Difference between revisions of "Cardiopteridaceae"

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{{taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Cardiopteridaceae]]
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|name = Cardiopteridaceae
 
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|image=Citronella moorei juvenile2.JPG
 
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|image_caption=Citronella moorei
 
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|regnum = [[Plantae]]
 
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
 
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|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
 
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|ordo = [[Aquifoliales]]
 
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|familia = '''Cardiopteridaceae'''
 
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|familia_authority = [[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]]<ref name="apgiii">{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract |accessdate=2010-12-10 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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|subdivision_ranks = Genera
 
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|subdivision = ''[[Cardiopteris]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Citronella (genus)|Citronella]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Dendrobangia]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Gonocaryum]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Leptaulus]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Pseudobotrys]]''
 
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|}}
 
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'''Cardiopteridaceae''' is a [[eudicot]] [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s. It consists of about 43 [[species]] of [[tree]]s, [[shrub]]s, and [[Woody plant|woody]] [[vine]]s, mostly of the [[tropics]], but with a few in [[Temperateness|temperate]] regions.<ref name="heywood2007">Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). {{ISBN|978-1-55407-206-4}}.</ref> It contains six [[genera]], the largest of which is ''[[Citronella (genus)|Citronella]]'', with 21 species. The other genera are much smaller.<ref name="mabberley2008">David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. {{ISBN|978-0-521-82071-4}}</ref>
 
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''[[Citronella mucronata]]'' is grown as an [[Ornamental plant|ornamental]] for its attractively shiny leaves and fragrant flowers.<ref name="rhs">[[Anthony Huxley]], Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. {{ISBN|978-0-333-47494-5}} (set).</ref> A [[tea]] is made from the leaves of ''[[Citronella gongonha]]'' which is similar to [[yerba maté]].<ref name="mabberley2008"/>
 
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The [[APG II system|APG III classification (2009)]] places them in the order [[Aquifoliales]]. This order consists of Cardiopteridaceae, its [[Cladistics#Subtrees are clades|sister]] family, [[Stemonuraceae]], and the three [[Monotype (biology)|monogeneric]] families [[Phyllonomaceae]], [[Helwingiaceae]], and [[Aquifoliaceae]].<ref name="aquifoliales">Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Aquifoliales" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below)</ref>
 
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==The Family Name==
 
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The family Cardiopteridaceae was established by [[Carl Ludwig Blume]] in 1847 <ref name="reveal2008on">James L. Reveal. 2008 onward. "A Checklist of Family and Suprafamilial Names for Extant Vascular Plants." At: Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> when he described the species ''Cardiopteris moluccana''.<ref name="blume1847">Carl Ludwig Blume. 1847. ''Rumphia'' '''3''':205.</ref>  Blume based his new family on ''Cardiopteris'', a [[Botanical name|name]] that had previously been used by [[John Forbes Royle|John Royle]] <ref name="royle1839">John Forbes Royle. 1839. "Illustrations of the Botany and other branches of Natural History of the Himalayan Mountains":136. William H. Allen & Co.: London, England. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> and [[Nathaniel Wallich]],<ref name="wallich">Nathaniel Wallich. ''Numerical list of dried specimens of plants in the Museum of the Honourable East India Company / which have been supplied by Dr. Wallich, superintendent of the botanic garden at Calcutta''. number 8033. (publisher not named). London, 1828-1849. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> but not [[Valid name (botany)|validly published]].<ref name="bakhuizen1962">Reinier C. Bakhuizen van den Brink and Cornelis G.G.J. van Steenis. 1962. "Cardiopteris or Peripterygium?" ''Taxon'' '''11'''(1):28-29.</ref> In 1843, [[Justus Hasskarl]] had published the name ''Peripterygium quinqueloba'' for what is now ''Cardiopteris quinqueloba''.<ref name="hasskarl1843">Justus Hasskarl. 1843. page 142. In: "Annotationes de plantis quibusdam Javanicis nonnullisque Japonicis, e Catalogo Horti Bogoriensis. Accedunt nonnullae novae species". ''Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke Geschiedenis en Physiologie'' 10:115-150. (see ''External links'' below).</ref>  Blume indicated his awareness of Hasskarl's plant and included it as another species of ''Cardiopteris'' when he published ''Cardiopteris moluccana''.<ref name="sleumer1972">Hermann Otto Sleumer. 1972. "Cardiopteridaceae" In: ''Flora Malesiana, series 1'' '''7'''(1):93-96.</ref>
 
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A complex [[Plant taxonomy|nomenclatural]] dispute ensued and lasted well into the twentieth century.<ref name="bakhuizen1962"/><ref name="bullock1957">Arthur A. Bullock. 1957. "Nomenclatural Notes.-II. Cardiopteridaceae". ''Kew Bulletin'' '''12'''(2):356. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> Because the [[basionym]], ''Cardiopteris'', was in question, the corresponding family name Cardiopteridaceae was in question as well. The [[ICBN]] finally [[Conserved name|conserved]] the name ''Cardiopteris'' against ''Peripterygium''.
 
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==Circumscription==
 
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Prior to the seminal study by Kårehed in 2001, Cardiopteridaceae had consisted of only ''Cardiopteris''. For example, [[Hermann Otto Sleumer|Hermann Sleumer]] considered it to be monogeneric in his [[Treatise|treatment]] of the family for [[Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien]] in 1942.<ref name="sleumer1942">Hermann Sleumer. 1942. "Icacinaceae" pages 322-396. In: H.G. Adolf Engler and Karl A.E. Prantl, with Hermann Harms and Johannes Mattfeld (editors). ''Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'' volume 20b. Duncker and Humblot: Berlin, Germany. 1960 reprint of 1942 publication.</ref> [[John Hutchinson (botanist)|John Hutchinson]] did likewise in 1973.<ref name="hutchinson1973">John Hutchinson ''The Families of Flowering Plants'' 3rd edition. 1973. Oxford University Press.</ref>
 
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In 2001, Icacinaceae was shown to be [[polyphyletic]].<ref name="karehed2001">Jesper Kårehed. 2001. "Multiple origin of the tropical forest tree family Icacinaceae". ''American Journal of Botany'' '''88'''(12):2259-2274.</ref> It has since been divided into five [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregate]] families: Cardiopteridaceae, [[Stemonuraceae]], [[Pennantiaceae]], [[Metteniusaceae]], and [[Icacinaceae]] [[sensu stricto]]. Icacinaceae sensu stricto will eventually be divided further.<ref name="lens2008">Frederic Lens, Jesper Kårehed, Pieter Baas, Steven Jansen, David Rabaey, Suzy Huysmans, Thomas Hamann and Erik Smets. 2008. "The wood anatomy of the polyphyletic Icacinaceae s.l., and their relationships within asterids". ''Taxon'' '''57'''(2):525-552.</ref>
 
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In the 2001 study of Icacinaceae, Kårehed transferred ''Citronella, Gonocaryum,'' and ''Leptaulus'' from Icacinaceae to Cardiopteridaceae. He also provisionally placed ''Metteniusa, Dendrobangia,'' and ''Pseudobotrys'' there as well, until further studies could give some firm indication of their true relationships.<ref name="karehed2001"/>
 
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In 2007, a [[molecular phylogenetic]] study showed that ''Metteniusa'' belongs to a group of [[asterids]] known as the [[lamiids]].<ref name="gonzalez2007">Favio González, Julio Betancur, Olivier Maurin, John V. Freudenstein, and Mark W. Chase. 2007. "Metteniusaceae, an early-diverging family in the lamiid clade". ''Taxon'' '''56'''(3):795-800.</ref> The order Aquifoliales, which includes Cardiopteridaceae, belongs to another asterid group called [[campanulids]].<ref name="winkworth2008">Richard C. Winkworth, Johannes Lundberg, and Michael J. Donoghue. 2008. "Toward a resolution of Campanulid phylogeny, with special reference to the placement of Dipsacales". ''Taxon'' '''57'''(1):53-65.</ref>
 
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The inclusion of ''[[Pseudobotrys]]'' in Cardiopteridaceae remains doubtful. DNA sequences submitted to GenBank in 2009 indicate that ''[[Dendrobangia]]'' does not belong in Cardiopteridaceae and is more closely related to genera like Apodytes.
 
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Cardiopteridaceae, [[sensu]] Kårehed, is rather [[Biodiversity|diverse]] in spite of having only six genera. Because of the distinctive [[Plant morphology|structure]] of ''Cardiopteris'', some authors today, continue to put ''Cardiopteris'' in a family by itself.<ref name="utteridgeleptaulaceae">Timothy M.A. Utteridge and Richard K. Brummitt. 2007. "Leptaulaceae" pages 191-192. In: Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). {{ISBN|978-1-55407-206-4}}.</ref> The other five genera are then placed in Leptaulaceae, a family created by [[Philippe Édouard Léon Van Tieghem|Philippe van Tieghem]] in 1897.<ref name="tieghem1897">Philippe E.L. van Tieghem. 1897. ''Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Academie des Sciences'' 124:842.</ref> The [[monophyly]] of Leptaulaceae has never been tested by [[phylogenetic]] analysis of [[DNA sequence]]s.
 
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==References==
 
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{{reflist}}
 
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==External links==
 
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* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/aquifolialesweb2.htm#Cardiopteridaceae Cardiopteridaceae] At: [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/aquifolialesweb2.htm#Aquifoliales Aquifoliales]. At: [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html Angiosperm Phylogeny Website] At: [http://www.mobot.org Missouri Botanical Garden Website]
 
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* [http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/supgennames.html Family and Suprafamilial Names] At: [http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/ James L. Reveal]
 
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* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/449 ''Illustrations of the Botany&middot;&middot;&middot;of the Himalayan Mountains'']
 
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* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/1917 Wallich Catalog]
 
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* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/48149#9 Justus Hasskarl on Peripterygium]
 
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* [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4114431?cookieSet=1 Arthur Bullock on Cardiopteridaceae]
 
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[[Category:Cardiopteridaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Asterid families]]
 

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