=Scottish Language Dictionaries |accessdate=2008-05-28 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080604064059/http://www.scuilwab.org.uk/WirdOTheMonth/May2004.htm |archivedate = 2008-06-04}}</ref><ref name=PhraseFinder>{{cite web |url=http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/till-may-is-out.html |title=Ne'er cast a clout till May be out |publisher=The Phrase Finder |accessdate=2008-05-28}}</ref>
-The custom of employing the flowering branches for decorative purposes on 1 May is of very early origin, but since the adoption of the [[Gregorian calendar]] in 1752, the tree has rarely been in full bloom in England before the second week of that month. In the Scottish Highlands, the flowers may be seen as late as the middle of June. The hawthorn has been regarded as the emblem of hope, and its branches are stated to have been carried by the ancient Greeks in wedding processions, and to have been used by them to deck the altar of [[Hymenaios]]. The supposition that the tree was the source of [[Jesus]]'s crown of thorns doubtless gave rise around 1911 to the tradition among the French peasantry that it utters groans and cries on [[Good Friday]], and probably also to the old popular superstition in Great Britain and Ireland that ill luck attended the uprooting of hawthorns. Branches of [[Glastonbury thorn]] (''C.&nbsp;monogyna'' 'Biflora',<ref name=Phipps/> sometimes called ''C.&nbsp;oxyacantha'' var. ''praecox''), which flowers both in December and in spring, were formerly highly valued in England, on account of the legend that the tree was originally the staff of [[Joseph of Arimathea]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|edition=11th|chapter=Hawthorn|year=1911|url=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabrit13chisrich#page/102/mode/2up|pages=101–102}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
-[[Robert Graves]], in his book ''[[The White Goddess]]'',<ref name=RGraves/> traces and reinterprets many European legends in which the whitethorn (hawthorn), also called the May-tree, is central.
-[[File:Crataegus in Germany, bluehender Weissdorn, Mai 2015.jpg|thumb|upright|Hawthorn trees demarcate a garden plot. According to [[legend]], they are strongly associated with the [[Fairy|fairies]].]]
-In [[Celts|Celtic]] lore, the hawthorn plant was used commonly for inscriptions<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.reddishvalecountrypark.com/hawthorn/4554601397|title=Hawthorn - Reddish Vale Country Park|website=www.reddishvalecountrypark.com|language=en|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref>{{Citation needed|reason=what does it mean to use a tree for rune inscriptions? Carve on the trunk of a living tree?|date=February 2010}} along with [[Taxus baccata|yew]] and [[apple]]. It was once said to heal the broken heart. In Ireland, the red fruit is, or was, called the Johnny MacGorey or Magory.
-[[Serbs|Serbian]] and [[Croats|Croatian]] folklore notes hawthorn ([[Serbian language|Serbian]] глог, [[Croatian language|Croatian]] ''glog'') is particularly deadly to [[vampire]]s, and stakes used for their slaying must be made from the wood of the thorn tree.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}
-In [[Gaels|Gaelic]] folklore, hawthorn (in [[Scottish Gaelic]], ''sgitheach'' and in [[Irish language|Irish]], ''sceach'') 'marks the entrance to the [[Other World|otherworld]]' and is strongly associated with the [[Fairy|fairies]].<ref name="Campbell">[[John Gregorson Campbell|Campbell, John Gregorson]] (1900, 1902, 2005) ''The Gaelic Otherworld''. Edited by Ronald Black. Edinburgh, Birlinn Ltd. {{ISBN|1-84158-207-7}} p.345</ref>  Lore has it that it is very unlucky to cut the tree at any time other than when it is in bloom; however, during this time, it is commonly cut and decorated as a May bush (see [[Beltane]]).<ref name="Danaher">[[Kevin Danaher|Danaher, Kevin]] (1972) ''The Year in Ireland: Irish Calendar Customs'' Dublin, Mercier. {{ISBN|1-85635-093-2}} pp.86–127</ref> This warning persists to modern times; it has been questioned by folklorist Bob Curran whether the ill luck of the [[De Lorean Motor Company]] was associated with the destruction of a fairy thorn to make way for a production facility.<ref>{{cite book| last = Monaghan| first = Patricia| title = The Red-Haired Girl from the Bog: The Landscape of Celtic Myth and Spirit| publisher = New World Library| date = 2004-03-11| location = | page = 67| url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-1-57731-458-5}}</ref>
-Hawthorn trees are often found beside [[clootie well]]s; at these types of holy wells, they are sometimes known as rag trees, for the strips of cloth which are tied to them as part of healing rituals.<ref name="Healy">Healy, Elizabeth (2002) ''In Search of Ireland's Holy Wells''. Dublin, Wolfhound Press {{ISBN|0-86327-865-5}} pp.56–7, 69, 81</ref>
-'When all fruit fails, welcome haws' was once a common expression in Ireland.
-According to a Medieval legend, the [[Glastonbury thorn]], ''C. monogyna'' 'Biflora', which flowers twice annually, was supposed to have [[Miracle|miraculously]] grown from a [[walking stick]] planted by [[Joseph of Arimathea]] at [[Glastonbury]] in [[Somerset]], England. The original tree was destroyed in the 16th century during the [[English Reformation]], but several cultivars have survived. Since the reign of [[James I of Great Britain|King James I]], it has been a [[Christmas]] custom to send a sprig of Glastonbury thorn flowers to the [[British monarch|Sovereign]], which is used to decorate the royal family's dinner table.<ref>Palmer, Martin and Palmer, Nigel ( [https://books.google.com/books?id=ApJdpga6_LsC&pg=PA200&dq=Joseph+of+Arimathea+%22glastonbury+thorn%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1eERVIX2COLy7Aap54G4BQ&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Joseph%20of%20Arimathea%20%22glastonbury%20thorn%22&f=false ''The Spiritual Traveler: England, Scotland, Wales : the Guide to Sacred Sites and Pilgrim Routes in Britain''], Hidden Spring, {{ISBN|1-58768-002-5}} (p. 200)</ref>
-In the [[Victorian era]], the hawthorn represented [[hope]] in the [[language of flowers]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.languageofflowers.com/flowermeaning.htm|title=Language of Flowers - Flower Meanings, Flower Sentiments|website=www.languageofflowers.com|access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref>
-The hawthorn – species unspecified<ref name="mo.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.moga.mo.gov/statutes/C000-099/0100000030.HTM|title=Section  10-030  State floral emblem.|work=mo.gov|accessdate=12 September 2015}}</ref> – is the [[List of U.S. state flowers|state flower]] of [[Missouri]]. The legislation designating it as such was introduced by [[Sarah Lucille Turner]], one of the first two women to serve in the [[Missouri House of Representatives]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.womenscouncil.org/cd_web/Turner.html|title=Sarah Lucille Turner|work=womenscouncil.org|accessdate=12 September 2015}}</ref>
-==Propagation==
-Although it is commonly stated that hawthorns can be propagated by cutting, this is difficult to achieve with rootless stem pieces. Small plants or suckers are often transplanted from the wild. Seeds require [[Stratification (botany)|stratification]] and take one or two years to germinate.<ref name=hortus>Bailey, L.H.; Bailey, E.Z.; the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. ''Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada''. Macmillan, New York.</ref> Seed germination is improved if the [[pyrena|pyrenes]] that contain the seed are subjected to extensive drying at room temperature, before stratification.<ref>[http://www.idpan.poznan.pl/index.php/content/-vol-47-supplement.html Bujarska-Borkowska, B. (2002) Breaking of seed dormancy, germination and seedling emergence of the common hawthorn (''Crataegus monogyna'' Jacq.). ''Dendrobiology''. 47(Supplement): 61–70.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004040552/http://www.idpan.poznan.pl/index.php/content/-vol-47-supplement.html |date=4 October 2011 }}</ref> Uncommon forms can be [[grafting|grafted]] onto seedlings of other species.<ref name=hortus/>
-==Taxonomy==
-The number of [[species]] in the genus depends on taxonomic interpretation. Some botanists in the past recognised 1000 or more species,<ref>{{cite journal | author = Palmer E.J. | year = 1925 | title = Synopsis of North American ''Crataegi'' | url = | journal = Journal of the Arnold Arboretum | volume = 6 | issue = 1–2| pages = 5–128 }}</ref> many of which are [[apomixis|apomictic microspecies]]. A reasonable number is estimated to be 200 species.<ref name=Phipps/>
-The genus is classified into [[section (botany)|sections]] which are further divided into series.<ref>{{citation |author1=Phipps, J.B. |author2=Robertson, K.R. |author3=Smith, P.G. |author4=Rohrer, J.R. |year=1990 |title=A checklist of the subfamily Maloideae (Rosaceae) |journal=Canadian Journal of Botany |volume=68 |issue=10 |pages=2209–2269 |url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1139/b90-288 |doi=10.1139/b90-288}}</ref><ref name=FNAbook>{{citation |author=Phipps, J.B. |year=2015 |title=Flora of North America North of Mexico |chapter=Crataegus |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, Oxford |editor1=L. Brouillet |editor2=K. Gandhi |editor3=C.L. Howard |editor4=H. Jeude |editor5=R.W. Kiger |editor6=J.B. Phipps |editor7=A.C. Pryor |editor8=H.H. Schmidt |editor9=J.L. Strother |editor10=J.L. Zarucchi |isbn=978-0-19-534029-7 |pages=491–643 |volume=Volume 9: Magnoliophyta: Picramniaceae to Rosaceae }}</ref>  [[Crataegus series Montaninsulae|Series ''Montaninsulae'']] has not yet been assigned to a section.<ref name=FNAbook/><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=318069 |title=''Crataegus'' Linnaeus (sect. ''Coccineae'') ser. ''Punctatae'' (Loudon) Rehder, Man. Cult. Trees ed. 2. 365. 1940}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=318065 |title=''Crataegus'' Linnaeus (sect. ''Coccineae'') ser. ''Parvifoliae'' (Loudon) Rehder, Man. Cult. Trees ed. 2. 366. 1940}}</ref> The sections are:
-*[[Crataegus section Brevispinae|section'' Brevispinae]]
-*[[Crataegus section Crataegus|section ''Crataegus]]
-*[[Crataegus section Coccineae|section ''Coccineae]]
-*[[Crataegus section Cuneatae|section ''Cuneatae'']]
-*[[Crataegus section Douglasia|section ''Douglasia'']]
-*[[Crataegus section Hupehensis|section ''Hupehensis'']]
-*[[Crataegus section Macracanthae|section ''Macracanthae'']]
-*[[Crataegus section Sanguineae|section ''Sanguineae'']]
-==Selected species==
-{{main|List of hawthorn species with yellow fruit|List of hawthorn species with black fruit}}
-{{div col|colwidth=21em}}
-*''[[Crataegus aemula]]'' – Rome hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus aestivalis]]'' – May hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus altaica]]'' – Altai hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus ambigua]]'' – Russian hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus ambitiosa]]'' – Grand Rapids hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus anamesa]]'' – Fort Bend hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus ancisa]]'' – Mississippi hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus annosa]]'' – Phoenix City hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus aprica]]'' – sunny hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus arborea]]'' – Montgomery hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus arcana]]'' – Carolina hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus ater]]'' – Nashville hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus austromontana]]'' – valley head hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus azarolus]]'' – Azarole hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus berberifolia]]'' – barberry hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus biltmoreana]]'' – Biltmore hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus boyntonii]]'' – stinking hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus brachyacantha]]'' – blueberry hawthorn<ref>[http://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Crataegus+brachyacantha ''Crataegus brachyacantha'' Sarg. & Engelm. BLUEBERRY HAWTHORN], Discover Life</ref><ref>[http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CRBR ''Crataegus brachyacantha'' Sarg. & Engelm.  Show All blueberry hawthorn], USDA</ref>
-*''[[Crataegus brainerdii]]'' – Brainerd's hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus calpodendron]]'' – late hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus canbyi]]''
-*''[[Crataegus chlorosarca]]''
-*''[[Crataegus chrysocarpa]]'' – fireberry hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus coccinea]]'' – scarlet hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus coccinioides]]'' – Kansas hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus collina]]'' – hillside hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus crus-galli]]'' – cockspur hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus cuneata]]'' – Japanese hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus cupulifera]]''
-*''[[Crataegus dahurica]]''
-*''[[Crataegus douglasii]]'' – black hawthorn, Douglas hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus ellwangeriana]]''
-*''[[Crataegus erythropoda]]'' – cerro hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus flabellata]]'' – Gray’s hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus flava]]'' – yellow-fruited hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus fluviatilis]]''
-*''[[Crataegus fontanesiana]]''
-*''[[Crataegus harbisonii]]'' – Harbison's hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus heldreichii]]''
-*''[[Crataegus heterophylla]]'' – various-leaved hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus holmesiana]]'' – Holmes’ hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus hupehensis]]''
-*''[[Crataegus intricata]]'' – thicket hawthorn, intricate hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus iracunda]]'' – stolon–bearing hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus jackii]]''
-*''[[Crataegus jonesae]]''
-*''[[Crataegus laevigata]]'' – Midland hawthorn, English hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus lepida]]''
-*''[[Crataegus macrosperma]]'' – big-fruit hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus marshallii]]'' – parsley-leaved hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus maximowiczii]]''
-*''[[Crataegus mercerensis]]''
-*''[[Crataegus mexicana]]'' – tejocote, Mexican hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus mollis]]'' – downy hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus monogyna]]'' – common hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus nigra]]'' – Hungarian hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus okanaganensis]]'' – Okanagan Valley hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus orientalis]]'' – oriental hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus pedicellata]]'' – scarlet hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus pennsylvanica]]'' – Pennsylvania thorn
-*''[[Crataegus pentagyna]]'' – small-flowered black hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus peregrina]]''
-*''[[Crataegus phaenopyrum]]'' – Washington hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus phippsii]]''
-*''[[Crataegus pinnatifida]]'' – Chinese hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus populnea]]'' – poplar hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus pratensis]]'' – prairie hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus pruinosa]]'' – frosted hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus pulcherrima]]'' – beautiful hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus punctata]]'' – dotted hawthorn, white hawthorn: sometimes claimed as the state flower of [[Missouri]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.50states.com/flower/missouri.htm|title=Missouri State Flower|work=50states.com|accessdate=12 September 2015}}</ref> though the legislation does not specify a species<ref name="mo.gov"/>
-*''[[Crataegus putnamiana]]''
-*''[[Crataegus pycnoloba]]''
-*''[[Crataegus rhipidophylla]]''
-*''[[Crataegus rivularis]]'' – river hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus saligna]]'' – willow hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus sanguinea]]'' – redhaw hawthorn, Siberian hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus sargentii]]'' – Sargent's hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus scabrida]]'' – rough hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus scabrifolia]]''
-*''[[Crataegus songarica]]''
-*''[[Crataegus spathulata]]'' – littlehip hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus submollis]]'' – Quebec hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus succulenta]]'' – fleshy hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus tanacetifolia]]'' – tansy–leaved thorn
-*''[[Crataegus tracyi]]'' – Tracy hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus triflora]]'' – three-flowered hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus uniflora]]'' – one-flowered hawthorn, dwarf hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus viridis]]'' – green hawthorn, including cultivar 'Winter King'
-*''[[Crataegus visenda]]''
-*''[[Crataegus vulsa]]'' – Alabama hawthorn
-*''[[Crataegus wattiana]]''
-*''[[Crataegus wilsonii]]'' – Wilson hawthorn
-{{div col end}}
-===Selected hybrids===
-*[[Crataegus × ariifolia|''Crataegus'' × ''ariifolia'']] (= ''C.&nbsp;ariaefolia'')
-*[[Crataegus dsungarica|''Crataegus'' × ''dsungarica'']]
-*[[Crataegus × grignonensis|''Crataegus'' × ''grignonensis'']] – Grignon hawthorn, an unpublished name
-*[[Crataegus × lavalleei|''Crataegus'' × ''lavalleei'']] – Lavallée hawthorn, including ''Crataegus'' × ''carrierei''
-*[[Crataegus × macrocarpa|''Crataegus'' × ''macrocarpa'']]
-*[[Crataegus × media|''Crataegus'' × ''media'']] – the name for ''C.&nbsp;monogyna''–''C.&nbsp;laevigata'' hybrids
-*[[Crataegus × mordenensis|''Crataegus'' × ''mordenensis'']] – Morden hawthorn, including 'Toba' and 'Snowbird'
-*[[Crataegus × sinaica|''Crataegus'' × ''sinaica'']] – ''za'rur
-*[[Crataegus × smithiana|''Crataegus'' × ''smithiana'']] – red Mexican hawthorn, an unpublished name
-*[[Crataegus × vailiae|''Crataegus'' × ''vailiae'']]
-==References==
-{{reflist|2}}
-==External links==
-{{Wikiquote|Hawthorn}}
-{{Commons category|Crataegus}}
-{{Wikisource1911Enc|Hawthorn (plant)|Hawthorn}}
-* [http://www.pfaf.org/user/cmspage.aspx?pageid=59 Crataegus Species – The Hawthorns at Plants For A Future]
-{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
-[[Category:Crataegus| ]]
-[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
-[[Category:Manitoulin District]]

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Latest revision as of 03:19, 18 December 2017

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