View source for Category:Nymphaeaceae

{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Nymphaeaceae
| image = Nymphaea_nouchali5.JPG
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|130|0}}[[Early Cretaceous]] - Recent
| image_caption = ''[[Nymphaea nouchali]]''
| authority = [[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Salisb.]]<ref name="apgiii"/>
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =
* ''[[Barclaya]]''
* ''[[Euryale ferox|Euryale]]''
* ''[[Nuphar]]''
* ''[[Nymphaea]]''
* ''[[Victoria (plant)|Victoria]]''
}}
[[File:Water Lily in Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|upright|Cultivar of ''Nymphaea'' in flower]]
[[File:Victoria cruziana flower.jpg|thumb|Flower of ''[[Victoria cruziana]]'', Santa Cruz water lily]]

'''Nymphaeaceae''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|n|ɪ|m|f|iː|ˈ|eɪ|s|iː}} is a family of [[flowering plant]]s, commonly called '''water lilies'''. They live as [[rhizome|rhizomatous]] aquatic herbs in temperate and [[Tropics|tropical climates]] around the world.  The family contains five genera with about 70 known species.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W.  |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> Water lilies are rooted in [[soil]] in bodies of water, with [[leaf|leaves]] and [[flower]]s floating on or emergent from the surface. The leaves are round, with a radial notch in  ''[[Nymphaea]]'' and ''[[Nuphar]]'', but fully circular in ''[[Victoria (plant)|Victoria]]'' and ''[[Euryale]]''.

Water lilies are a well studied [[clade]] of plants because their large flowers with multiple unspecialized parts were initially considered to represent the floral pattern of the earliest flowering plants, and later genetic studies confirmed their evolutionary position as [[basal angiosperms]]. Analyses of floral morphology and molecular characteristics and comparisons with a [[sister taxon]], the family [[Cabombaceae]], indicate, however, that the flowers of extant water lilies with the most floral parts are more derived than the genera with fewer floral parts. Genera with more floral parts, ''Nuphar'', ''Nymphaea'', ''Victoria'', have a [[Pollination syndrome#Beetle pollination (cantharophily)|beetle]] [[pollination syndrome]], while genera with fewer parts are pollinated by [[Pollination syndrome#Fly pollination (myophily and sapromyophily)|flies]] or [[Pollination syndrome#Bee pollination (melittophily)|bees]], or are self- or [[Anemophily|wind-pollinated]].<ref name="Non-molecular 1999, pp. 28-46">Phylogeny, Classification and Floral Evolution of Water Lilies (Nymphaeaceae; Nymphaeales):
A Synthesis of Non-molecular, rbcL, matK, and 18S rDNA Data, Donald H. Les, Edward L. Schneider, Donald J. Padgett, [[Pamela S. Soltis]], Douglas E. Soltis and Michael Zanis, Systematic Botany, Vol. 24, No. 1, 1999, pp. 28-46</ref> Thus, the large number of relatively unspecialized floral organs in the Nymphaeaceae is not an ancestral condition for the clade.

[[Horticulture|Horticulturally]], water lilies have been [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridized]] for temperate gardens since the 19th century, and the hybrids are divided into three groups: hardy, night-blooming tropical, and day-blooming tropical water lilies. Hardy water lilies are hybrids of ''Nymphaea'' species from the subgenus ''Castalia''; night-blooming tropical water lilies are developed from the subgenus ''[[Lotos(subgenus)|Lotos]]''; and the day-blooming tropical plants arise from hybridization of plants of the subgenus ''[[Brachyceras]]''.<ref>Evolution of garden Nymphaeas, G. V. Subrahmanyam and T. N. Khoshoo, Current Science, 53(7), 360-363, 1984</ref><ref>Nymphaeaceae, Nymphaea belophylla Trickett: New state record, Gisaine de Andrade Amador, Geraldo Alves Damasceno-Júnior,, Rosa Helena da Silva, Arnildo Pott and Vali Joana Pott, Check List 9(2): 440–442, 2013</ref>

Water lilies do not have surface leaves in the winter time, and therefore the gases in the rhizome lacunae access equilibrium with the gases of the sediment water. The leftover of internal pressure is embodied by the constant streams of bubbles that outbreak when rising leaves are ruptured in the spring. Methane is still penetrating the roots and rhizome in the summer, moving fast up the petioles, and goes out over the emergent leaves into the atmosphere.<ref>sciencemag</ref>

==Description==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2015}}
The Nymphaeaceae are aquatic, [[rhizomatous]] herbs. The family is further characterized by scattered vascular bundles in the stems, and frequent presence of [[latex]], usually with distinct, stellate-branched [[sclereid]]s projecting into the air canals. Hairs are simple, usually producing [[mucilage]] (slime). Leaves are alternate and spiral, opposite or occasionally whorled, simple, [[peltate]] or nearly so, entire to toothed or dissected, short to long [[Petiole (botany)|petiolate)]], with blade submerged, floating or emergent, with palmate to pinnate venation. [[Stipules]] are either present or absent. Flowers are solitary, bisexual, radial, with a long pedicel and usually floating or raised above the surface of the water, with girdling vascular bundles in [[Receptacle (botany)|receptacle]]. [[Sepal]]s are 4-12, distinct to [[Connation|connate]], [[imbricate]], and often petal-like. Petals lacking or 8 to numerous, inconspicuous to showy, often intergrading with [[stamens]]. Stamens are 3 to numerous, the innermost sometimes represented by staminodes. [[Filament (botany)|Filaments]] are distinct, free or [[Adnation|adnate]] to petaloid staminodes, slender and well differentiated from [[anthers]] to [[leaf shape|laminar]] and poorly differentiated from anthers; pollen grains usually monosulcate or lacking apertures. [[Carpels]] are 3 to numerous, distinct or connate. Fruit is an aggregate of nuts, a berry, or an irregularly dehiscent fleshy capsule. Seeds are often arillate, more or less lacking [[sperm]].

==Taxonomy==
Nymphaeaceae has been investigated systematically for decades because botanists considered their floral morphology to represent one of the earliest groups of [[angiosperms]].<ref name="Non-molecular 1999, pp. 28-46"/> Modern genetic analyses by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] researchers has confirmed its [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] position among flowering plants.<ref name="apgiii">{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract |accessdate=2010-12-10 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref><ref name="apgiv">{{Cite journal|authors=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|authorlink=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]]|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/epdf|format=PDF|issn=00244074|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}}</ref><ref name="The Linnean Society of London">{{Citation |title=As easy as APG III - Scientists revise the system of classifying flowering plants |publisher=The Linnean Society of London |url=http://www.linnean.org/index.php?id=448 |accessdate=2009-10-29 |date=2009-10-08 }}</ref><ref name="Horticulture Week">{{Citation |title=APG III tidies up plant family tree |publisher=[[Horticulture Week]] |url=http://www.hortweek.com/channel/OrnamentalsProduction/rss/article/943975/APG-III-tidies-plant-family-tree/ |accessdate=2009-10-29 |date=2009-10-08 }}</ref> In addition, the Nymphaeaceae are more genetically diverse and geographically dispersed than other basal angiosperms.<ref>Mario Coiro & Maria Rosaria Barone Lumaga (2013): Aperture evolution in Nymphaeaceae: insights from a micromorphological and ultrastructural investigation, Grana, DOI:10.1080/00173134.2013.769626</ref><ref>Insights into the dynamics of genome size and chromosome evolution in the early diverging angiosperm lineage Nymphaeales (water lilies), Jaume Pellicer, Laura J Kelly, Carlos Magdalena, Ilia Leitch, 2013, Genome, 10.1139/gen-2013-0039</ref> Nymphaeaceae is placed in the order [[Nymphaeales]], which is the second diverging group of angiosperms after ''[[Amborella]]'' in the most widely accepted flowering plant classification system, [[APG IV system]].<ref name="apgiv"/><ref name="The Linnean Society of London"/><ref name="Horticulture Week"/>

Nymphaeaceae is a small family of three to six genera: ''[[Barclaya]]'', ''[[Euryale ferox|Euryale]]'', ''[[Nuphar]]'', ''[[Nymphaea]]'', ''[[Ondinea]]'', and ''[[Victoria (plant)|Victoria]]''. The genus ''Barclaya'' is sometimes given rank as its own family, [[Barclayaceae]], on the basis of an extended [[perianth]] tube (combined [[sepals]] and [[petals]]) arising from the top of the [[ovary]] and by [[stamens]] that are joined in the base. However, molecular phylogenetic work includes it in Nymphaeaceae.<ref>Les DH, Schneider EL, Padgett DJ, [[Soltis PS]], Soltis DE, Zanis M (1999) Phylogeny, classification and floral evolution of water lilies (Nymphaeaceae; Nymphaeales): a synthesis of non-molecular, rbcL, matK, and 18S rDNA data. Systematic Botany 24: 28–46.</ref> The genus ''Ondinea'' has recently been shown to be a morphologically aberrant species of ''Nymphaea'', and is now included in this genus.<ref>Löhne C, Wiersema JH, Borsch T (2009) The unusual ''Ondinea'', actually just another Australian water-lily of ''Nymphaea'' subg. ''Anecphya'' (Nymphaeaceae). Willdenowia 39: 55–58.</ref> The genera ''Euryale'', of far east Asia, and ''Victoria'', from South America, are closely related despite their geographic distance, but their relationship toward ''Nymphaea'' need further studies.<ref>Löhne C, Borsch T, Wiersema JH (2007) Phylogenetic analysis of Nymphaeales using fast-evolving and noncoding chloroplast markers. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 154: 141–163.</ref><ref>Borsch T, Löhne C, Wiersema J (2008) Phylogeny and evolutionary patterns in Nymphaeales: integrating genes, genomes and morphology. Taxon 57: 1052–1081.</ref><ref>Dkhar J, Kumaria S, Rama Rao S, Tandon P (2012) Sequence characteristics and phylogenetic implications of the nrDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) in the genus Nymphaea with focus on some Indian representatives. Plant Systematics and Evolution 298: 93–108.</ref>

The [[Nelumbo nucifera|sacred lotus]] was once thought to be a water lily, but is now recognized to be a highly modified [[eudicot]] in its own family [[Nelumbonaceae]] of the order [[Proteales]].

==As invasive species==
The beautiful nature of water lilies has led to their widespread use as [[ornamental plants]].  The [[Nymphaea mexicana|Mexican water lily]], native to the [[Gulf of Mexico|Gulf Coast]] of North America, is planted throughout the continent.  It has escaped from cultivation and become invasive in some areas, such as California's [[San Joaquin Valley]]. It can infest slow-moving bodies of water and is difficult to eradicate. Populations can be controlled by cutting top growth. Herbicides can also be used to control populations using [[glyphosate]] and [[fluridone]].<ref>[http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/IPC/weedinfo/nymphaea.htm Nyphaea genus<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

==Symbolism==
The [[Nymphaea nouchali|white water lily]] is the [[National emblem|national flower]] of [[Bangladesh]] and state flower for [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. The seal of Bangladesh contains a lily floating on water. The [[Nymphaea nouchali|blue waterlily]] is the [[National emblem|national flower]] of [[Sri Lanka]]. It is also the birth flower for July.

Lily pads, also known as ''[[Seeblatt|Seeblätter]]'', are a charge in Northern European heraldry, often coloured [[gules|red (gules)]], and appear on the [[flag of Friesland]] and the [[coat of arms of Denmark]] (in the latter case often replaced by red [[heart (symbol)|heart]]s).

The water lily has a special place in [[Sangam literature]] and Tamil poetics, where it is considered symbolic of the grief of separation; it is considered to evoke imagery of the sunset, the seashore, and the shark.

==In visual arts==
Water lilies were depicted by the [[List of French artists|French artist]] [[Claude Monet]] (1840–1926) in a [[Water Lilies|series of paintings]].

<gallery>
File:Lilypad.jpg|Lily pads floating in a lake in Toronto, Canada
File:Water Lily Sambalpur.jpg|Water lily at [[Sambalpur]]
File:Claude Monet 038.jpg|''Water Lilies,'' 1920-1926, [[Musée de l'Orangerie]]
File:Nuphar pumilum (4) 1200.jpg|''Nuphar pumilum'' 2014 in China
File:Water lily opening bloom 20fps.ogv|Time-lapse video of a Water lily blooming
</gallery>

==See also==
* ''[[Nelumbo]]''
* [[Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Botanical Garden|Pamplemousses Botanical Garden]], famous for its giant water lilies

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* ''The genera of the Nymphaeaceae and Ceratophyllaceae in the southeastern United States''. J. Arnold Arbor. [http://waterflower.co.il/ 40]: 94-112.
* Perry D. Slocum: ''Waterlilies and Lotuses''. Timber Press 2005, {{ISBN|0-88192-684-1}} ([https://books.google.com/books?id=V62dfNKTPP0C&pg=PA79&dq=%22Nymphaea+colorata%22&lr=&sig=jbavgQBqVNQuB3sXqTneC9Htz64#PPA79,M1 restricted online version at Google Books])
* Thomas Borsch, Cornelia Löhne, Mame Samba Mbaye, and John H. Wiersema. 2011. Towards a complete species tree of Nymphaea: shedding further light on subg. Brachyceras and its relationships to the Australian water-lilies. ''Telopea'' '''13'''(1-2): 193-217.

==External links==
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=4410&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser]
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10618 Flora of North America]
* [http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/?fam=Nymphaeaceae&gen=&spec=&flora_search=taxon Nymphaeaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF]

{{Ack-Wikipedia}}

[[Category:Angiosperms]]