Difference between revisions of "Caryophyllaceae"

Latest revision as of 16:20, 4 November 2017

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Category:Caryophyllaceae

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-{{Taxobox
+#redirect [[:Category:Caryophyllaceae]]
-| name = Carnation family
-| image = Red campion close 700.jpg
-| image_caption = ''[[Silene dioica]]''
-| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
-| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
-| unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
-| unranked_ordo = [[Core eudicots]]
-| ordo = [[Caryophyllales]]
-| familia = '''Caryophyllaceae'''
-| familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name=APGIII2009/>
-| subdivision_ranks = [[Genera]]
-| subdivision = Many, see [[#Genera|text]]
-}}
-'''Caryophyllaceae''', commonly called the '''pink family''' or '''carnation family''', is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s. It is included in the [[dicotyledon]] order [[Caryophyllales]] in the [[APG III system]], alongside 33 other families, including [[Amaranthaceae]], [[Cactaceae]], and [[Polygonaceae]].<ref name=APGIII2009>{{cite journal |author=[[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x}}</ref> It is a large family, with 81 [[Genus|genera]] and about 2,625 known [[species]].<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W.  |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref>
-This [[cosmopolitan family]] of mostly [[herbaceous plant]]s is best represented in temperate climates, with a few species growing on tropical mountains. Some of the more commonly known members include pinks and carnations (''[[Dianthus]]''), and firepink and campions (''[[Lychnis]]'' and ''[[Silene]]''). Many [[species]] are grown as [[ornamental plant]]s, and some species are widespread [[weed]]s. Most species grow in the [[Mediterranean]] and bordering regions of [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]. The number of genera and species in the [[Southern Hemisphere]] is rather small, although the family does contain [[Antarctic pearlwort]] (''Colobanthus quitensis''), [[the world's southernmost]] dicot, which is one of only two flowering plants found in [[Antarctica]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=E. D. Rudolph |year=1965 |title=Antarctic lichens and vascular plants: their significance |journal=BioScience |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=285–287 |jstor=1293425 |doi=10.2307/1293425}}</ref>
-==Description==
-Despite its size and the somewhat doubtful mutual relationships, this family is rather uniform and easily recognizable.
-Most are herbaceous [[Annual plant|annuals]] or [[Perennial plant|perennials]], dying off above ground each year. A few species are shrubs or small trees, such as some ''[[Acanthophyllum]]'' species.<ref name="Sambamurty">{{cite book |author=A. V. S. S. Sambamurty |year=2005 |title=Taxonomy of Angiosperms |publisher=I. K. International |isbn=978-81-88237-16-6 |chapter=Caryophyllaceae (pink family) |pages=270–279 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FrdidPp6HuAC&pg=PA270}}</ref> Most plants are non-[[succulent]]; i.e. having no fleshy stems or leaves. The nodes on the stem are swollen. The leaves are almost always opposite,<ref name="Mohlenbrock"/> rarely [[whorl (botany)|whorled]]. The blades are entire, petiolate, and often stipulate. These [[stipule]]s are not sheath-forming.
-The hermaphroditic [[flower]]s are terminal, blooming singly or branched or forked in [[cyme (botany)|cyme]]s. The inflorescence is usually [[dichasial]] at least in the lower parts, which means that in the axil of each peduncle (primary flower stalk) of the terminal flower in the cyme, two new single-flower branches sprout up on each side of and below the first flower.<ref name="Sambamurty"/> If the terminal flowers are absent, then this can lead to [[monochasia]], i.e. a monoparous cyme with a single flower on each axis of the [[inflorescence]]. In the extreme, this leads to a single flower, such as in ''[[Githago]]'' or ''[[Arenaria (plant)|Arenaria]]''.<ref name="Sambamurty"/> The flowers are regular and mostly with five [[petal]]s and five [[sepal]]s, but sometimes with four petals.<ref name="Mohlenbrock">{{cite book |author=Robert H. Mohlenbrock |year=2001 |title=Flowering Plants: Pokeweeds, Four-o'clocks, Carpetweeds, Cacti, Purslanes, Goosefoots, Pigweeds, and Pinks |series=The illustrated flora of Illinois |publisher=[[SIU Press]] |isbn=978-0-8093-2380-7 |chapter=Caryophyllaceae – pink family |pages=146–255 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UP4FnDJHYpsC&pg=PA146}}</ref> The sepals may be free from one another or united. The petals may be entire, fringed or deeply cleft. The calyx may be cylindrically inflated, as in ''Silene''. The [[stamen]]s number five or 10 (or more rarely four or eight),<ref name="Mohlenbrock"/> and are mostly isomerous with the perianth. The superior gynoecium has two to five [[carpel]]s (members of a compound pistil) and is syncarpous; i.e. with these carpels united in a compound ovary. This [[ovary (plants)|ovary]] has one chamber inside the ovary. The [[fruit]] may be a [[utricle (botany)|utricle]] with a single seed or a [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] containing several seeds.<ref name="Mohlenbrock"/>
-==Systematics==
-[[File:Dianthus deltoides.jpeg|thumb|The "maiden pink", ''[[Dianthus deltoides]]'', belongs to the core group of Silenoideae.]]
-[[File:Minuartia gerardii.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Minuartia gerardii]]'' belongs to a clade traditionally included in the Alsinoideae.]]
-[[File:Paronychia argentea.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Paronychia argentea]]'' from the primitive Paronychioideae assemblage]]
-[[File:Stellaria ruscifolia 01.jpg|thumb|''[[Stellaria ruscifolia]]'' is traditionally placed in the Alsinoideae, but may not be a close relative of ''[[Minuartia]]''.]]
-Currently, [[Amaranthaceae]] and Caryophyllaceae are sister groups and considered closely related.
-Formerly, Caryophyllaceae were considered the sister family to all of the remaining members of the suborder [[Caryophyllineae]] because they have [[anthocyanins]], and not [[betalain]] pigments. However, [[cladistic]] analyses indicate Caryophyllaceae evolved from ancestors that contained betalain, reinforcing betalain as an accurate [[synapomorphy]] of the suborder.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Walter S. Judd |author2=Christopher S. Campbell |author3=Elizabeth A. Kellogg |author4=Peter F. Stevens |author5=Michael J. Donoghue |year=2008 |title=Plant Systematics: a Phylogenetic Approach |edition=3rd |publisher=Sinauer Associates |location=Sunderland, MA |isbn=978-0-87893-407-2}}</ref>
-This family is traditionally divided in three subfamilies:
-* [[Alsinoideae]]: no stipules, petals not united
-* [[Silenoideae]]: no stipules, petals united
-* [[Paronychioideae]]: fleshy stipules, petals separate or united
-The last, however, are a [[basal (evolution)|basal]] [[paraphyly|grade]] of rather primitive members of this family, not closely related, but simply retaining many [[plesiomorph]]ic traits. Instead of a subfamily, most ought to be treated as genera ''[[incertae sedis]]'', but ''[[Corrigiola]]'' and ''[[Telephium]]'' might warrant recognition as [[Corrigioleae]]. The Alsinoideae, on the other hand, seem to form two distinct [[clade]]s, perhaps less some misplaced genera. Finally, the Silenoideae appear [[monophyletic]] at least for the most part, if some of the taxa misplaced in Alsinoideae are moved there; it may be that the name [[Caryophylloideae]] would apply for the revised delimitation.<ref>{{cite web |author=P. F. Stevens |work=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/caryophyllalesweb.htm#Caryophyllaceae |title=Caryophyllaceae |date=9 June 2008 |accessdate=6 August 2008}}</ref>
-However, [[hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]ization between many members of this family is rampant—particularly in the Silenoideae/Caryophylloideae—and some of the [[evolution|lineages of descent]] have been found to be highly complicated and do not readily yield to [[cladistic]] analysis.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Per Erixon |author2=Bengt Oxelman |year=2008 |title=Reticulate or tree-like chloroplast DNA evolution in Sileneae (Caryophyllaceae)? |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=313–325 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.015 |pmid=18490181}}</ref>
-===Genera===
-{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
-* ''[[Acanthophyllum]]''
-* ''[[Achyronychia]]'' – onyxflower, frost-mat
-* ''[[Agrostemma]]'' – corncockles
-* ''[[Allochrusa]]''
-* ''[[Alsinidendron]]''
-* ''[[Ankyropetalum]]''
-* ''[[Arenaria (plant)|Arenaria]]'' – sandworts
-* ''[[Bolanthus]]''
-* ''[[Bolbosaponaria]]''
-* ''[[Brachystemma]]''
-* ''[[Bufonia]]''
-* ''[[Cardionema]]''
-* ''[[Cerastium]]'' – mouse-ear chickweeds
-* ''[[Cerdia]]''
-* ''[[Colobanthus]]'' – pearlworts
-* ''[[Cometes (plant)|Cometes]]''
-* ''[[Corrigiola]]'' – strapworts
-* ''[[Cucubalus]]''
-* ''[[Cyathophylla]]''
-* ''[[Dianthus]]'' – carnations and pinks
-* ''[[Diaphanoptera]]''
-* ''[[Dicheranthus]]''
-* ''[[Drymaria]]''
-* ''[[Drypis]]''
-* ''[[Eremogone]]''
-* ''[[Geocarpon]]''
-* ''[[Gymnocarpos]]''
-* ''[[Gypsophila]]'' – gypsophilas, baby's-breath
-* ''[[Habrosia]]''
-* ''[[Haya (plant)|Haya]]''
-*''[[Heliosperma]]''
-* ''[[Herniaria]]'' – ruptureworts
-* ''[[Holosteum]]'' – jagged chickweeds
-* ''[[Honckenya]]''
-* ''[[Illecebrum]]''
-* ''[[Kabulia]]''
-* ''[[Krauseola]]''
-* ''[[Kuhitangia]]''
-* ''[[Lepyrodiclis]]''
-* ''[[Lochia (plant)|Lochia]]''
-* ''[[Loeflingia]]''
-* ''[[Lychnis]]'' – campions, catchflies
-* ''[[Melandrium]]''
-* ''[[Mesostemma]]''
-* ''[[Microphyes]]''
-* ''[[Minuartia]]'' – sandworts, stitchworts
-* ''[[Moehringia]]'' – sandworts
-* ''[[Moenchia]]'' – upright chickweeds
-* ''[[Myosoton]]''
-* ''[[Ochotonophila]]''
-* ''[[Ortegia]]''
-* ''[[Paronychia (plant)|Paronychia]]'' – chickweeds
-* ''[[Pentastemonodiscus]]''
-* ''[[Petrocoptis]]''
-* ''[[Petrorhagia]]'' (previously known as ''Tunica'')
-* ''[[Philippiella]]''
-* ''[[Phrynella (plant)|Phrynella]]''
-* ''[[Pinosia]]''
-* ''[[Pirinia]]''
-* ''[[Pleioneura]]''
-* ''[[Plettkia]]''
-* ''[[Pollichia]]''
-* ''[[Polycarpaea]]''
-* ''[[Polycarpon]]''
-* ''[[Polytepalum]]''
-* ''[[Pseudostellaria]]''
-* ''[[Pteranthus]]''
-* ''[[Pycnophyllopsis]]''
-* ''[[Pycnophyllum]]''
-* ''[[Reicheella]]''
-* ''[[Sagina]]'' – pearlworts
-* ''[[Sanctambrosia]]''
-* ''[[Saponaria]]'' – soapworts
-* ''[[Schiedea]]''
-* ''[[Scleranthopsis]]''
-* ''[[Scleranthus]]'' – knawels
-* ''[[Sclerocephalus (plant)|Sclerocephalus]]''
-* ''[[Scopulophila]]''
-* ''[[Selleola]]''
-* ''[[Silene]]'' – campions, catchflies
-* ''[[Spergula]]'' – spurreys
-* ''[[Spergularia]]'' – sea-spurreys
-* ''[[Sphaerocoma]]''
-* ''[[Stellaria]]'' – chickweeds, stitchworts
-* ''[[Stipulicida]]''
-* ''[[Thurya]]''
-* ''[[Thylacospermum]]''
-* ''[[Uebelinia]]''
-* ''[[Vaccaria]]''
-* ''[[Velezia]]''
-* ''[[Wilhelmsia]]''
-* ''[[Xerotia]]''
-{{div col end}}
-==References==
-{{reflist|32em}}
-==External links==
-*{{Commons category-inline}}
-*{{Wikispecies-inline}}
-*[http://www.plantlifeforms.com/Families220/PINK_CARYOPHYLLACEAE_5039036710_220.aspx Family Caryophyllaceae - Pink] Plant Life Forms
-{{taxonbar}}
-[[Category:Caryophyllaceae| ]]
-[[Category:Caryophyllales families]]

Difference between revisions of "Caryophyllaceae"

Latest revision as of 16:20, 4 November 2017

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