View source for Category:Dilleniaceae

{{automatic taxobox
|fossil_range = Early [[Paleogene]] &ndash; Recent (but see text) {{fossilrange|52|0|earliest=115}} 
|image = Hibbertia_stellaris.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Hibbertia stellaris]]''
|taxon = Dilleniaceae
|authority = [[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Salisb.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
|subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
|subdivision = APG II system recognizes the following genera:
* ''[[Acrotrema]]''
* ''[[Curatella]]''
* ''[[Davilla]]''
* ''[[Didesmandra]]''
* ''[[Dillenia]]''
* ''[[Doliocarpus]]''
* ''[[Hibbertia]]''
* ''[[Pachynema (plant)|Pachynema]]''
* ''[[Pinzona]]''
* ''[[Schumacheria]]''
* ''[[Tetracera]]''
|}}

'''Dilleniaceae''' is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plants]] with 11 genera and about 430 known species.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> Such a family has been universally recognized by taxonomists.  It is known to gardeners for the genus ''[[Hibbertia]]'', which contains many commercially valuable garden species.

==Description and Distribution==
The family is found in the tropics and subtropics plus all of [[Australia]]. Most of the members in it are woody plants - lianas or trees such as ''[[Dillenia]]'' - but herbaceous species such as ''[[Pachynema]]'' are also present in Dilleniaceae. The leaves of the plants in the family are wide and well-developed, but in ''[[Pachynema]]'' and certain species of ''[[Hibbertia]]'' they are strongly modified. The flowers are mainly showy and colorful with visible reproductive components. [[Buzz pollination]] is common in the group.<ref>http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00987943</ref> Fruits of some species, such as ''[[Dillenia indica]]'' (elephant apple), are edible.

==Taxonomy and Phylogeny==
[[image:Dil suffrut 100524-1817 sap.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Dillenia suffruticosa]]'']]
The position of the family in the phylogenetic tree and its classification among the other [[eudicots]] is uncertain.<ref>http://www.pnas.org/content/107/10/4623.full</ref> Some studies suggested that Dilleniaceae may be sister to [[Rhabdodendraceae]] which is a clade that was thought to be sister to all the rest [[Caryophyllales]]. The caryophyllid [[Rhabdodendron]] and the members in the family with the questionable placement in fact share some morphological characteristics but it was found that [[Rhabdodendraceae]] is actually sister only to the core members of its order.

Another possible situation places Dilleniaceae as an ancient group, sister to the superrosidae clade (the family shares some common morphology with [[Vitales]]) but this is not absolutely proven.

The [[APG II system]], of 2003 (unchanged from the [[APG system]], of 1998), also recognizes this family, unplaced as to order, assigned to the clade [[core eudicots]].

APG II debates either including it in order [[Caryophyllales]] or reinstating the order [[Dilleniales]] for just this one family, but decides to leave it unplaced.

==Evolution==
The family is remarkable because of its variability of morphological characteristics that now are much steadier in other Angiosperm groups. Thus, Dilleniaceae may be an ancient clade that expresses some phylogenetic relation between the higher [[Eudicots]] and the rather more primitive groups.<ref>http://www.mendeley.com/research/phylogenetics-dilleniaceae-using-sequence-data-four-plastid-loci-rbcl-infa-rps4-rpl16-intron/#page-1</ref>
It is estimated that the clade diverged around 115 millions of years ago in Mid [[Cretaceous]] but the [[crown group]] was formed much later - only 52 millions of years before the present.<ref>http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/dillenialesweb.html</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/dillenia.htm Dilleniaceae] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20101213041459/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ The families of flowering plants]: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.'' Version: 3 May 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com:80/.
* [http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/dilleni.htm  at the University of Hawaii]
* [http://132.236.163.181/cgi-bin/dol/dol_terminal.pl?family=Dilleniaceae&rank=genus at PlantSystematics.org]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=24942&lvl=3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser]
* [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Dilleniaceae links at CSDL]

{{Ack-Wikipedia}}

[[Category:Eudicots]]