View source for Category:Liliaceae

{{taxobox
|name = Liliaceae
|fossil_range = {{fossil range|68|0}} [[Late Cretaceous]] - Recent
|image = Lilium_Martagon%2C_Lai_Blau.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Lilium martagon]]''
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
|superordo = [[Lilianae]]
|ordo = [[Liliales]]
|familia = '''Liliaceae'''
|familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name=Jussieu/>
|type_genus=''[[Lilium]]''
|type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] [[Sp. Pl.]] 1: 302. (1753)<ref name=LSP/>
|type_species= ''[[Lilium candidum]]''
|type_species_authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] [[Sp. Pl.]] 1: 302. (1753)<ref name=LSP/>
|subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies and tribes
|subdivision =
* '''subfamily''': [[Lilioideae]]
** '''tribe''': [[Medeoleae]]
** '''tribe''': [[Lilieae]]
* '''subfamily''': [[Calochortoideae]]
* '''subfamily''': [[Streptopoideae]]
''sensu'' [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website|APWeb]]<ref name="Stevens 2001"/>
|diversity= about 600 species
|}}
{{Image frame|width=220|content={{big|{{color|olive|✶}} {{color|red|P}}{{color|teal|3+3}} {{color|DarkViolet|A}}{{color|Indigo|3+3}} {{color|blue|{{underline|G}}}}{{color|DodgerBlue|(3)}}}}|caption=General [[floral formula]] of the Liliacaeae: {{color|olive|Flowers actinomorphic}} and hermaphrodite with 6 {{color|red|undifferentiated tepals}} in {{color|teal|two whorls of three}}, the same {{color|Indigo|number and arrangement}} of {{color|DarkViolet|stamens}}, and a {{color|blue|superior ovary}} with {{color|DodgerBlue|3 fused carpels}}. Individual species and genera may have more or less derived formulas.|pos=bottom}}

The lily [[Family (biology)|family]], '''Liliaceae''', consists of fifteen [[genera]] and about 705 known species (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 <ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref>) of [[flowering plants]] within the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Liliales]]. They are [[monocotyledonous]], [[perennial]], [[herbaceous]], often [[bulb]]ous [[geophytes]]. Plants in this family have evolved with a fair amount of morphological diversity despite genetic similarity. Common characteristics include large flowers with parts arranged in threes: with six colored or patterned [[petaloid]] [[tepals]] (undifferentiated petals and sepals) arranged in two [[Whorl (biology)|whorls]], six [[stamens]] and a superior [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]].  The leaves are linear in shape, with their veins usually arranged parallel to the edges, single and arranged alternating on the stem, or in a rosette at the base. Most species are grown from bulbs, although some have [[rhizomes]]. First described in 1789, the lily family became a [[paraphyly|paraphyletic]] "catch-all" group of [[petaloid monocot]]s that did not fit into other families and included a great number of genera now included in other families and in some cases in other orders. Consequently, many sources and descriptions labelled "Liliaceae" deal with the broader sense of the family.

The family evolved approximately 52 [[million years ago]] during the [[Late Cretaceous]] to [[Paleocene|Early Paleogene]] eras. Liliaceae are widely distributed, mainly in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere and the flowers are insect pollinated. Many Liliaceae are important [[ornamental plant]]s, widely grown for their attractive flowers and involved in a major [[floriculture]] of [[cut flowers]] and dry bulbs. Some species are [[poisonous]] if eaten and can have adverse health effects in humans and household pets.

A number of Liliaceae genera are popular cultivated plants in private and public spaces. Lilies and tulips in particular have had considerable symbolic and decorative value, and appear frequently in paintings and the decorative arts. They are also an economically important product.

== Description ==
{{multiple image
| header    = Liliaceae floral morphology
| align     = left
| direction = vertical
| width     = 130

| image1    = Kievitsbloem.jpg
| caption1  = Section through flower of ''[[Fritillaria meleagris]]''

| image2    = Zanlophator1a.UME.jpg
| caption2  = ''[[Lilium]]'' flower with perigonium of six undifferentiated tepals, arranged in two trimerous whorls and side-connected (''dorsifixed'') anthers.

| image3    = Sego lily cm.jpg
| caption3  = Sego lily (''[[Calochortus nuttallii]]'') with tepals in two clearly distinguished whorls of three sepals and three petals.

| image4    = Tulip Tulipa clusiana 'Lady Jane' Rock Ledge Flower 2000px.jpg
| caption4  = ''[[Tulipa clusiana]]'' with three sepals resembling petals

| image5    = 2006-10-18Tricyrtis11.jpg
| caption5  = ''[[Tricyrtis]]'' flower with patterned tepals

| image6   = Lillium Stamens.jpg
| caption6 = ''[[Lilium longiflorum]]'': 1. [[Stigma (botany)|Stigma]], 2. [[Gynoecium|style]], 3. [[stamen]]s, 4. filament, 5. [[tepal]]

| image7    = Erythronium revolutum 8.jpg
| caption7  = ''[[Erythronium revolutum]]'' flower with three stigmata and pseudo-basifixed anthers surrounding the filament tip

| image8    = Anther dehiscence in Lilium.jpg
| caption8  = ''[[Lilium]]'' with longitudinal dehiscence of anthers

| image9    = Antera Lilium.jpg
| caption9  = ''Lilium'' anthers in cross section

| image10    = Lilium auratum - pollen.jpg
| caption10  = ''[[Lilium auratum]]'' pollen with typical single-grooved (monosulcate) pattern
   }}

{{multiple image
| align     = left
| direction = vertical
| width     = 130

| image1    = Tulipa aucheriana 240408 stamens and pistil.jpg
| caption1  = ''[[Tulipa humilis]]'' flower showing multiple connate (fused) carpels surrounded by stamens.

| image2   = Lilyfruit.jpg
| caption2 = ''Lillium'' fruit capsule
}}

The diversity of characteristics complicates any description of the Liliaceae morphology, and confused taxonomic classification for centuries. The diversity is also of considerable evolutionary significance, as some members emerged from shaded areas and adapted to a more open environment (see [[#Evolution|Evolution]]).<ref name="Patterson 2002"/>

=== General ===
The Liliaceae are characterised as monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, bulbous (or [[rhizomatous]] in the case of [[Medeoleae]])<ref name="Tamura 1998b"/> flowering plants with simple [[trichomes]] (root hairs) and contractile [[root]]s.<ref name=Spichiger/> The flowers may be arranged (inflorescence) along the stem, developing from the base, or as a single flower at the tip of the stem, or as a cluster of flowers. They contain both male (androecium) and female (gynoecium) characteristics and are symmetric radially, but sometimes as a mirror image. Most flowers are large and colourful, except for Medeoleae. Both the petals and sepals are usually similar and appear as two concentric groups (whorls) of 'petals', that are often striped or multi-coloured, and produce nectar at their bases. The stamens are usually in two groups of three (trimerous) and the pollen has a single groove (monosulcate). The ovary is placed above the attachment of the other parts (superior). There are three fused carpels (syncarpus) with one to three chambers (locules), a single style and a three-lobed stigma. The embryo sac is of the ''Fritillaria'' type. The fruit is generally a wind dispersed capsule, but occasionally a berry (Medeoleae) which is dispersed by animals. The leaves are generally simple and elongated with veins parallel to the edges, arranged singly and alternating on the stem, but may form a rosette at the base of the stem.

=== Specific ===
; [[Inflorescence]] : Usually [[Indeterminate growth|indeterminate]] (lacking terminal flower) as a [[raceme]] (''Lilium''); sometimes reduced to a single terminal flower (''Tulipa''). When [[pluriflor]] (multiple blooms), the flowers are arranged in a cluster or rarely are [[umbel|subumbellate]] (''Gagea'') or a [[thyrse]] (spike).<ref name=Simp11/>

; [[Flowers]] : [[Hermaphroditic]], [[actinomorphic]] (radially symmetric) or slightly zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetric), [[pedicellate]] (on a short secondary stem), generally large and showy but may be inconspicuous : (Medeoleae). [[Bracts]] may (bracteate) or may not (ebracteate) be present. The [[perianth]] is undifferentiated ([[perigonium]]) and biseriate (two [[Whorl (botany)|whorled]]), formed from six [[tepals]] arranged into two separate whorls of three parts ([[Merosity|trimerous]]) each, although ''[[Scoliopus]]'' has only three petals, free from the other parts, but overlapping. The tepals are usually petaloid (apotepalous) with lines (striate) or marks in other colors or shades. The [[perianth]] is either homochlamydeous (all [[tepals]] equal, e.g. ''[[Fritillaria]]'') or dichlamydeous (two separate and different whorls, e.g. ''[[Calochortus]]'') and may be united into a tube. [[Nectar]] is produced in perigonal nectaries at the base of the tepals.<ref name=Simp11/><ref name=Mabberley/><ref name=Singh1/><ref name=Weberling/>

; [[Androecium]] : Six [[stamens]]  in two trimerous whorls, with free filaments, usually epiphyllous (fused to tepals) and diplostemonous (outer whorl of stamens opposite outer tepals and the inner whorl opposite inner tepals), although ''Scoliopus'' has three stamens opposite the outer tepals.<ref name="Rudall et al. 2000a"/> The attachment of the anthers to the filaments may be either peltate (to the surface) or pseudo-basifixed (surrounding the filament tip, but not adnate, that is not fused) and [[dehisce]] longitudinally and are extrorse (dehiscing away from center). The [[pollen]] is usually monosulcate (single groove), but may be inaperturate (lacking aperture: ''Clintonia'', some ''Tulipa'' spp.) or operculate (lidded: ''Fritillaria'', some ''Tulipa'' spp.),<ref name=Furness/> and reticulate (net patterned: ''Erythronium'', ''Fritillaria'', ''Gagea'', ''Lilium'', ''Tulipa'').<ref name=Simp11/><ref name=Mabberley/><ref name="Rudall et al. 2000a"/>

; [[Gynoecium]] : Superior [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]] (hypogynous), syncarpous (with fused carpels), with three connate (fused) carpels and is trilocular (three [[locule]]s, or chambers) or unilocular (single locule, as in ''Scoliopus'' and ''Medeola''). There is a single style and a three lobed [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]] or three stigmata more or less elongated along the style. There are numerous anatropous (curved) [[ovules]] which display axile [[placentation]] (parietal in ''Scoliopus'' and ''Medeola''),<ref name="Rudall et al. 2000a"/> usually with an [[integument]] and thinner [[megasporangium]]. The embryo sac ([[megagametophyte]]) varies by genera, but is mainly tetrasporic (e.g. ''[[Fritillaria]]'').<ref name=Mabberley/> Embryo sacs in which three of the four [[megaspores]] fuse to form a [[triploid]] [[Nucleus (cell)|nucleus]], are referred to as ''Fritillaria-type'', a characteristic shared by all the core Liliales.<ref name="Patterson 2002"/><ref name=Simp11/><ref name=Mabberley/><ref name=Ownbey/>

; [[Fruit]] : A [[Capsule (botany)|capsule]] that is usually loculicidal (splitting along the [[locule]]s) as in the Lilioideae,<ref name="Patterson 2002"/> but occasionally septicidal (splitting between them, along the separating [[Septum|septa]]) in the Calachortoideae and wind dispersed, although the Medeoleae form [[berries]] (baccate).<ref name="Patterson 2002"/> The [[seeds]] may be flat, oblong, angular, [[wikt:discoid|discoid]], [[ellipsoid]] or [[globose]] (spherical), or compressed with a well developed [[Epidermis (botany)|epidermis]]. The exterior may be smooth or roughened, with a wing or [[raphe]] (ridge), [[aril]] or one to two tails, rarely hairy, but may be dull or shiny and the lack of a black [[integument]] distinguishes them from related taxa such as [[Allioideae]] that were previously included in this family, and striate (parallel longitudinally ridged) in the Steptopoideae. The [[Hilum (biology)|hilum]] (scar) is generally inconspicuous. The bitegmic (separate testa and tegmen) seed coat itself may be thin, suberose (like [[Cork (material)|cork]]), or crustaceous (hard or brittle). The [[endosperm]] is abundant, [[cartilaginous]] (fleshy) or horny and contains oils and [[aleurone]] but not [[starch]] (non-farinaceous). Its cells are [[polyploid]] ([[triploid]] or [[pentaploid]], depending on the [[embryo sac]] type). The [[Ovule|embryo]] is small (usually less than one quarter of seed volume), axile (radially sectioned), linear (longer than broad) or rarely [[Rudiment (biology)|rudimentary]] (tiny relative to [[endosperm]]) depending on placentation type, and straight, bent, curved or curled at the upper end.<ref name=Simp11/><ref name=Mabberley/><ref name=Kozlowski/><ref name=Baskin/>

; [[Leaves]] : [[Leaf shape|Simple]], entire (smooth and even), linear, oval to filiform (thread-like), mostly with parallel veins, but occasionally net-veined. They are alternate (single and alternating direction) and [[spiral]], but may be [[Whorl (botany)|whorled]] (three or more attached at one [[Node (botany)|node]], e.g. ''[[Lilium]], [[Fritillaria]]),'' cauline (arranged along the aerial [[Plant stem|stem]]) or sheathed in a basal [[Rosette (botany)|rosette]]. They are rarely [[Petiole (botany)|petiolate]] (stem attached before apex), and lack [[stipules]]. The aerial stem is unbranched.<ref name=Simp11/><ref name=Mabberley/><ref name=Singh1/><ref name=WatsonL/><ref name=Sharma/>

; [[Genome]] : The Liliaceae include the species with the largest [[genome size]] within the angiosperms, ''[[Fritillaria assyriaca]]'' ([[C-value|1C]]=127.4&nbsp;pg), while ''[[Tricyrtis macropoda]]'' is as small as 4.25&nbsp;pg.{{sfn|Leitch et al|2007}} [[Chromosome]] numbers vary by genus.<ref name=Mabberley/> Some genera like ''Calochortus'' (x=6-10), ''Prosartes'' (6,8,9,11), ''Scoliopus'' (7,8), ''Streptopus'' (8, 27) and ''Tricyrtis'' (12-13) have a small and variable number of chromosomes while subfamily Lilioideae have a larger and more stable chromosome number (12) as have the Medeoleae (7).<ref name="Tamura 1998b"/><ref name="Tamura 1995"/><ref name="Peruzzi 2009"/><ref name="Tamura 1998C"/>

; [[Phytochemistry]] : The seeds contain [[saponins]] but no [[calcium oxalate]] [[raphide]] crystals,<ref name="Rudall et al. 2000a"/> [[chelidonic acid]]<ref name="Patterson 2002"/> (unlike [[Asparagales]]) or [[cysteine]] derived [[sulphur]] compounds (allyl sulphides), another distinguishing feature from the characteristic [[Garlic breath|alliaceous odour]] of the [[Allioideae]]. ''[[Fritillaria]]'' in particular contains [[steroidal alkaloid]]s of the cevanine and [[solanum]] type.<ref name=Simp11/> [[Solanidine]] and solanthrene<ref name=solanthrene/> alkaloids have been isolated from some ''[[Fritillaria]]'' species.<ref name=Turner83/><ref name=Li2006/> ''[[Tulipa]] '' contains [[Tulipanin]], an [[anthrocyanin]]. (see also: [[#Toxicology|Toxicology]])

Characteristics often vary by habitat, between [[Shade tolerance|shade-dwelling]] genera (such as ''[[Prosartes]]'', ''[[Tricyrtis]]'', ''[[Cardiocrinum]]'', ''[[Clintonia]]'', ''[[Medeola virginiana|Medeola]]'', ''[[Prosartes]]'', and ''[[Scoliopus]]'') and sun loving genera. Shade-dwelling genera usually have broader leaves with smooth edges and net venation, and fleshy fruits ([[berries]]) with animal-dispersed seeds, [[rhizomes]], and small, inconspicuous flowers while genera native to sunny habitats usually have narrow, parallel-veined leaves, [[Capsule (botany)|capsular]] fruits with wind-dispersed seeds, bulbs, and large, visually conspicuous flowers.<ref name="Tamura 1998b"/> (See also ''[[#Evolution|Evolution]]'').

== Taxonomy ==
{{main article|Taxonomy of Liliaceae}}

The taxonomy of the Liliaceae has a very complex history. The family was first described in the eighteenth century, and over time many other genera were added until it became one of the largest of the monocotyledon families, and also extremely diverse. Modern taxonomic systems, such as the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|APG]] which is based on [[phylogenetic]] principles using [[molecular biology]], have redistributed many of these genera resulting in the relatively small family that is currently recognised. Consequently, there are many different accounts of the Liliaceae in the literature and older uses of the term occur commonly. To distinguish between them, the [[Latin]] terms ''[[sensu lato]]'' and ''sensu stricto'' are frequently used (together with their abbreviations, ''s.l.'' and ''s.s.'') to denote the broader or stricter sense of the circumscription respectively, e.g. Liliaceae ''s.s.''.

=== History ===
The Liliaceae family was described by [[Michel Adanson]] in 1763 and formally named by [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu]] in 1789. Jussieu defined this grouping as having a [[Calyx (botany)|calyx]] of six equal colored parts, six [[stamens]], a superior [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]], single [[Style (botany)|style]], and a trilocular (three-chambered) [[Capsule (botany)|capsule]]. By 1845, [[John Lindley]], the first English [[systematist]] unhappily acknowledged the great diversity in the [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of the family, and that it had expanded vastly, with many subdivisions. As he saw it, the Liliaceae were already [[paraphyletic]] ("catch-all"), being all [[Liliales]] not included in the other orders, but hoped that the future would reveal some characteristic that would group them better. He recognized  133 genera and 1200 species.<ref name=Lindley2/> By the time of the next major British classification – that of [[Bentham and Hooker]] in 1883 (published in Latin) – several of Lindley's other families had already been absorbed into the Liliaceae.<ref name=BandH/> Over time the Liliaceae became increasingly broadly, and somewhat arbitrarily defined as all species of plants with six tepals and a superior ovary, eventually coming to encompass about 300 genera and 4,500 species, within the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Liliales]] in the [[Cronquist system]] (1981). Cronquist merged the Liliaceae with the [[Amaryllidaceae]], making this one of the largest monocotyledon families.<ref name="Cronquist 1981"/>

Many other botanists echoed Lindley's earlier concerns about the [[phylogeny]] of the Liliaceae, but various schemes to divide the family gained little traction. [[Dahlgren system|Dahlgren]] (1985) suggested there were in fact forty – not one – families distributed over three orders (predominantly [[Liliales]] and [[Asparagales]]).<ref name="Walters and Keil"/><ref name=Kelch/> In the context of a general review of the classification of [[angiosperms]], the Liliaceae were subjected to more intense scrutiny. Considerable progress in plant phylogeny and [[phylogenetic]] theory enabled a [[phylogenetic tree]] to be constructed for all of the flowering plants, as elaborated by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] (1998).<ref name="Patterson 2002"/>

=== Modern APG classification and phylogeny ===
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group ([[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|APG]]) made rapid progress in establishing a modern [[monophyletic]] classification of the flowering plants by 2009.<ref name="APG III 2009"/> Despite establishing this relative degree of [[monophyly]] (genetic homogeneity) for the Liliaceae family,<ref name="Chase et al. 1995a"/><ref name="Chase et al. 1995b"/> their morphology remains diverse<ref name="Tamura 1998b"/> and there exists within the Liliaceae [[clade]] or grouping, a number of subclades (subgroups). Particularly enigmatic were ''Clintonia'', ''Medeola'', ''Scoliopus'', and ''Tricyrtis''.

Of the fifteen genera within the Liliaceae, the ten genera of the [[Lilioideae]] [[subfamily]] form one morphological group that is characterised by contractile bulbs and roots, and a Fritillaria-type [[embryo-sac]] (megagametophyte with four megaspores). Within the Lilioideae, ''Clintonia'' and the closely related ''Medeola'' form a subclade, and are now considered a separate tribe ([[Medeoleae]]).<ref name="Hayashi 2001"/> The other major grouping consists of the five genera constituting the [[Streptopoideae]] (including ''Scoliopus'') and [[Calochortoideae]] (including  ''Tricyrtis'') subfamilies characterised by creeping rhizomes, styles which are divided at their apices, and by megagametophyte development of the ''[[Polygonum]]''-type (a simple megaspore and triploid endosperm) embryo-sac.
 
=== Evolution and biogeography ===
The development of a phylogenetic approach to taxonomy suggested the Liliales formed some of the earliest monocots.<ref name=Bessey/> Molecular analysis indicates that divergence amongst the Liliales probably occurred around 82 million years ago. The closest [[Sister clade|sister family]] to the Liliaceae are the [[Smilacaceae]] with the Liliaceae separating 52 million years ago. Liliaceae thus arose during the late ([[Maastrichtian]]) [[Late Cretaceous|Cretaceous]] to early ([[Paleocene]]) [[Paleogene]] periods.{{sfn|Leitch et al|2007}} Major evolutionary [[clades]] include the [[Lilieae]] (''[[Lilium]], [[Fritillaria]], [[Nomocharis]], [[Cardiocrinum]], [[Notholirion]]'') from the [[Himalayas]] about 12&nbsp;mya and the [[Tulipeae]] (''[[Erythronium]]'', ''[[Tulipa]]'', ''[[Gagea]]'') from [[East Asia]] at about the same time. The [[Medeoleae]] (''Clintonia'' and ''Medeola'') may have appeared in North America but were subsequently dispersed, as may have the [[Streptopoideae]] and [[Calochortoideae]].<ref name="Patterson 2002"/><ref name=Wikstrom/><ref name="Vinnersten and Bremer 2001"/><ref name=Kamenetsky/> Liliaceae [[fossils]] have been dated to the Paleogene<ref name=Stillwell/> and Cretaceous<ref name=Goin/> eras in the [[Antarctic]].

The Liliaceae probably arose as [[shade plant]]s, with subsequent evolution to open areas including [[deciduous forest]] in the more open autumnal period, but then a return of some species (e.g. ''[[Cardiocrinum]]''). This was accompanied by a shift from [[rhizomes]] to [[bulb]]s, to more showy flowers, the production of capsular fruit and narrower parallel-veined leaves. Again, some reversal to the broader reticulate-veined leaves occurred (e.g. ''Cardiocrinum'')<ref name="Patterson 2002"/>

=== Subdivisions and genera ===
{{multiple image
| header    = Examples of the four subdivisions of Liliaceae
| align     = right
| direction = vertical
| width     = 180

| image1    = Clintonia borealis.jpg
| caption1  = Medeoleae: Leaves and fruit of ''[[Clintonia borealis]]'', [[Quebec]], [[Canada]]

| image2    = Nomocharis aperta 02EB Napa Hai Yunnan 17 6 01.jpg
| caption2  = Lilieae: Flower of ''[[Nomocharis aperta]]'', [[Yunnan]], [[China]]

| image3    = Calochortus catalinae.jpg
| caption3  = Calochortoideae: Flower of ''[[Calochortus catalinae]]'', [[California]]

| image4    = Streptopus roseus WPC.jpg
| caption4  = Streptopoideae: Leaves and berries of ''[[Streptopus lanceolatus]]'', [[Ontario]], Canada
}}

==== Suprageneric subdivisions ====
Due to the diversity of the originally broadly defined Liliaceae ''s.l.'', many attempts have been made to form suprageneric classifications, e.g. [[subfamilies]] and [[Tribe (biology)|tribes]].<ref name="Peruzzi 2009"/> Classifications published since the use of [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular methods in phylogenetics]] have taken a narrower view of the Liliaceae (Liliaceae ''s.s.''). The [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]] (APweb)<ref name = "Stevens 2001"/> recognizes three subfamilies, one of which is divided into two tribes.<ref name=Mabberley/>

==== Genera ====
{{main article|List of Liliaceae genera}}
Various authorities (e.g. [[ITIS]] 16,<ref name=ITIS_Liliaceae/> [[Germplasm Resources Information Network|GRIN]] 27,<ref name=GRIN_Liliaceae/> [[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families|WCSP]],<ref name=WCSP_Liliaceae/> [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]],<ref name=NCBI/> DELTA<ref name=WatsonL/> ) differ on the exact number of genera included in Liliaceae ''s.s.'', but generally there are about fifteen to sixteen genera, depending on whether or not ''[[Amana (plant)|Amana]]'' is included in ''[[Tulipa]]'' and ''Lloydia'' in ''[[Gagea]]''. For instance ''Amana'' is still listed separately in WCSP.

Currently the APWeb lists fifteen genera, arranged as shown in this table :<ref name = "Stevens 2001"/><ref name=Mabberley/>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|+ <big>AP WEB Distribution of Subfamilies, Tribes and Genera of Liliaceae</big>
|-
!  style="background: #ccf;" |Subfamily !! style="background: #ccf;"| Tribe !! style="background: #ccf;" |Genus
|-
| rowspan=10|[[Lilioideae]] {{small|[[Amos Eaton|Eaton]]}}|| rowspan=2|[[Medeoleae]] {{small|[[George Bentham|Benth.]]}} (synonyms: Medeolaceae {{small|[[Takhtajan|Takht.]]}}, Medeoloideae {{small|Benth.}})  || ''[[Clintonia]]'' {{small|Raf.}} - bead lilies
|-
|   ''[[Medeola]]'' {{small|Gronov. ex L.}} - Indian cucumber-root
|-
|  rowspan=8|[[Lilieae]] {{small|Ritgen}} (synonyms: Erythroniaceae {{small|Martinov}}, Fritillariaceae {{small|Salisb.}}, Liriaceae {{small|Borkh.}}, Tulipaceae {{small|Borkh.}})|| ''[[Cardiocrinum]]'' {{small|(Endl.) Lindl.}} - giant lilies
|-
| ''[[Erythronium]]'' {{small|L.}} – trout lily
|-
| ''[[Fritillaria]]'' {{small|Tourn. ex L.}} – fritillary or mission bells
|-
| ''[[Gagea]]'' {{small|Salisb.}} (including ''Lloydia'' {{small|Salisb. ex Rchb.}})<br> – yellow star-of-Bethlehem
|-
| ''[[Lilium]]'' {{small|Tourn. ex L.}} – lily
|-
| ''[[Nomocharis]]'' {{small|Franch.}}
|-
|   ''[[Notholirion]]'' {{small|Wall. ex Boiss.}}
|-
| ''[[Tulipa]]'' {{small|L.}} (including ''[[Amana (plant)|Amana]]'' {{small|Honda}}) – tulip
|-
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 | [[Calochortoideae]] {{small|Dumort.}} (synonyms: Calochortaceae {{small|Dumort.}}, Compsoaceae {{small|Horan., nom. illeg.}}, Tricyrtidaceae {{small|Takht., nom. cons.}})||''[[Calochortus]]''  {{small|Pursh}} - mariposa, globe lilies
|-
| ''[[Tricyrtis]]'' {{small|Wall.}} – toad lily
|-
| rowspan=3 colspan=2 | [[Streptopoideae]] (synonym: Scoliopaceae {{small|Takht.}})||''[[Prosartes]]'' {{small|D.Don}} – drops of gold
|-
| ''[[Scoliopus]]'' {{small|Torr.}} – fetid adder's tongue
|-
| ''[[Streptopus]]'' {{small|Michx.}} – twistedstalk
|}

The largest genera are ''[[Gagea]]'' (200), ''[[Fritillaria]]'' (130), ''[[Lilium]]'' (110), and ''[[Tulipa]]'' (75 species), all within the Lilieae tribe.

=== Etymology and pronunciation===
The name "Liliaceae" ({{IPAc-en|lang|ˌ|l|ɪ|l|i|ˈ|eɪ|s|i|,_|-|s|i|ˌ|aɪ|,_|-|s|i|ˌ|eɪ|,_|-|s|i|ˌ|i}}) comes to [[international scientific vocabulary]] from [[New Latin]], from ''[[Lilium]]'', the [[type genus]], + ''[[wikt:-aceae#Suffix|-aceae]]'',<ref name="MWU">{{Citation |author=Merriam-Webster |authorlink=Merriam-Webster |title=Merriam-Webster's Unabridged Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-Webster |url=http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/unabridged/ |postscript=.}}</ref> a standardized [[suffix]] for plant family names in modern taxonomy. The genus name comes from the [[Classical Latin]] word ''[[wikt:lilium#Latin|lilium]]'', "lily", which in turn came from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ''{{transl|grc|leírion}}'' ({{lang|grc|λείριον}}).

== Distribution and habitat ==
The Liliaceae are widely distributed, but mainly in the [[temperate regions]] of the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. The [[centre of diversity]] is from [[southwest Asia]] to [[China]]. Their distribution is diverse, mainly in [[plain]]s, [[steppes]], and [[alpine meadows]], but also in [[deciduous forests]], [[Mediterranean scrubland|Mediterranean scrub]] and [[arctic tundra]].<ref name="Patterson 2002"/><ref name=Simp11/> ''Tulipa'' and ''Gagea'' provide examples of ornamental geophyte biomorphological types representing continental thermoperiodic zones ([[Boreal Kingdom|Irano-Turanian region]]), characterised by cessation of underground growth at high temperatures in early summer and requiring low winter temperatures for spring flowering.<ref name=Kamenetsky/> While some genera are shade-dwelling, such as the Medeoleae, and  Streptopoideae, ''Tricyrtis'', and ''Cardiocrinum'', others prefer a more open habitat.

== Ecology ==
The Liliaceae are ecologically diverse.<ref name="Patterson 2002"/> Species of Liliaceae bloom at various times from spring to late summer. The colorful flowers produce large amounts of [[nectar]] and [[pollen]] that attract [[insect]]s which [[pollinate]] them (entomophily), particularly [[bees]] and [[wasps]] (hymenopterophily), [[butterflies]] (psychophily) and [[moths]] (phalaenophily).<ref name=Sharma/> The [[seeds]] are [[Seed dispersal|dispersed]] by wind and water. Some species (e.g. ''Scoliopus'', ''Erythronium and Gagea'') have seeds with an [[aril]] structure that are dispersed by [[ants]] ([[myrmecochory]]).<ref name="Patterson 2002"/>

=== Pests and predators ===
[[File:Scarlet lily beetle lilioceris lilii.jpg|thumb|left|140px|[[Scarlet lily beetle]] (''Lilioceris lilii'')]]
[[File:Semper Augustus Tulip 17th century.jpg|thumb|left|140px|17th-century painting of affected ''Tulipa'' 'Semper Augustus', showing '[[tulip breaking virus|breaking]]']]
Liliaceae are subject to a wide variety of diseases and pests, including [[insects]], such as [[thrips]], [[aphids]], [[beetles]] and [[flies]]. Also [[fungi]], [[viruses]] and [[vertebrate]] animals such as [[mice]] and [[deer]].<ref name=UCIPML/><ref name=UCIPMT/> An important horticultural and garden pest is the [[scarlet lily beetle]] (Japanese red lily beetle, ''Lilioceris lilii'') and other [[Lilioceris]] species which attack ''[[Fritillaria]]'' and ''[[Lilium]]''.<ref name="Majka"/> ''Lilium'' species may be food plants for the [[Cosmia trapezina]] moth. A major pest of Tulips is the fungus, ''[[Botryotinia|Botrytis tulipae]]''.

Both ''Lilium'' and ''Tulipa'' are susceptible to a group of five viruses of the ''[[Potyviridae]]'' family, specifically the [[potyvirus]] (named for ''[[Potato virus Y]])'' group, which includes the ''[[Tulip breaking virus|Tulip-breaking Virus TBV]]'' and the ''Lily streak virus'' (Lily mottle virus, ''LMoV'')  resulting in 'breaking' of the color of the flowers. The viruses are transmitted by [[aphids]]. This breaking effect was of economic importance during the [[tulip mania]] of the seventeenth century, because it appeared to be producing new varieties.<ref name=Phillips/><ref name=Garber/> In modern times tulip breeders have produced varieties that mimic the effect of the virus, without being infected. One of these varieties is known as 'Rembrandt', after the [[Rembrandt|Dutch artist of that name]]. Contemporary tulip owners commonly had Rembrandt and other artists paint their flowers to preserve them for posterity, hence the 'broken' tulips were known as Rembrandt tulips at that time. Another modern variety is 'Princess Irene'.<ref name=Beckerman/><ref name="Esther Inglis-Arkell"/><ref name=RPD634/> One of the tulip breaking viruses is also named the ''Rembrandt tulip-breaking virus'' (ReTBV).<ref name=Dekker/><ref name=UniprotReTBV/>

== Cultivation ==
{{multiple image |header=Cultivation |  align = right | direction = vertical | width = 180 | image3 = 玉水ユリ園.jpg|caption3=Lily production, Japan
|image2= Bollenveld Hillegom.JPG| caption2= Tulip production, [[Hillegom]], the [[Netherlands]]
|image1=Spring 22.JPG|caption1=''Tulipa'' varieties are popular ornamental flowers in public and private spaces in the spring}}

=== Floriculture ===
Many species of Lilieae (in genera ''[[Tulipa]]'', ''[[Fritillaria]]'', ''[[Lilium]]'', and ''[[Erythronium]]'') and Calochortoideae (''[[Calochortus]]'' and  ''[[Tricyrtis]]'') are grown as [[ornamental plants]] worldwide. Within these genera a wide range of [[cultivars]] have been developed by [[Plant breeding|breeding]] and [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridisation]]. They are generally used in outdoor [[garden]]s and other displays, although in common with many bulbous flowering plants they are often induced to bloom indoors, particularly during the [[winter]] months. They also form a significant part of the [[Floriculture|cut flower market]], in particular ''[[Tulipa]]'' and ''[[Lilium]]''.

==== Tulips ====
Tulips have been cultivated since at least the tenth century  in [[Persia]].<ref name=Christenhusz/> Tulip production has two main markets: [[cut flowers]] and [[Ornamental bulbous plant|bulb]]. The latter are used, in turn, to meet the demand for bulbs for parks, gardens and home use and, secondly, to provide the necessary bulbs for cut flower production. [[International trade]] in cut flowers has an approximate total value of 11 billion [[euros]], which provides an indication of the economic importance of this activity. The main producer of tulip bulbs is the [[Netherlands]], a country that accounts for 87% of the global cultivated area, with approximately 12,000 [[hectares]]. Other leading producers include [[Japan]], [[France]] and [[Poland]]. Approximately ten other countries produce commercial tulips, largely for the [[domestic market]]. By contrast, the Netherlands is the leading international producer, to the extent of 4 billion bulbs per annum. Of these, 53% are used for the cut flower market and the remainder for the dry bulb market. Of the cut flowers, 57% are used for the domestic market in the Netherlands and the remainder exported.<ref name=Sunshine/><ref name=floridata/>

Original ''Tulipa'' species can be obtained for ornamental purposes, such as ''[[Tulipa tarda]]'' and ''[[Tulipa turkestanica]]''. These are referred to as [[Species Tulips|species, or botanical, tulips]], and tend to be smaller plants but better at [[naturalising]] than the cultivated forms. Breeding programs have produced a wide range of tulip types, enabling blooming through a much longer season by creating early, mid- and late spring varieties. Fourteen distinct types are available in addition to botanical tulips, including Lily-flowered, Fringed, Viridiflora and Rembrandt. In addition to blooming season, tulip varieties differ in shape, and height, and exhibit a wide range of colours, both pure and in combination.<ref name=Wilford/>

==== Lilies ====
The largest area of production is also the Netherland, with 76% of the global cultivated area, followed by [[France]], [[Chile]], [[Japan]], the [[United States]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Australia]]. Approximately ten countries produce lilies commercially altogether. About half of the commercial production is for cut flowers. Many of these countries export bulbs as well as supplying the domestic market. The Netherland produces about 2,200 million lily bulbs annually, of which 96% is used domestically and the remainder exported, principally within the [[European Union]]. One particularly important crop is the production of ''[[Lilium longiflorum]]'', whose white flowers are associated with purity and Easter.<ref name=Sunshine/>

Although many ''Lilium'' species such as ''[[Lilium martagon]]'' and ''[[Lilium candidum]]'' can be obtained commercially, the majority of commercially available lilies represent the products of a very diverse hybridisation program, which has resulted in a separate horticultural classification, including such groupings as Asian, Oriental and Orienpet. In addition to a very wide variety of heights, lilies can be obtained in many colours and combinations of colours, and if properly selected can produce an extensive blooming season from early summer to autumn.<ref name="NALS"/> Because of the history of Liliaceae, many species such as [[Watsonia (plant)|Watsonia]] (bugle lily) that were previously classified in this family bear the name 'lily' but are neither part of the genus ''Lilium'', or the Liliaceae family.

==== Other ====
A variety of ''Fritillaria'' species are used as early spring ornamental flowers. These vary from the large ''[[Fritillaria imperialis]]'' (crown imperial) available in a number of colours such as yellow or orange, to the relatively tiny species such as ''[[Fritillaria meleagris]]'' or ''[[Fritillaria uva-vulpis]]'' with their chequered patterns.<ref name=McGary/> ''[[Erythronium]]'' is less common but a popular cultivar is 'Pagoda' with its sulphur yellow flowers.<ref name="RHS Erythronium"/> ''[[Calochortus]]'' (mariposa lily) may be sold as a mixture or as cultivars.<ref name="PBS Calochortus"/>

=== Propagation ===
[[Image:Lilium lancifolium bulbils.jpg|thumb|left|140px|[[Bulbils]] in the leaf axils of ''[[Lilium lancifolium]]'']]
[[File:Liliaceae seeds.jpg|thumb|left|140px|Seeds of Liliaceae species]]
Methods of [[Plant propagation|propagation]] include both sexual and [[asexual reproduction]]. Commercial cultivars are usually sterile.

==== Sexual reproduction ====
Seeds can be used for propagation of the plant or to create [[hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] and can take five to eight years to produce flowering plants. Since [[interspecific]] [[cross-pollination]] occurs, overlapping wild populations can create natural hybrids.<ref name=Halinar/>

==== Asexual reproduction ====
* Bulb [[Offset (botany)|offsets]]: Daughter bulbs that form on the mother bulb and can be detached.
* [[Micropropagation]] techniques including [[Plant tissue culture|tissue culture]].<ref name=Nhut/><ref name=Nishiuchi/>
* [[Bulbil]]s, which are [[adventitious]] bulbs formed on the parent plant's stem.
* Scaling and [[twin-scaling]], used to increase production in slower-growing varieties, in which multiple whole scales are detached from a single bulb.

Bulb [[Offset (botany)|offsets]] and [[tissue culture]] produce [[gene]]tic [[cloning|clones]] of the parent plant and thus maintaining genetic integrity of the [[cultivars]]. Bulb offsets usually require at least a year before flowering. Commercially, plants may be propagated [[in vitro]] and then planted out to grow into plants large enough to sell.<ref name=Lanzhou/><ref name=Heuser/>

== Toxicology ==
While members of the Liliaceae ''s.s.'' have been used as food sources in humans, the bulbs of some species are [[poisonous]] to household pets (bulb toxicosis) if eaten and may cause serious complications, such as [[renal failure]] in [[cat]]s from Lilies, particularly ''[[Lilium longiflorum]]'' (Easter Lily).<ref name=langston/><ref name=hall/><ref name=volmer/> Dogs may develop less serious effects such as gastrointestinal problems and central nervous system depression.<ref name=Winkle/> Most [[Fritillaria]] (e.g. ''[[Fritillaria imperialis]]'', ''[[Fritillaria meleagris]]'') bulbs contain poisonous [[neurotoxic]] [[alkaloid]]s such as [[imperialin]] (peiminine),<ref name=peiminine/><ref name=Reichl/><ref name=Wink/> which may be deadly if ingested in quantity, while other species such as [[Fritillaria camschatcensis]] and ''[[Fritillaria affinis]]'' are edible.<ref name=Turner83/><ref name=Li2006/> Tulips can cause skin irritation due to the presence of tuliposides and tulipalins,<ref name=Sasseville/><ref name=Christensen/><ref name=Nomura/> which are also found in the flowers, leaves and stems of ''Fritillaria''.<ref name=Reichl/> These are also toxic to a variety of animals.<ref name=ASPCA/>

== Uses ==
[[Fritillaria]] extracts are used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] under the name ''chuan bei mu'', and in Latin, ''[[bulbus fritillariae cirrhosae]]''.<ref name=Turner83/><ref name=Li2006/><ref name=Yeum/> The bulbs of ''[[Fritillaria roylei]]'' have been used as [[antipyretics]] and [[expectorants]].<ref name=Sharma/> ''Lilium'' bulbs, particularly Lanzhou lily (''[[Lilium davidii]]'')<ref name=Lanzhou/> are used as food in [[China]] and other parts of Asia.<ref name=chinesefood/> During [[Dutch famine of 1944|World War II]], [[starvation]] conditions in the Netherlands (''Hongerwinter'', hunger winter 1944) led to using ''[[Tulipa]]'' bulbs as food. ''[[Calochortus]]'' bulbs were eaten by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] and  by the [[Mormon]] settlers in [[Utah]] during starvation. Other members of the family used for food include ''[[Clintonia]]'' (leaves), ''[[Medeola]]'' (roots), ''[[Erythronium]]'' (corms), and ''[[Fritillaria]]'' (bulbs).<ref name=Couplan/>

== Culture ==

=== Lilies ===
{{multiple image | align = right| direction = vertical | width = 180 | image1 = Lilium candidum 1.jpg| caption1 = ''[[Lilium candidum]]'' (Madonna lily)|image2=Meister des Frankfurter Paradiesgärtleins 001.jpg|caption2= Lilies (far right) growing in the ''[[Paradiesgärtlein]]'', ''[[Meister des Frankfurter Paradiesgärtleins]]''}}
The type genus, Lily (''[[Lilium]]''), has a long history in literature and art, and a tradition of [[symbol]]ism as well as becoming a [[Lily (name)|popular female name]], and a [[floral emblem]], particularly of [[France]] ([[#fleur-de-lis|fleur-de-lis]]). The cultivation of lilies has been described since at least the ninth century, when [[Charlemagne]] ordered it to be grown at his imperial palaces.<ref name=Kandeler/> However, the name 'lily' has historically been applied to a wide variety of plants other than the ''Lilium'' genus.

The lily appears in ancient literature associated with both sovereignty and virginal innocence, and is mentioned on a number of occasions in the [[Bible]], such as the description in Solomon's [[Song of Songs]] (2, 1–2) "''I am a rose of Sharon, a lily of the valleys. Like a lily among thorns is my darling among the young women''" or the [[Gospel of Mathew]] (6, 28) "''Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow; they toil not, neither do they spin''" to represent beauty. Artistic representations can be found as far back as [[frescos]] from the second century BC, at [[Amnisos]] and [[Knossos]]. Early Christian churches, such as that of the [[Basilica of Sant' Apollinare in Classe]] were sometimes decorated with lilies. While predominantly depicted as white, those seen at [[Akrotiri (Santorini)|Akrotiri]] are red lilies. The white lily has long been seen as a symbol of purity, coming to be associated with the [[Virgin Mary]] in the [[Middle Ages]], from which came the name ‘Madonna lily’ (''[[Lilium candidum]]''). A well-known example is [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s ''[[Annunciation (Leonardo)|Annunciation]]'' (1472–1475) in which the archangel [[Gabriel]] bears a Madonna lily. Other symbolic meanings include glory, love and birth.

==== Fleur-de-lis ====
{{main article|Fleur-de-lis}}
[[File:Fleur de lys (or).svg|thumb|80px|left|Symbolic [[fleur-de-lis]]]]
The stylised lily, or ''fleur-de-lis'' (lily flower) has long been associated with royalty, although it may originally have been derived from the form of an [[iris (plant)|iris]]. It has also been associated with the head of a spear.<ref name="Sauvages1756"/> Its three parts have been associated with the three classes of mediaeval society,<ref name=Duby/> or alternatively faith, wisdom and chivalry.<ref name="MichaudPoujoulat1836"/> Whatever its exact derivation, it has come to be associated with France and the French monarchy since the earliest [[Franks|Frankish]] kings. Consequently, it became incorporated into not only French [[heraldry]] but also that of many heraldic devices in jurisdictions where there had been historic French influence, such as [[Quebec]] and [[New Orleans]]. In modern times it appears in many forms, symbolic and decorative, and can be used on [[compass rose|compasses]] to indicate the direction north, as well as the [[Fleur-de-lis in Scouting|Scouting]] movement.

=== Tulips ===
{{main article|Tulip Mania}}
[[File:Istanbul, Hagia Sophia, Allah.jpg|thumb|180px|''[[Allah]]'', [[Hagia Sophia]], [[İstanbul]]]]
[[File:Dish with a spray of tulips, roses, and hyacinths, Turkey, Iznik, about 1600 AD, composite body, underglaze-painted - Huntington Museum of Art - DSC05013.JPG|thumb|left|140px|[[Ceramic art|Ceramic]] dish, [[Iznik]] ca. 1600, with tulips, roses and hyacinths]]
Tulips (''[[Tulipa]]'') also have a long cultural tradition, particularly in the [[Islamic]] world. The [[Persian language|Persian]] word for tulips, ''lâleh'' ({{lang|fa|لاله}}), was borrowed into [[Turkish language|Turkish]] and [[Arabic]] as  ''lale''. In [[Arabic letters]], ''lale'' is written with the same letters as ''[[Allah]]'', and is used to denote God symbolically. Tulips became widely used in decorative [[Motif (visual arts)|motifs]] on [[tiles]], [[fabrics]], and [[ceramic art|ceramics]] in [[Islamic art]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]] in particular,<ref name="Christenhusz"/> and were revered in poetry, such as that of [[Omar Khayan]] in the twelfth century.<ref name="Christenhusz"/><ref name=pavord/>

Tulips were an essential part of the gardens of [[Persia]], having been cultivated from the [[Eurasian Steppe|Steppes]]. As the [[Seljuks]] – [[Oghuz-Turkic]] leaders originated from the steppes – moved to Persia, and then west, they took tulips with them to [[Turkey]], where many escaped cultivation and became [[Naturalization (biology)|naturalised]]. Today there are a number of places in Turkey called ''[[Laleli (disambiguation)|Laleli]]'' (‘with tulips’). Tulips first appeared in the decorative arts in Turkey in the thirteenth century and flourished under the Ottomans, in particular in the [[Topkapi palace|royal palaces]], and was adopted by the [[Ottoman dynasty|Osmans]] as their symbol. Further species were collected from Persia and the spreading Ottoman Empire saw to it that tulip culture also spread. By the sixteenth century it was a national symbol, hence the designation "[[Tulip era]]", by which time they were becoming of economic importance.<ref name="Christenhusz"/>

By 1562 the tulip trade had reached Europe with the first shipment to [[Antwerp]],<ref name=Harvey/> where they were mistaken for vegetables,<ref name="Dash2010">{{cite book|author=Mike Dash|title=Tulipomania: The Story of the World's Most Coveted Flower & the Extraordinary Passions It Aroused|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=piXqsiQ4h1QC&pg=PA36|date=10 February 2010|publisher=Crown Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-56082-7|pages=36–}}</ref>  although they had been cultivated in Portugal since 1530, and first appeared in illustration in 1559, and the first tulip flowers were seen in the [[Netherlands]] in 1625. Tulips spread rapidly across Europe in the seventeenth century, and became an important trading item, initially in France before concentrating in the Netherlands.<ref name="Christenhusz"/><ref name=Upchurch/> Eventually speculative trading in tulips became so intense as to cause a [[Economic bubble|financial bubble]] which eventually collapsed, a period known as [[tulip mania]] (tulipomania), from 1634 to 1637,<ref name=Blunt/>{{sfn|Goldgar|2007}} similar to the Ottoman Empire's Tulip era.

Nevertheless, since then the tulip has become indelibly associated with the Netherlands and all things Dutch. it was during this period that the [[tulipiere]], a [[ceramic]] vase for growing tulips indoors was devised, and the [[Dutch Golden Age painting|Golden Age of Dutch Painting]] was replete with images of tulips. Although [[tulip festival]]s are held around the world in the spring, the most famous of these is the display at [[Keukenhof]]. One of the better-known novels on tulips is ''[[The Black Tulip]]'' by [[Alexandre Dumas, père]] in 1850, dealing with a contest to grow a black tulip in late seventeenth-century [[Haarlem]].

=== Other ===
''[[Fritillaria]]'' are also often used as [[floral emblem]]s, for instance as the county flower of [[Oxfordshire]], UK.<ref name="countyflower"/> ''[[Calochortus nuttallii]]'', the sego lily, is the official [[List of U.S. state flowers|state flower]] of [[Utah]].

== See also ==
{{Portal|Plants}}
* [[List of systems of plant taxonomy]]
* [[Plant taxonomy]]

== References ==
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== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}

=== Books ===

==== Systematics ====
* {{cite book|last=[[Walter S Judd|Judd]]|first=Walter S.|first2=Christopher S. |last2=Campbell |first3=Elizabeth A. |last3=Kellogg |first4=Peter F. |last4=Stevens |first5=Michael J. |last5=Donoghue|title=Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach. (1st ed. 1999, 2nd 2002)|year=2007|edition=3|publisher=Sinauer Associates|isbn=0-87893-407-3|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=kr3uAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=29 January 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Simpson|first=Michael G.|title=Plant Systematics|year=2011|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=0-08-051404-9|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Ia2eIPVksMMC|accessdate=12 February 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurcharan|title=Plant Systematics: An Integrated Approach|year=2004|publisher=Science Publishers|isbn=1-57808-351-6|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=In_Lv8iMt24C|accessdate=23 January 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|title=Botanique systématique des plantes à fleurs: une approche phylogénétique nouvelle des angiospermes des régions tempérées et tropicales (Systematic Botany of Flowering Plants)|date=2004|origyear=2002|publisher=Science Publishers|location = Lausanne|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=WUw8fg0rAVgC|isbn=1-57808-373-7|editor1=Rodolphe Spichiger |editor2=Mathieu Perret |accessdate=13 February 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Stevens|first=Peter Francis|title=The Development of Biological Systematics: Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu, Nature, and the Natural System|publisher=Columbia University Press, 2013|isbn=0-231-51508-1|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=kh9HXVALm9oC|accessdate=4 February 2014|year=2013|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Stuessy|first=Tod F.|title=Plant Taxonomy: The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=0-231-14712-0|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=0bYs8F0Mb9gC|accessdate=6 February 2014|year=2009|ref=harv}}

==== Taxonomic classifications ====
* {{cite book|last=Adanson|first=Michel|title=Familles des plantes|publisher=Vincent|location=Paris|url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/271#/summary|accessdate=9 February 2014|year=1763}}
:: [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/521/mode/1up Table of 58 families, Part II: Page 1]
:: [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/528/mode/1up Table of 1615 genera, Part II: Page 8]
* {{cite book |last=Jussieu |first=Antoine Laurent de |title=Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam |year=1789 |location=Paris |oclc=5161409 |url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/284#/summary |accessdate=9 January 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|author = [[A. P. de Candolle]]|year = 1813|title = Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux|url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/39705#/summary|accessdate=5 February 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Gray|first=Samuel Frederick|title=A natural arrangement of British plants: according to their relations to each other as pointed out by Jussieu, De Candolle, Brown, &c. including those cultivated for use; with an introduction to botany, in which the terms newly introduced are explained|year=1821|publisher=Baldwin|location=London|url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/43804#/summary|accessdate=2 February 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=[[John Lindley|Lindley]]|first=John|title=An introduction to the natural system of botany : or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom : together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy|year=1830|publisher=Longman|location=London|url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7551#/summary|accessdate=2 February 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|title=The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system|publisher=Bradbury|location=London|accessdate=5 February 2014|year=1846|url = http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7756#/summary|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Bentham|first=G.|authorlink=George Bentham|last2=Hooker|first2=JD|authorlink2=Joseph Dalton Hooker|title=Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. |year=1862–1883|publisher=L Reeve & Co.|location=London|url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/747#/summary|accessdate=31 January 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|title=Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten|date=1887–1915|publisher=W. Engelmann|location=Leipzig|url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/4635#/summary|editor=Engler, Adolf |editor2=Prantl, Karl|accessdate=31 January 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|title=Das Pflanzenreich: regni vegetablilis conspectus|publisher=Engelmann|location=Leipzig|url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/250#/summary|editor=Adolf Engler|accessdate=5 February 2014|year=1900–1968|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Engler|first=Adolf|title=Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien : eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik|publisher=Borntraeger|location=Berlin|url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/22956#/summary|accessdate=5 February 2014|year=1903|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Carter|first=Humphrey G.|title=Genera of British plants arranged according to Engler's Syllabus der pflanzenfamilien|year=1912|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/20451#/summary|edition=7|accessdate=10 February 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Lotsy|first=Johannes Paulus|title=Vorträge über botanische Stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein Lehrbuch der Pflanzensystematik. |date=1907–1911|publisher=Fischer|location=Jena|url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/33103#/summary|accessdate=9 February 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Hutchinson|first=John|title=The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. 2 vols|year=1959|publisher=Macmillan}}
* {{cite book |last=Dahlgren |first=R.M. |last2=Clifford |first2=H.T. |last3=Yeo |first3=P.F. |authorlink=Rolf Dahlgren|title=The families of the monocotyledons |year=1985 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=Berlin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC|isbn= 978-3-642-64903-5| accessdate=10 February 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Kubitzki|editor-first=K.|title=The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3|year=1998|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin, Germany|isbn=3-540-64060-6|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC|accessdate=14 January 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Takhtadzhi︠a︡n |first=Armen Leonovich |title=Flowering Plants |year=2009 |publisher=Springer |isbn=1-4020-9609-7 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=oumyfO-NHuUC|accessdate=7 January 2014|ref=harv}}

==== Other ====
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Boisset|editor1-first=Caroline|title=Lilies and related plants. 2007-2008 75th Anniversary Issue|date=2007|publisher=Royal Horticultural Society Lily Group|location=London|isbn=978-1-902896-84-7|url=http://www.rhslilygroup.org/75thAnniversary_LR.pdf|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Erhardt|first=Walter|title=Der große Zander. Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen|year=2008|publisher=Verlag Eugen Ulmer|location=Stuttgart|isbn=978-3-8001-5406-7|ref=harv|display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite book |last=Mabberley |first=David J |title=Mabberley's Plant-Book |year=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=1-107-78259-7 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=ZFFgAgAAQBAJ |edition=3 |accessdate=8 January 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Sharma|first=O. P.|title=Plant Taxonomy|edition=2|year=2009|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=1-259-08137-0|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Roi0lwSXFnUC|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|title=University Botany - 3|year=2007|publisher=New Age International|isbn=978-81-224-1547-6|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=SuQJeFkYoRIC|editor=Reddy S. M.|accessdate=14 February 2014|ref=harv|display-editors=etal}}
* {{cite book|title=Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production|year=2012|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=1-4398-4924-2|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC|editor1=Rina Kamenetsky |editor2=Hiroshi Okubo |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=[[Redouté]]|first=P. J.|title=Les liliacées|date=1802–1816|publisher=Redouté|location=Paris|url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/537#/summary|accessdate=2 February 2014|ref=harv}} See also [http://www.illustratedgarden.org/mobot/rarebooks/title.asp?relation=QK495F38R321805V1 HTML version]
* {{cite book|last=Kerner von Marilaun|first=Anton|authorlink=Anton Kerner von Marilaun|title=The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution', trans. FW Oliver et al. from ''Pflanzenleben'', 1890–1891|publisher=Holt|location=New York|page= 4: 603|url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/54631#/summary|accessdate=5 February 2014|year=1895{{ndash}}96|ref=harv}} See also [https://web.archive.org/web/20140221173359/http://naturalhistoryofplants.com/ HTML version ]
* {{cite book|last=Walters|first=Dirk R.|title=Vascular Plant Taxonomy|year=1996|publisher=Kendall Hunt|isbn=0-7872-2108-2|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=ZbaNxSnNoecC|author2=David J. Keil |accessdate=10 February 2014}}
* {{cite book|last=Weberling|first=Focko|title=Morphology of Flowers and Inflorescences (trans. Richard J. Pankhurst)|year=1992|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=0-521-43832-2|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=-ZlOAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=8 February 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|title=Beyond Cladistics: The Branching of a Paradigm|year=2010|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-26772-9|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=aH5B3ifHmuwC|editor1-last=Williams|editor1-first=D. M.|editor2-last=Knapp|editor2-first=Sandra|accessdate=15 February 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Goldgar|first1=Anne|title=Tulipmania: money, honor, and knowledge in the Dutch golden age|date=2007|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=9780226301303|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=gViwLbCJ7X0C|accessdate=21 February 2015|ref=harv}}

=== Symposia ===
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Rudall |editor1-first=P.J. |editor2-last=Cribb |editor2-first=P.J. |editor3-last=Cutler |editor3-first=D.F. |editor4-last=Humphries |editor4-first=C.J. |year=1995 |title=Monocotyledons: systematics and evolution (Proceedings of the International Symposium on Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution, Kew 1993)|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens |location=Kew |isbn=978-0-947643-85-0 |url=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/M/bo9856357.html |accessdate=14 January 2014 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last= Wilson|editor1-first= K. L. |editor2-last=Morrison |editor2-first=D. A.|title=Monocots: Systematics and evolution (Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons, Sydney, Australia 1998)|year=2000|publisher=[[CSIRO]]|location=Collingwood, Australia|url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/2424.htm|isbn=0-643-06437-0|accessdate=14 January 2014 |ref=harv}} [https://books.google.ca/books?id=YzQBUQqLS0YC Excerpts]
* {{cite journal|editor1-last=Columbus|editor1-first= J. T.|editor2-last= Friar|editor2-first=E. A.|editor3-last= Porter|editor3-first=J. M.|editor4-last=  Prince|editor4-first=L. M.|editor5-last= Simpson |editor5-first= M. G. |title=Symposium issue: Monocots: comparative biology and evolution (excluding Poales).'' Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons,  31 Mar–4 Apr 2003'' |journal=[[Aliso]]|year=2006|volume=22|issue=1|publisher=Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden|location=Claremont, Ca.|issn=0065-6275|url=http://www.mbgpress.info/index.php?task=id&id=07015|accessdate=18 January 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|title=Diversity, Phylogeny, and Evolution in the Monocotyledons (''Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons and the Fifth International Symposium on Grass Systematics and Evolution, Copenhagen 2008'')|year=2010|publisher=[[Aarhus University Press]]|isbn=978-87-7934-398-6|url=http://en.unipress.dk/udgivelser/d/diversity,-phylogeny,-and-evolution-in-the-monocotyledons/|editor1=Anders Barfod |editor2=Jerrold I. Davis |editor3=Gitte Petersen |editor4=Ole Seberg |accessdate=18 January 2014}}
* {{cite web|title=MONOCOTS V: 5th International Conference on Comparative Biology of Monocotyledons. New York July 2013|url=https://www.regonline.com/builder/site/Default.aspx?EventID=1060172|accessdate=18 January 2014}}

=== Journal articles ===
* {{cite journal|last=Kelch|first=D. G.|title=What happened to the lily family?|journal=Pacific Horticulture|year=2000|volume=61|pages=76–79|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last=Leitch|first=I. J.|last2=Beaulieu |first2=JM |last3=Cheung |first3=K |last4=Hanson |first4=L |last5=Lysak |first5=MA |last6=Fay |first6=MF|authorlink6=Michael Francis Fay|title=Punctuated genome size evolution in Liliaceae|journal=Journal of evolutionary biology|date=November 2007|volume=20|issue=6|pages=2296–308|pmid=17956392|url=http://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/17956392/Punctuated_genome_size_evolution_in_Liliaceae_|accessdate=26 January 2014|doi=10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01416.x|ref={{harvid|Leitch et al|2007}}}}

=== Web ===

==== Databases ====
* {{cite web|last=AP Website|title=Liliaceae|url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APWeb/orders/Lilialesweb.htm#Liliaceae|publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden}}
* {{cite web|last=GRIN|title=Liliaceae|url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?652|publisher=Germplasm Resources Information Network|accessdate=22 January 2014}}
* {{cite web|last=ITIS|title=Liliaceae|url=http://www.cbif.gc.ca/pls/itisca/next?v_tsn=42633&taxa=Liliaceae&p_ifx=&p_lang=|publisher=Integrated Taxonomic Information System|accessdate=22 January 2014}}
* {{cite web|last=NCBI|title=Liliaceae|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=4677|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information|accessdate=22 January 2014}}
* {{cite web |last=Watson |first=L. |last2=Dallwitz |first2=M.J. |title=The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval |url=http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/liliacea.htm |accessdate=22 January 2014 |date=1992{{ndash}}2014 |publisher=DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy}}
* {{cite book|last=WCSP|editor-last= Govaerts|editor-first=Rafaël|title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (''enter Liliaceae, under '''Search''''') |year=2011|publisher=The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do|accessdate=16 October 2016|ref=harv}}
* {{cite web|title=Liliaceae de Jussieu|url=http://www.gbif.org/species/100011958|work=Global Biodiversity Information Facility Version [xx]. 2013|publisher=Université de Montréal Biodiversity Centre: Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN)|accessdate=4 February 2014|doi=10.3897/phytokeys.25.3100|year=2010 }}

==== Flora ====
* {{cite web|last= Chen|first=Xinqi|title=Liliaceae|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10507|work=Flora of China|accessdate=22 January 2014}}
* {{cite web|last=Utech|first=Frederick H.|title=Liliaceae|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10507|work=Flora of North America|accessdate=14 January 2014}}
** {{cite web|last=Cronquist|first=Arthur|authorlink=Arthur Cronquist|title=A Commentary on the General System of Classification of Flowering Plants, in: |url=http://floranorthamerica.org/Volume/V01/Chapter14|work=Flora of North America|year=2008|accessdate=14 January 2014}}
* {{cite web|title=Liliaceae|url=http://www.herbarium.hawaii.edu/bot461/query/details.php?family=Liliaceae&field=family|work=Flora of Hawaii & Plant Family Profiles|publisher=University of Hawai'i|accessdate=29 January 2014}}
* {{cite web|last=Ali|first=S. I.|title=Liliaceae|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=10507|work=Flora of Pakistan|accessdate=22 February 2014}}
* {{cite book|title=The European Garden Flora|year=1986|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-24859-0|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=1dd5M-ToXAcC|editor1-last=Walters|editor1-first=Stuart Max |editor2-last=Cullen|editor2-first=James |accessdate=5 April 2015|ref=harv}}
* {{cite web|last=Brittan|first=N.H.|title=(Search for:) Liliaceae|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/main-query-styles.html|work=Flora of Australia Online. vol. 45|publisher=Australian Biological Resources Study|accessdate=9 February 2014|year=1987|display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite book|last=Frodin|first=D. G.|title=Guide to Standard Floras of the World: An Annotated, Geographically Arranged Systematic Bibliography of the Principal Floras, Enumerations, Checklists and Chorological Atlases of Different Areas|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=1-139-42865-9|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=aMjXCF4rmDUC|accessdate=10 February 2014}}

==== Other ====
* {{cite web|title=Digital Flowers|url=http://www.life.illinois.edu/help/digitalflowers/index.htm|publisher=University of Illinois|accessdate=28 January 2014|author=Stephen Downie|author2=Ken Robertson }}
* {{cite web|last=[[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants|ICN]]|title=International Code of Nomenclature  for algae, fungi, and plants|url=http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title|publisher=[[International Association for Plant Taxonomy]]|accessdate=2 February 2014|location=[[Bratislava]]|year=2011|ref=harv}}
* {{cite web|title=Liliaceae|url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/Liliaceae|publisher=Pacific Bulb Society|accessdate=2 February 2014}}
* {{cite web|last=Lobstein|first=Marion Blois|title=Where Have All the Lilies Gone?  Long-Time Changin' in the Liliaceous Families|url=http://vnps.org/wp/pwws/where-have-all-the-lilies-gone-long-time-changing-in-the-lilaceous-families/|publisher=Prince William Wildflower Society|accessdate=9 February 2014}}
* {{cite web|last=Saylor|first=Jesse L.|title=Liliaceae Segregated According to Brummitt (1992)|url=http://www.saylorplants.com/SaylorPlants/Ref_Info/2112LiliaceaeSeg2.htm|accessdate=10 February 2014}}
* {{cite web|work=eMonocot|title=Liliaceae|url=http://e-monocot.org/taxon/urn:kew.org:wcs:family:59|accessdate=15 January 2014}}
* {{cite web|work=Belles fleurs de France|title=Liliaceae|url=http://erick.dronnet.free.fr/belles_fleurs_de_france/liliaceae.htm|accessdate=22 January 2014}}
{{refend}}

{{Ack-Wikipedia}}

{{Liliaceae}}

[[Category:Liliales]]