@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{taxobox
+#redirect [[:Category:Scrophulariaceae]]
-|name = Figwort family
-|image = Scrophularia nodosa8.jpg
-|image_caption = ''Scrophularia nodosa''
-|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
-|unranked_divisio = [[Flowering plant|Angiosperms]]
-|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
-|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
-|ordo = [[Lamiales]]
-|familia = '''Scrophulariaceae'''
-|familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]
-|subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
-|subdivision = See text.
-|synonyms = Bontiaceae <small>Horan.</small><br>
-[[Buddlejaceae]] <small>K.Wilh.</small>, nom. cons.<br>
-Hebenstretiaceae <small>Horan.</small><br>
-Limosellaceae <small>J.Agardh</small><br>
-Myoporaceae <small>R.Br.</small>, nom. cons.<br>
-[[Oftiaceae]] <small>Takht. & Reveal</small><br>
-Selaginaceae <small>Choisy</small>, nom. cons.<br>
-Spielmanniaceae <small>J.Agardh</small>, nom. illeg.<br>
-Verbascaceae <small>Bercht. & J.Presl</small><ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?1023 |title=Family: ''Scrophulariaceae'' Juss., nom. cons. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2003-01-17 |accessdate=2011-10-17}}</ref>
-|}}
-The '''Scrophulariaceae''' is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s, commonly known as the '''figwort family'''.  The plants are annual and perennial herbs, as well as one genus of shrubs.  Flowers have bilateral ([[zygomorphic]]) or rarely radial  ([[actinomorphic]]) symmetry.  Members of the Scrophulariaceae have a [[cosmopolitan distribution]], with the majority found in temperate areas, including tropical mountains.  The family name is based on the name of the included genus ''[[Scrophularia]]'' [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]].
-== Taxonomy ==
-{{Expert needed|Taxonomy|ex2=Botany|talk=|reason=This article needs a comparison between the current and obsolete circumscriptions of the group, its current composition, and the present location of excluded taxa. None of these issues is adequately dealt with here|date=August 2015}}
-In the past, it was treated as including about 275 genera and over 5,000 species, but its circumscription has been radically altered since numerous molecular [[phylogenies]] have shown the traditional broad circumscription to be grossly [[polyphyletic]].<ref>Fischer says that, if we consider morphology, it has been obvious for the last decades that the Scrophulariaceae do not represent a monophyletic group. See [[#fischer2004scrophulariaceae|FISCHER (2004)]], p. 346.</ref>  Many genera have recently been transferred to other families within the [[Lamiales]], notably [[Plantaginaceae]] and [[Orobanchaceae]], but also several new families.<ref name="olmstead2001">{{cite journal |author = Olmstead, R. G., dePamphilis, C. W., Wolfe, A. D., Young, N. D., Elisons, W. J. & Reeves P. A.|title = Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae | journal= American Journal of Botany| volume= 88| pages = 348–361| year=2001 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/2/348  | doi = 10.2307/2657024 | pmid = 11222255 |issue = 2 |jstor = 2657024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Olmstead, R. G. | title =  Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae? | journal=Fremontia|volume = 30| pages= 13–22|year=2003}} - on line [http://www.cnps.org/cnps/publications/fremontia/Fremontia_Vol30-No2.pdf here]</ref>  Several families of the Lamiales have had their circumscriptions enlarged to accommodate genera transferred from the Scrophulariacae ''[[sensu lato]]''.
-Fischer (2004) considered the family to consist of three subfamilies - [[Antirrhinoideae]], [[Gratioloideae]], and [[Digitalidoideae]]. He further divided the Gratioloideae into five tribes - [[Gratioleae]], [[Angeloniaeae]], [[Stemodieae]], [[Limoselleae]], and [[Lindernieae]]. He then divided the Gratioleae, with its 16 genera (and about 182 species) into three subtribes - [[Caprarinae]], [[Dopatrinae]], and [[Gratiolinae]]. The Gratiolinae had 10 genera (about 121 species) distributed through temperate and tropical America - ''[[Bacopa]]'' and ''[[Mecardonia]]'' (formerly ''[[Herpestis]]''), ''[[Gratiola amphiantha|Amphianthus]]'', ''[[Gratiola]]'', ''[[Sophronanthe]]'', ''[[Benjaminia]]'', ''[[Scoparia (plant)|Scoparia]]'', ''[[Boelkea]]'', ''[[Maeviella]]'', and ''[[Braunblequetia]]''. Many of these were transferred to the family Plantaginaceae, in the tribe Gratioleae.
-== Uses ==
-The family includes some [[Herbalism|medicinal plants]], among them:
-* ''[[Leptandra]]'', black root, Culver's root
-* ''[[Scrophularia]]'', figworts
-* ''[[Verbascum]]'', mulleins
-==Genera==
-The Scrophulariaceae family in its [[APG IV system|APG IV (2016)]]<ref name="apgiv">{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–20 | url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/abstract |accessdate=2016-05-20 |doi= 10.1111/boj.12385}}</ref> circumscription includes 62 genera and about 1830 known species.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal | author = Christenhusz, M. J. M., and Byng, J. W. | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref>
-{{Expand list|date=August 2008}}
-[[File:Leucophyllum frutescens (Purple Sage) W2 IMG 1125.jpg|thumb|240px|''[[Leucophyllum frutescens]]'' ]]
-{|
-|- valign=top
-|
-;Tribe Aptosimeae<ref>{{cite web |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=tribe&id=1611 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Aptosimeae |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>
-*''[[Anticharis]]'' <small>Endl.</small>
-*''[[Aptosimum]]'' <small>Burch. ex Benth.</small>
-*''[[Peliostomum]]'' <small>E.Mey. ex Benth.</small>
-;Tribe Buddlejeae<ref>{{cite web |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=tribe&id=2282 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Buddlejeae |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>
-*''[[Buddleja]]'' <small>L.</small> &ndash; Butterfly-bush
-*''[[Emorya]] <small>Torr.</small>
-*''[[Gomphostigma]]'' <small>Turcz.</small>
-;Tribe Hemimerideae</small><ref>{{cite web |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=tribe&id=1610 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Hemimerideae |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>
-*''[[Alonsoa]]'' <small>Ruiz & Pav.</small>
-*''[[Colpias]]'' <small>E.Mey. ex Benth.</small>
-*''[[Diascia (plant)|Diascia]]'' <small>Link & Otto</small>
-*''[[Diclis]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
-*''[[Hemimeris]]'' <small>L.f.</small>
-*''[[Nemesia (plant)|Nemesia]]'' <small>Vent.</small>
-;Tribe Leucophylleae<ref>{{cite web |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=tribe&id=1609 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Leucophylleae |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>
-*''[[Capraria]]'' <small>L.</small><ref>{{cite journal |first=Etelvina |last=Gándara |author2=Victoria Sosa |title=Testing the monophyly and position of the North American shrubby desert genus ''Leucophyllum'' (Scrophulariaceae: Leucophylleae) |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=171 |number=3 |pages=508–518 |date=March 2013 |DOI=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01327.x}}</ref>
-*''[[Eremogeton]]'' <small>Standl. & L.O.Williams</small>
-*''[[Leucophyllum]]'' <small>Humb. & Bonpl.</small>
-;Tribe Limoselleae<ref>{{cite web |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=tribe&id=2280 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Limoselleae |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>
-*''[[Barthlottia]]'' <small>Eb.Fisch.</small>
-*''[[Camptoloma]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
-*''[[Chaenostoma]]'' <small>Benth.</small> (sometimes included in ''[[Sutera (plant)|Sutera]]'' but separated by Kornhall and Bremer<ref name="kornhall2004">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00341.x | title = New circumscription of the tribe Limoselleae (Scrophulariaceae) that includes the taxa of the tribe Manuleeae |author1=Kornhall, Per  |author2=Bremer, Birgitta  |lastauthoramp=yes | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 146 | pages = 453–467 | issue = 4 | year = 2004 }}</ref>)
-*''[[Chenopodiopsis]]'' <small>Hilliard</small>
-*''[[Cromidon]]'' <small>Compton</small>
-*''[[Dischisma]]'' <small>Choisy</small>
-*''[[Glekia]]'' <small>Hilliard</small>
-*''[[Globulariopsis]]'' <small>Compton</small>
-*''[[Glumicalyx]]'' <small>Hiern</small>
-*''[[Gosela]]'' <small>Choisy</small>
-*''[[Hebenstretia]]'' <small>L</small>
-*''[[Jamesbrittenia]]'' <small>Kuntze</small><ref name="kornhall2004"/>
-*''[[Limosella]]'' <small>L.</small><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Oxelman, B. |author2=Kornhall, P. |author3=Olmstead, R.G. |author4=Bremer, B. | title= Further disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae | journal=Taxon| volume =  54|issue = 2|pages= 411–425| year = 2005| doi = 10.2307/25065369| jstor=25065369}}</ref>
-*''[[Lyperia]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
-*''[[Manuleopsis]]'' <small>Thell. ex Schinz</small>
-*''[[Melanospermum]]'' <small>Hilliard</small>
-*''[[Microdon]]'' <small>Choisy</small>
-|
-*''[[Phyllopodium]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
-*''[[Polycarena]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
-*''[[Reyemia]]'' <small>Hilliard</small>
-*''[[Selago]]'' <small>L.</small>
-*''[[Strobilopsis]]'' <small>Hilliard & B.L.Burtt</small>
-*''[[Sutera (plant)|Sutera]]'' <small>Roth</small> syn. Manulea <small>Thun.</small> &ndash; Dwarf Snapdragon, "Bacopa"
-*''[[Tetraselago]] <small>Junell</small>
-*''[[Trieenea]]'' <small>Hilliard</small>
-*''[[Zaluzianskya]]'' <small>F.W.Schmidt</small>
-;Tribe Myoporeae<ref>{{cite web |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=tribe&id=2281 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Myoporeae |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>
-*''[[Bontia]]'' <small>L.</small>
-*''[[Calamphoreus]]'' <small>Chinnock</small>
-*''[[Diocirea]]'' <small>Chinnock</small>
-*''[[Eremophila (plant)|Eremophila]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
-*''[[Glycocystis]]'' <small>Chinnock</small>
-*''[[Myoporum]]'' <small>Sol. ex G.Forst.</small>
-*''[[Pentacoelium]]'' <small>[[Philipp Franz von Siebold|Siebold]] & [[Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini|Zucc.]]</small>
-;Tribe Scrophularieae<ref>{{cite web |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=tribe&id=1612 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Scrophularieae |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>
-*''[[Antherothamnus]]'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>
-*''[[Nathaliella]]'' <small>B.Fedtsch.</small>
-*''[[Oreosolen]]'' <small>Hook.f.</small>
-*''[[Scrophularia]]'' <small>L.</small> &ndash; Figwort
-*''[[Verbascum]]'' <small>L.</small> &ndash; Mullein
-;Tribe Teedieae<ref>{{cite web |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=tribe&id=1621 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Scrophularieae |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>
-*''[[Dermatobotrys]]'' <small>Bolus</small>
-*''[[Freylinia]]'' <small>Colla</small>
-*''[[Oftia]]'' <small>Adans.</small>
-*''[[Ranopisoa]]'' <small>J.F.Leroy</small>
-*''[[Teedia]]'' <small>Rudolphi</small>
-;Not placed in a tribe or unknown tribe
-*''[[Ameroglossum]]'' <small>Eb.Fisch., S.Vogel & A.V.Lopes</small>
-*''[[Brachystigma]]'' <small>Pennell</small> &ndash; Desert foxglove
-*''[[Dasistoma]]'' <small>Raf.</small>
-*''[[Hemianthus]]'' <small>Nutt.</small>
-*''[[Leucosalpa]]'' <small>Scott-Elliot</small>
-*''[[Ohlendorffia]]'' <small>Lehm.</small>
-*''[[Phygelius]]'' <small>E.Mey. ex Benth.</small> &ndash; Cape fuchsia<ref>{{cite web |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=tribe&id=1023 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>
-|}
-===Excluded genera===
-The following genera, traditionally included in the Scrophulariaceae, have been transferred to other families as indicated:
-{|
-|- valign=top
-|
-*''[[Acanthorrhinum]]'' <small>Rothm.</small> → [[Plantaginaceae]]
-*''[[Agalinis]]'' <small>Raf.</small> → [[Orobanchaceae]]
-*''[[Angelonia]]'' <small>Humb. & Bonpl.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Antirrhinum]]'' <small>L.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Bacopa]]'' <small>Aubl.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Bartsia]]'' <small>L.</small> → Orobanchaceae
-*''[[Basistemon]]'' <small>Turcz.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Besseya]]'' <small>Rydb.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Calceolaria]]'' <small>L.</small> → [[Calceolariaceae]]
-*''[[Castilleja]]'' <small>Mutis ex L.f.</small> → Orobanchaceae
-*''[[Chaenorhinum]]'' <small>(DC.) Rchb.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Chelone (genus)|Chelone]]'' <small>L.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Chionophila]]'' <small>Benth.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Collinsia]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Cordylanthus]]'' <small>Nutt. ex Benth.</small> → Orobanchaceae
-*''[[Craterostigma]]'' <small>Hochst.</small> → Linderniaceae<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.3732/ajb.92.2.297 | title = Piecing together the "new" Plantaginaceae | year = 2005 | author = Albach, D. C. | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 92 | pages = 297–315 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/92/2/297 | last2 = Meudt | first2 = H. M. | last3 = Oxelman | first3 = B. | issue=2 | pmid=21652407}}</ref> or as part of ''Lindernia''<ref>{{cite web | url = http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=12&taxon_id=118628 | work = A Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar | title = Lindernia All. | publisher = Missouri Botanical Garden and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle }}</ref>
-*''[[Cymbalaria]]'' <small></small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Digitalis]]'' <small>L.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Dopatrium]]'' <small>Buch.-Ham. ex Benth.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Epixiphium]]'' <small>(Engelm. ex A.Gray) Munz</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Euphrasia]]'' <small>L.</small> → Orobanchaceae
-*''[[Galvezia]]'' <small>Dombey ex Juss.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Gambelia (plant)|Gambelia]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Glossostigma]]'' <small>Wight & Arn.</small> → [[Phrymaceae]]
-|
-*''[[Gratiola]]'' <small>L.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Hebe (plant)|Hebe]]'' <small>Comm. ex Juss. </small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Holmgrenanthe]]'' <small>Elisens</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Howelliella]]'' <small>Rothm.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Keckiella]]'' <small>Straw</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Kickxia]]'' <small>Dumort.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Lagotis]]'' <small>Gaertn.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Limnophila (plant)|Limnophila]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Linaria]]'' <small>Mill.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Lindernia]]'' <small>All.</small> → [[Linderniaceae]]<ref>{{cite journal| last =Haston, E.| first = Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., Harris, D. J. | title = A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families| journal = Taxon| volume =  56| issue = 1| year = 2007| pages = 7–12| doi =10.2307/25065731 }}</ref>
-*''[[Lophospermum]]'' <small>D.Don</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Mabrya]]'' <small>Elisens</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Maurandella]]'' <small>(A.Gray) Rothm.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Maurandya]]'' <small>Ortega</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Mazus]]'' <small>Lour.</small> → [[Mazaceae]]
-*''[[Mecardonia]]'' <small>Ruiz & Pav.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Melampyrum]]'' <small>L.</small> → Orobanchaceae
-*''[[Micranthemum]]'' <small>Michx.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Mimulus]]'' <small>L.</small> → Phrymaceae
-*''[[Misopates]]'' <small>Raf.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Mohavea]]'' <small>A.Gray</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Neogaerrhinum]]'' <small>Rothm.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Nothochelone]]'' <small>(A.Gray) Straw</small> → Plantaginaceae
-|
-*''[[Nuttallanthus]]'' <small>D.A.Sutton</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Odontites]]'' <small>Ludw.</small> → Orobanchaceae
-*''[[Orobanche]]'' <small>L.</small> → Orobanchaceae
-*''[[Orthocarpus]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> → Orobanchaceae
-*''[[Parentucellia]]'' <small>Viv.</small> → Orobanchaceae
-*''[[Paulownia]]'' <small>Siebold & Zucc.</small> → [[Paulownia]]ceae
-*''[[Pedicularis]]'' <small>L.</small> → Orobanchaceae
-*''[[Peltanthera]]'' <small>Benth.</small>→ Gesneriaceae (or Peltantheraceae)
-*''[[Penstemon]]'' <small>Schmidel</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Pseudorontium]]'' <small>(A.Gray) Rothm.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Rhinanthus]]'' <small>L.</small> → Orobanchaceae
-*''[[Russelia]]'' <small>Jacq.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Sairocarpus]]'' <small>D.A.Sutton</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Sanango]]'' <small>G.S.Bunting & Duke</small> → Gesneriaceae
-*''[[Schistophragma]]'' <small>Benth. ex Endl.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Scoparia (plant)|Scoparia]]'' <small>L.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Stemodia]]'' <small>L.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Striga (plant)|Striga]]'' <small>Lour.</small> → Orobanchaceae<ref name="olmstead2001"/><ref>{{cite journal | title = The Evolution of Parasitism in Scrophulariaceae/Orobanchaceae: Plastid Gene Sequences Refute an Evolutionary Transition Series |author1=Nelson D. Young |author2=Kim E. Steiner |author3=Claude W. dePamphilis | journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden | volume = 86 | issue = 4 | date = Autumn 1999 | pages = 876–893 | doi = 10.2307/2666173 | jstor=2666173}}</ref>
-*''[[Synthyris]]'' <small>Benth.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Tonella]]'' <small>Nutt. ex A.Gray</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Torenia]]'' <small>L.</small> → Linderniaceae
-*''[[Triphysaria]]'' <small>Fisch. & C.A.Mey.</small> → Orobanchaceae
-*''[[Veronica (plant)|Veronica]]'' <small>L.</small> → Plantaginaceae
-*''[[Veronicastrum]]'' <small>Heist. ex Fabr.</small> → Plantaginaceae<ref name="GRINExcluded">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnothlist.pl?1023 |title=GRIN genera sometimes placed in ''Scrophulariaceae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2011-10-17}}</ref>
-|}
-==References==
-{{Reflist|3}}
-==Bibliography==
-*{{cite book
- | author = Fischer, E.
- | editor = Kubitzki, K.
- | editor2 = Kadereit, J.W.
- | title = Flowering Plants — Dicotyledons: Lamiales
- | ref = fischer2004scrophulariaceae
- | pages = 333−432
- | chapter = Scrophulariaceae
- | series = The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants
- | volume = VII
- | year = 2004
- | publisher = Springer
- | isbn = 3-540-40593-3
-}}
-==External links==
-{{commons category}}
-{{wikispecies}}
-* [http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cgi-bin/web.dbs/genlist.pl?SCROPHULARIACEAE Kew list of Scrophulariaceae]
-* [http://flowersinisrael.com/FamScrophulariaceae.html Family Scrophulariaceae] Flowers in Israel
-* [http://www.verbascum.org verbascum.org]
-{{taxonbar}}
-{{Authority control}}
-[[Category:Scrophulariaceae|*]]
-[[Category:Lamiales families]]

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