View source for Costaceae

{{taxobox
| name = Costaceae
| image = Tapeinochilos ananassae2.jpg
| image_width = 
| image_caption = ''Tapeinochilos ananassae'' of the family Costaceae
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
| unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
| unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]]
| ordo = [[Zingiberales]]
| familia = '''Costaceae'''
| familia_authority = [[Takenoshin Nakai|Nakai]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-06-26 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = *''[[Monocostus]]''
* ''[[Dimerocostus]]''
* ''[[Chamaecostus]]''
* ''[[Costus]]''
*''[[Hellenia]]''
* ''[[Paracostus]]''
* ''[[Tapeinochilos]]''
|}}

'''Costaceae''', or the ''Costus'' family, is a [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[pantropical]] [[Monocotyledon|monocots]]. It belongs to the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Zingiberales]], which contains [[Horticulture|horticulturally]] and [[Commerce|economically]] important [[plant]]s such as the [[banana]] (Musaceae), [[Strelitzia reginae|bird-of-paradise]] (Strelitziaceae), and edible [[ginger]] (Zingiberaceae). The seven [[genera]] in Costaceae together contain about 143 known [[species]]<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> (1 in ''Monocostus'', 2 in ''Dimerocostus'', 16 in ''Tapeinochilos'', 2 in ''Paracostus'', [[Circa|c.]] 8 in ''Chamaecostus'', c. 5 in ''Hellenia'', and c. 80 in ''Costus'').<ref name=specht2006>Chelsea D. Specht & Dennis Wm. Stevenson. 2006. "A new phylogeny-based generic classification of Costaceae (Zingiberales)".''Taxon'' '''55'''(1):153-163. (See ''External links'' below).</ref> They are [[Indigenous (ecology)|native]] to [[tropical climate]]s of [[Asia]], [[Africa]], [[Central America]], and [[South America]]. Several species are frequently found in [[Gardening|cultivation]].{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

== Description ==
The [[Simple leaf|simple]] [[Leaf|leaves]] are [[Entire leaf|entire]] and spirally [[Phyllotaxis|arranged]], with those toward the base of the [[Plant stem|stem]] usually bladeless. Leaf bases have a closed [[Leaf sheath|sheath]] with a [[ligule]], or projection at the top of the sheath.

Costaceae is different from the other families of Zingiberales in that its species have 5 [[Connation|fused]] [[staminode]]s, rather than 2 or 3, and the Costaceae contain no [[Aroma compound|aromatic]] [[oil]]s. The fused infertile [[stamen]]s form a large petaloid [[Labellum (botany)|labellum]] that often functions to attract [[pollinator]]s. The [[flower]]s are solitary in ''Monocostus''. In the other genera, the flowers are borne in a terminal [[Spike (botany)|spike]] that ranges from elongate to nearly [[Glossary of botanical terms#capitate|capitate]]. Each flower is [[Glossary of botanical terms#subtend|subtended]] by a large [[bract]]. The [[fruit]] is a [[berry (botany)|berry]] or [[Capsule (fruit)|capsule]]. The [[rhizome]] is fleshy with [[tuber]]ous roots.

== Taxonomy ==
{{cladogram
| title= {{anchor|CladVI}}Cladogram: [[Phylogeny]] of Zingiberales{{sfn|Sass et al|2016}}
| align=center
| cladogram={{clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:85%
|label1=[[Zingiberales]]
|1={{clade
 |1={{clade
  |1={{clade
   |label1=[[Zingiberineae]]
   |1={{clade
      |label1=Zingiberariae
      |1={{clade
         |1=[[Zingiberaceae]]
         |2='''Costaceae'''}}
      |label2=Cannariae
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Cannaceae]]
         |2=[[Marantaceae]]}}}}
   |2={{clade
    |label1=Strelitziineae 
    |1={{clade
       |1= [[Lowiaceae]]
       |2= [[Strelitziaceae]]}}
    |2=[[Heliconiaceae]]}}
}}}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Musaceae]]}}}}}}}}
{{clear}}

== Gallery==
<gallery>
Tapeinochilus ananassae.JPG|''[[Tapeinochilos ananassae]]'' (wax ginger)
Starr 030807-0069 Costus speciosus.jpg|''[[Cheilocostus speciosus]]'' (crêpe ginger)
Wild crêpe ginger (Cheilocostus speciosus) - Bukidnon, Philippines 01.jpg|Spirally arranged leaves of wild ''[[Cheilocostus speciosus]]''
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Sass|first1=C|last2=Iles|first2=WJ|last3=Barrett|first3=CF|last4=Smith|first4=SY|last5=Specht|first5=CD|title=Revisiting the Zingiberales: using multiplexed exon capture to resolve ancient and recent phylogenetic splits in a charismatic plant lineage.|journal=[[PeerJ]]|date=21 January 2016|volume=4|pages=e1584|pmid=26819846|doi=10.7717/peerj.1584|ref={{harvid|Sass et al|2016}}}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{sister projects|costaceae}}
* [http://epmb.berkeley.edu/vfs/PIs/Specht-CD/web/Specht%20&%20Stevenson%20Costaceae.pdf Classification of Costaceae]
* [http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2013/f/pt00151p064.pdf Hellenia, the correct name for Cheilocostus] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2013/pt00151.htm volume 151] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content.htm Online Content] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ ''[[Phytotaxa]]'']
* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/maps/costaceaemap.gif Distribution Map] {{color|green|And}} [http://data.kew.org/cgi-bin/vpfg1992/genlist.pl?COSTACEAE Genus list] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/zingiberalesweb.htm#Costaceae Costaceae] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/zingiberalesweb.htm#Zingiberales Zingiberales] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/treeapweb2map.html Trees] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html APweb] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/alldb.shtml botanical databases] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/plant-science/plant-science/about-science-conservation.aspx About Science & Conservation] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/ Missouri Botanical Garden]
* [http://biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/angio/www/costacea.htm The Families of Flowering Plants] by L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz.
* [http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/courses/systematics/family_index/Family_Pages/Family_C/Costaceae.html Family Costaceae]
{{zingiberales}}
{{taxonbar}}
[[Category:Costaceae]]
[[Category:Commelinid families]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Takenoshin Nakai]]