Difference between revisions of "Smilacaceae"

Latest revision as of 14:42, 4 November 2017

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Category:Smilacaceae

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-{{Automatic taxobox
+#redirect [[:Category:Smilacaceae]]
-|name = Smilacaceae
-|fossil_range = {{fossil range|55}} Early [[Paleogene]] - Recent
-|image = Koeh-130.jpg
-|image_caption = ''Smilax aristolochiifolia''<ref>1897 illustration from Franz Eugen Köhler, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen</ref>
-|taxon = Smilacaceae
-|authority = [[Étienne Pierre Ventenat|Vent.]]<ref name=MOBOT>{{cite web|last=Stevens|first=P. F.|title=Smilacaceae|work=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website|accessdate=9 July 2013|url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/lilialesweb.htm#Smilacaceae|date=2001{{ndash}}2012}}</ref>
-|subdivision_ranks = Genera
-|subdivision = ''[[Smilax]]''<br/>''[[Heterosmilax]]''
-|}}
-'''Smilacaceae''', the greenbrier family, is a family of [[flowering plants]]. Up to some decades ago the genera now included in family Smilacaceae were often assigned to a more broadly defined family [[Liliaceae]], but for the past twenty to thirty years most botanists have accepted Smilacaceae as a distinct family. It is considered that the two families evolved{{ambig|date=December 2011}} around 55 millions years ago during the Early [[Paleogene]] possibly near the boundary between [[Paleocene]] and [[Eocene]].  One characteristic that distinguishes Smilacaceae from most of the other members of the Liliaceae-like Liliales is that it has true vessels in its conducting tissue. Another is that the veins of the leaves, between major veins, are reticulate (net-shaped), rather than parallel as in most [[monocot]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10827  | title = Smilacaceae | work = [[Flora of North America]] | accessdate = 2008-01-14 }}</ref>
-== Classification ==
-The [[APG II system]], of 2003 (unchanged from the [[APG system]], of 1998), recognizes this family and places it in the order [[Liliales]], in the [[clade]] '''[[monocots]]'''. Earlier it was a family of two genera, ''[[Heterosmilax]]'' and ''[[Smilax]]'', but DNA studies have shown that ''Heterosmilax'' has arisen from ''Smilax'' and the two genera are now merged. This results in Smilax being the only genus in Smilacaceae with ca 255 known species.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W.  |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref>
-The family occurs throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. Members of this family typically have woody roots and a climbing or vining form. Some have woody vining stems, often with thorns, while others are [[herb]]aceous above ground and thornless.
-Other placements of the family include:
-* The [[Cronquist system]], of 1981, recognized this family and placed it in order [[Liliales]], in subclass [[Liliidae]] in class [[Liliopsida]] [=monocotyledons] of division [[Magnoliophyta]] [=angiosperms].
-* The [[Reveal system]] recognized this family and placed it in order Smilacales, in subclass Liliidae which is placed as in the Cronquist system.
-* The [[Thorne system (1992)]] also recognized this family, and placed it in order [[Dioscoreales]] in superorder [[Lilianae]] in subclass [[Liliidae]] [=monocotyledons] of class [[Magnoliopsida]] [=angiosperms].
-* The [[Dahlgren system]] treated it as did the Thorne system (1992): see above.
-== Characteristics ==
-Members of this family can be herbaceous to "woody" vines. They grow from this rhizomes and are often armed with prickles on the stems and/or leaves. Leaves are alternate and simple; and entire to spinose-serrate. Some members of this family have coriaceous (leathery) leaves. Venation of the leaves may be palmate to reticulate. A pair of tendrils often appear near the base of the petiole. The inflorescence type for members of this family is an umbel. The flowers are inconspicuous, radial and unisexual. The flowers are made of 6 tepals, 6 stamens and 3 carpels. The fruit type of all members of Smilacaceae is a berry. The number of seeds per berry is 1-3. Nectaries are located at the base of the tepals.
-== Genera ==
-While both genera are [[dioecious]] and nearly indistinguishable vegetatively, their flowers differ markedly. The flower of ''Heterosmilax'' is fused into a deep bottle-shaped tube containing prominent nectaries and its [[stamen]]s are connected at the bottom, whereas flowers of ''Smilax'' are typically small with unfused floral parts.  ''Smilax'' is a much larger and more widely distributed genus than ''Heterosmilax''. ''Heterosmilax'' has only twelve [[species]] which are confined to [[China]], [[Japan]], tropical [[Asia]], [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]], and the surrounding islands.
-Some taxonomists separate the herbaceous plants native to North America in ''[[Smilax]]'' as the genus ''[[Nemexia]]'', which is known for its malodorous [[flower]]s. ''Smilax'' would then be left with only plants of a woody, vining form with thorns. However the ''[[Flora of North America]]'' does not recognise ''Nemexia'', nor does the [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html AP-site].
-==References==
-{{reflist}}
-*Castner, James L. Photographic Atlas of Botany and Guide to Plant Identification. Feline Press. 2004. (ISBN 0-9625150-0-0)
-==External links==
-{{commons category|Smilacaceae}}
-* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/smilacac.htm Smilacaceae] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). ''[http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ The families of flowering plants]: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.'' Version: 9 March 2006. http://delta-intkey.com.
-* [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Smilacaceae links at CSDL, Texas]
-[[Category:Smilacaceae| ]]
-[[Category:Liliales families]]
-[[Category:Paleogene first appearances]]

Difference between revisions of "Smilacaceae"

Latest revision as of 14:42, 4 November 2017

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