Difference between revisions of "Polygalaceae"

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{{taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Polygalaceae]]
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|name = Polygalaceae
 
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|image = Securidaca longipedunculata MS 1933.JPG
 
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|image_caption = ''Securidaca longipedunculata''
 
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|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
 
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
 
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|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
 
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|ordo = [[Fabales]]
 
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|familia = '''Polygalaceae'''
 
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|familia_authority = [[Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg|Hoffmanns.]] & [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Link]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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|type_genus = ''[[Polygala]]''
 
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|type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] 1753
 
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|subdivision_ranks = Tribes and Genera
 
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|subdivision =
 
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* [[Carpolobieae]] <small>Eriksen</small>
 
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* [[Moutabeae]] <small>Chodat</small>
 
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* [[Polygaleae]] <small>Chodat</small>
 
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* [[Xanthophylleae]] <small>Chodat</small>
 
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|range_map = Polygaleae distribution.svg
 
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|range_map_caption = Distribution of the Polygalaceae.
 
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|synonyms =
 
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* Diclidantheraceae <small>J. Agardh</small>
 
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* Moutabeaceae <small>Pfeiffer</small>
 
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* Xanthophyllaceae <small>Reveal & Hoogland</small>
 
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}}
 
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The '''Polygalaceae''' or the '''milkwort''' [[family (biology)|family]] are made up of [[flowering plant]]s in the order [[Fabales]]. They have a [[cosmopolitan range|near-cosmopolitan range]], with about 21 genera and ''ca''. 900 known [[species]]<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W.  |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> of [[herb]]s, [[shrub]]s and [[tree]]s. Over half of the species are in one genus, ''[[Polygala]]'', the [[milkwort]]s.
 
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Under the [[Cronquist system|Cronquist]] classification system, Polygalaceae were treated in a separate order of their own, Polygalales. Currently, according to the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]], the family belongs in Fabales.
 
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==Tribes and genera==
 
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The Polygalaceae comprise the following genera:<ref>{{cite journal | author = Abbott JR. | year = 2011 | title = Notes on the disintegration of ''Polygala'' (Polygalaceae), with four new genera for the flora of North America | journal =  Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 125–137 | jstor = 41972495}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Pastore JFB. | year = 2012 | title = ''Caamembeca'': Generic status and new name for ''Polygala'' subgenus ''Ligustrina'' (Polygalaceae) | journal = [[Kew Bulletin|Kew Bull]] | volume = 67 | issue = 3 | pages = 435–442 | url = http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12225-012-9360-x | doi = 10.1007/s12225-012-9360-x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Pastore JFB, Rodrigues de Moraes PL. | year = 2013 | title = Generic status and lectotypifications for ''Gymnospora'' (Polygalaceae) | journal = [[Novon]] | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 304–306 | url = http://www.botanicus.org/page/2531694 | doi = 10.3417/2010113}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Abbott JR, Pastore JFB | year = 2015 | title = Preliminary synopsis of the genus ''Hebecarpa'' (Polygalaceae) | journal = [[Kew Bulletin|Kew Bull]] | volume = 70 | pages = 39 | url = http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12225-015-9589-2 | doi = 10.1007/s12225-015-9589-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis | type = Ph.D. | author = Freire-Fierro A. | date = 2015 | title = Systematics of ''Monnina'' (Polygalaceae) | publisher = Drexel University | url = http://gradworks.umi.com/36/85/3685585.html}}</ref><ref name="Caamembeca">{{cite journal | author = Pastore JFB, Abbott JR, Neubig KM, Whitten WM, Mascarenhas RB, Almeida Mota MC, van den Berg C. | year = 2017 | title = A molecular phylogeny and taxonomic notes in ''Caamembeca'' (Polygalaceae) | journal = [[Systematic Botany|Syst Bot]] | volume = 42 | issue = 1 | pages = 54–62 | url = http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1600/036364417X694935 | doi = 10.1600/036364417X694935}}</ref>
 
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===Carpolobieae===
 
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*''[[Atroxima]]'' <small>Stapf 1905</small>
 
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*''[[Carpolobia]]'' <small>G. Don 1831</small>
 
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===Moutabeae===
 
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*''[[Balgoya]]'' <small>Morat & Meijden 1991</small>
 
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*''[[Barnhartia]]'' <small>Gleason 1926</small>
 
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*''[[Diclidanthera]]'' <small>Mart. 1827</small>
 
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*''[[Eriandra]]'' <small>P. Royen & Steenis 1852</small>
 
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*''[[Moutabea]]'' <small>Aubl. 1775</small>
 
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===Polygaleae===
 
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*''[[Acanthocladus]]'' <small>Klotzsch ex Hassk. 1864</small>
 
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*''[[Ancylotropis]]'' <small>B. Eriksen 1993</small>
 
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*''[[Asemeia (plant)|Asemeia]]'' <small>Raf. 1833</small>
 
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*''[[Badiera]]'' <small>DC. 1824</small>
 
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*''[[Bredemeyera]]'' <small>Willd. 1801</small>
 
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*''[[Caamembeca]]'' <small>J.F.B. Pastore 2012</small>
 
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*''[[Comesperma]]'' <small>Labill. 1807</small>
 
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*''[[Epirixanthes]]'' <small>Blume 1823</small>
 
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*''[[Gymnospora]]'' <small>(Chodat) J.F.B. Pastore 2013</small>
 
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*''[[Hebecarpa]]'' <small>(Chodat) J.R. Abbott 2011</small>
 
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*''[[Heterosamara]]'' <small>Kuntze 1891</small>
 
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*''[[Hualania]]'' <small>Phil. 1862</small>
 
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*''[[Monnina]]'' <small>Ruiz & Pav. 1798</small>
 
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*''[[Muraltia]]'' <small>DC. 1815</small>
 
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*''[[Phlebotaenia]]'' <small>Griseb. 1860</small>
 
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*''[[Polygala]]'' <small>L. 1753</small>
 
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*''[[Polygaloides]]'' <small>Haller 1768</small>
 
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*''[[Rhinotropis]]'' <small>(S.F. Blake) J.R. Abbott 2011</small>
 
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*''[[Salomonia]]'' <small>Lour. 1790</small>
 
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*''[[Securidaca]]'' <small>L. 1759</small>
 
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===Xanthophylleae===
 
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*''[[Xanthophyllum]]'' <small>Roxb. 1820</small>
 
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===Fossils===
 
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*[[extinction|†]]''[[Deviacer]]'' <small>Manchester</small>
 
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*†''[[Paleosecuridaca]]'' <small>Pigg, Kathleen B., M.L. DeVore & M.F. Wojc. 2008</small>
 
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==Systematics==
 
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Modern [[molecular phylogenetics]] suggest the following relationships:<ref name="Caamembeca"/><ref>{{cite journal | author = Persson C. | year = 2001 | title = Phylogenetic relationships in Polygalaceae based on plastid DNA sequences from the ''trnL''–''F'' region | journal = [[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] | volume = 50 | issue = 3 (Golden Jubilee Part 5) | pages = 763–779 | doi = 10.2307/1223706 | jstor = 1223706}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Forest F, Chase MW, Persson C, Crane PR, Hawkins JA. | year = 2007 | title = The role of biotic and abiotic factors in evolution of ant dispersal in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae) | journal = [[Evolution (journal)|Evolution]] | volume = 61 | issue = 7 | pages = 1675–1694 | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00138.x/abstract | doi = 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00138.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Bello MA, Bruneau A, Forest F, Hawkins JA. | year = 2009 | title = Elusive relationships within order Fabales: Phylogenetic analyses using ''matK'' and ''rbcL'' sequence data | journal = [[Systematic Botany|Syst Bot]] | volume = 34 | issue = 1 | pages = 102–114 | url = http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1600/036364409787602348 | doi = 10.1600/036364409787602348}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis | type = Ph.D. | author = Abbott JR. | date = 2009 | title = ''Phylogeny of the Polygalaceae and a revision of'' Badiera | publisher = University of Florida | url = http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0041138/abbott_j.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Mennes CB, Moerland MS, Rath M, Smets EF, Merckx VSFT. | year = 2015 | title = Evolution of mycoheterotrophy in Polygalaceae: The case of ''Epirixanthes'' | journal = [[American Journal of Botany|Am J Bot]] | volume = 102 | issue = 4 | pages = 598-608 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/content/102/4/598.abstract | doi = 10.3732/ajb.1400549}}</ref>
 
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{{Clade| style=line-height:75%;
 
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|1={{clade
 
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  |1=[[Surianaceae]]&nbsp;([[Outgroup (cladistics)|outgroup]])
 
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  |label2=Polygalaceae
 
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  |2={{clade
 
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    |label1=[[Xanthophylleae]]
 
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    |1=''[[Xanthophyllum]]''
 
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    |2={{clade
 
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      |label1=[[Moutabeae]]
 
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      |1={{clade
 
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        |1={{clade
 
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          |1=''[[Moutabea]]''
 
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          |2=''[[Balgoya]]''
 
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          }}
 
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        |2={{clade
 
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          |1=''[[Eriandra]]''
 
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          |2={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Barnhartia]]''
 
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            |2=''[[Diclidanthera]]''
 
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            }}
 
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          }}
 
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        }}
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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        |label1=[[Carpolobieae]]
 
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        |1={{clade
 
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          |1=''[[Atroxima]]''
 
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          |2=''[[Carpolobia]]''
 
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          }}
 
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        |label2=[[Polygaleae]]
 
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        |2={{clade
 
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          |1={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Bredemeyera]]'' <!-- formerly Bredemeyera sect. Bredemeyera -->
 
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            |2={{clade
 
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              |1=''[[Acanthocladus]]'' <!-- formerly Polygala subgen. Acanthocladus -->
 
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              |2={{clade
 
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                |1=''[[Gymnospora]]'' <!-- formerly Polygala subgen. Gymnospora -->
 
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                |2={{clade
 
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                  |1=''[[Hebecarpa]]'' <!-- formerly Polygala subgen. Hebecarpa -->
 
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                  |2=''[[Badiera]]'' <!-- formerly Polygala subgen. Badiera -->
 
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                  }}
 
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                }}
 
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              }}
 
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            }}
 
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          |2={{clade
 
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            |1={{clade
 
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              |1=''[[Securidaca]]''
 
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              |2={{clade
 
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                |1={{clade
 
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                  |1=''[[Phlebotaenia]]'' <!-- formerly Polygala subgen. Phlebotaenia -->
 
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                  |2=''[[Rhinotropis]]'' <!-- formerly Polygala subgen. Rhinotropis -->
 
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                  }}
 
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                |2={{clade
 
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                  |1=''[[Comesperma]]'' <!-- formerly Bredemeyera subgen. Comesperma -->
 
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                  |2={{clade
 
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                    |1=''[[Ancylotropis]]'' <!-- formerly Monnina subgen. Monninopsis -->
 
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                    |2=''[[Monnina]]''
 
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                    }}
 
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                  }}
 
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                }}
 
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              }}
 
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            |2={{clade
 
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              |1={{clade
 
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                |1=''[[Asemeia (plant)|Asemeia]]'' <!-- formerly Polygala subgen. Hebeclada --
 
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                |2=''[[Caamembeca]]'' <!-- formerly Polygala subgen. Ligustrina -->
 
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                }}
 
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              |2={{clade
 
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                |1=''[[Hualania]]'' <!-- formerly Bredemeyera subgen. Hualania -->
 
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                |2={{clade
 
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                  |1={{clade
 
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                    |1={{clade
 
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                      |1=''[[Heterosamara]]''
 
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                      |2={{clade
 
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                        |1=''[[Polygaloides]]'' <!-- formerly Polygala subgen. Chamaebuxus -->
 
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                        |2=''Polygala''&nbsp;subgen.&nbsp;''Chodatia''
 
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                        }}
 
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                      }}
 
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                    |2={{clade
 
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                      |1=''[[Salomonia]]''
 
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                      |2=''[[Epirixanthes]]''
 
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                      }}
 
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                    }}
 
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                  |2={{clade
 
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                      |1=''[[Polygala]]''&nbsp;subgen.&nbsp;''Polygala''&nbsp;(Old&nbsp;World&nbsp;Clade) <!-- includes Polygala subgen. Brachytropis -->
 
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                      |2=''[[Polygala]]''&nbsp;subgen.&nbsp;''Polygala''&nbsp;(New&nbsp;World&nbsp;Clade)
 
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                      }}
 
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                  |3=''[[Muraltia]]''
 
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                  }}
 
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                }}
 
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              }}
 
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            }}
 
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          }}
 
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        }}
 
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      }}
 
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    }}
 
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  }}
 
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}}
 
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==References==
 
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{{reflist|3}}
 
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==External links==
 
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{{wikispecies}}
 
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{{commonscat-inline}}
 
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* {{ITIS |id=29301 |taxon=Polygalaceae}}
 
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* [http://132.236.163.181/cgi-bin/dol/dol_terminal.pl?family=Xanthophyllaceae&rank=genus Polygalaceae]
 
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* [http://follavoine.chez.tiscali.fr//f2_sp_fam_polygalaceae.htm Photos ]
 
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* [http://www.neotropicos.net/Polygalaceae]
 
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{{Authority control}}
 
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[[Category:Polygalaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Rosid families]]
 

Latest revision as of 16:57, 30 October 2017

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