Difference between revisions of "Ulmaceae"

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{{Automatic taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Ulmaceae]]
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|image = Ulmus laciniata.jpg
 
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|image_caption = ''Ulmus laciniata''<br>Morton Arboretum acc. 180-84-1
 
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|taxon = Ulmaceae
 
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|authority = [[Charles-François Brisseau de Mirbel|Mirb.]] 1815
 
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|type_species = ''[[Ulmus]]''
 
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|type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] 1753
 
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|subdivision_ranks = Genera
 
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|subdivision =
 
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* ''[[Ampelocera]]'' <small>[[Johann Friedrich Klotzsch|Klotzsch]] 1847</small> (12 spp.)
 
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* ''[[Hemiptelea]]'' <small>Planch. 1872</small> (1 sp.)
 
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* ''[[Holoptelea]]'' <small>Planch. 1848</small> (1 sp.)
 
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* ''[[Phyllostylon]]'' <small>Benth. 1880</small> (2 spp.)
 
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* ''[[Planera]]'' <small>J.F.Gmel. 1791</small> (1 sp.)
 
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* ''[[Ulmus]]'' <small>L. 1753</small> (40 spp.)
 
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* ''[[Zelkova]]'' <small>[[Édouard Spach|Spach]] 1841</small> (6 spp.)
 
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| range_map = Ulmaceae Distribution.svg
 
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| range_map_caption = The range of Ulmaceae.
 
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| synonyms = * Samaracaceae <small>Dulac</small>
 
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| synonyms_ref = <ref name="Watson"/>
 
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}}
 
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The '''Ulmaceae''' {{IPAc-en|V|l|'|m|ay|s|ee}} are a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plants|flowering plant]] that includes the [[elm]]s (genus ''Ulmus''), and the [[zelkova]]s (genus ''Zelkova'').<ref>{{cite journal | last = Denk | first = T | author2 = GW Grimm | title = Phylogeny and biogeography of ''Zelkova'' (Ulmaceae ''sensu stricto'') as inferred from leaf morphology, ITS sequence data and the fossil record | journal = [[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|Bot J Linn Soc]] | volume = 147 | issue = 2 | pages = 129–157 | publisher = Linnean Society of London | date = February 2005 | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2005.00354.x}}</ref> Members of the family are widely distributed throughout the [[Temperate|north temperate zone]], and have a scattered distribution elsewhere except for [[Australasia]].<ref name="Watson">{{cite web|last = Watson|first = L.|author2=Dallwitz, M. J. |title = The Families of Flowering Plants: Ulmaceae <small>Mirb.</small>|date = 1992 onwards|url = http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/ulmaceae.htm|accessdate = 21 November 2006 }}</ref><ref name="stevens">{{cite web|last = Stevens|first = P|title = Angiosperm Phylogeny Website|publisher = Missouri Botanical Garden|date = 2001 onwards|url = http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APweb/welcome.html|accessdate = 21 November 2006 }}</ref>
 
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The family was formerly sometimes treated to include the [[Celtis|hackberries]], (''Celtis'' and allies), but analysis by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] members suggests that these genera are better placed in the related family [[Cannabaceae]].  The circumscription included in the taxobox is the one suggested by P. Stevens on his Missouri Botanical Garden Angiosperm Phylogeny Website and includes information from the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] Vascular Plant Families and Genera list.<ref name="stevens"/>  It generally is considered to include ca 7 genera and about 45 species.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal | author = Christenhusz, M. J. M., and Byng, J. W. | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> Some classifications also include the genus ''[[Ampelocera]]''.<ref name="Ueda">{{cite journal|last = Ueda|first = Kunihiko |author2=K Kosuge |author3=H Tobe|title = A molecular phylogeny of Celtidaceae and Ulmaceae (Urticales) based on ''rbcL'' nucleotide sequences |journal = Journal of Plant Research |volume = 110|issue = 2|pages = 171–178|publisher = Springer Japan|date=June 1997|doi = 10.1007/BF02509305}}</ref>
 
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==Description==
 
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The family is a group of evergreen or deciduous trees and shrubs with [[mucilage]]nous substances in leaf and bark tissue. [[Leaf|Leaves]] are usually alternate on the stems. The leaf blades are simple (not compound), with entire (smooth) or variously toothed margins, and often have an asymmetrical base. The flowers are small and either bisexual or unisexual.<ref name="Sytsma">{{Citation |last=Sytsma |first=Kenneth J. |last2=Morawetz |first2=Jeffery |last3=Pires |first3=J. Chris |last4=Nepokroeff |first4=Molly |last5=Conti |first5=Elena |last6=Zjhra |first6=Michelle |last7=Hall |first7=Jocelyn C. |last8=Chase |first8=Mark W. |year=2002 |title=Urticalean rosids: Circumscription, rosid ancestry, and phylogenetics based on ''rbcL'', ''trnL''–''F'', and ''ndhF'' sequences |journal=[[American Journal of Botany|Am J Bot]] |volume=89 |issue=9 |pages=1531–1546 |doi=10.3732/ajb.89.9.1531 |lastauthoramp=yes |pmid=21665755}}</ref> The [[fruit]] is an indehiscent [[Samara (fruit)|samara]], [[Nut (fruit)|nut]], or [[drupe]]. ''Ulmus'' provides important [[Timber|timber trees]] mostly for [[furniture]], and ''U. rubra'', the [[slippery elm]], is a [[Medical herbalism|medicinal plant]] known for the [[Demulcent|demulcent property]] of its inner bark. ''Planera aquatica'' is also a timber species. ''Planera'', ''Ulmus'', and ''Zelkova'' are all grown as [[Ornamental plant|ornamental trees]].
 
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===Phylogeny===
 
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Modern [[molecular phylogenetics]] suggest the following relationships:<ref name="Ueda"/><ref name="Sytsma"/><ref>{{cite journal | authors = Zavada MS, Kim M. | year = 1996 | title = Phylogenetic analysis of Ulmaceae | journal = [[Plant Systematics and Evolution|Plant Syst Evol]] | volume = 200 | issue = 1 | pages = 13–20 | url = http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00984745 | doi = 10.1007/BF00984745}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference | url = http://www.2012.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php?func=detail&aid=316 | title = Fossils, biogeography and dates in an expanded phylogeny of Ulmaceae | authors = Neubig K, Herrera F, Manchester S, Abbott JR. | date = July 7–11, 2012 | publisher = Botanical Society of America | location = St. Louis, Missouri | conference = Botany 2012: Annual Meeting of the Botanical Society of America in Columbus, Ohio, USA | id = Abstract 316}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | authors = Sun M, Naeem R, Su J-X, Cao Z-Y, J. Burleigh G, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Chen Z-D. | year = 2016 | title = Phylogeny of the Rosidae: A dense taxon sampling analysis | journal = Journal of Systematics and Evolution | volume = 54 | issue = 4 | pages = 363–391 | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1111/jse.12211/abstract | doi = 10.1111/jse.12211}}</ref>
 
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{{Clade| style=line-height:75%;
 
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|1={{clade
 
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  |1=[[Cannabaceae]]&nbsp;([[Outgroup (cladistics)|outgroup]])
 
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  |label2=Ulmaceae
 
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  |2={{clade
 
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    |1={{clade
 
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      |1=''[[Holoptelea]]''
 
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      |2=''[[Ampelocera]]''
 
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      }}
 
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    |2={{clade
 
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      |1=''[[Hemiptelea]]''
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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        |1=''[[Zelkova]]''
 
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        |2=''[[Ulmus]]''
 
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        }}
 
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      }}
 
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    }}
 
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  }}
 
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}}
 
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==References==
 
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{{reflist|2}}
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Ulmaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Rosid families]]
 

Latest revision as of 22:10, 4 November 2017

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